iso快门光圈

Getting a nice camera is just the first step in taking great photos—you also have to learn how to use it. Shooting on auto will only take you so far. Shutter speed, aperture, and ISO may sound like intimidating photographer terms, but they’re quite simple—and crucial to getting great photos.

拥有出色的相机只是拍摄出色照片的第一步-您还必须学习如何使用它。 自动拍摄只会带您走远。 快门速度，光圈和ISO听起来像是吓人的摄影师用语，但它们非常简单-对于获取优质照片至关重要。

全部与曝光有关 (It’s All About Exposure)

Deep inside every digital camera is a photographic sensor that records the images you shoot. When you take a picture, the shutter that normally covers the sensor opens, and the light that’s coming in through the lens falls on the sensor where it gets converted into digital data.

每个数码相机的内部都有一个照相传感器，可以记录您拍摄的图像。 拍摄照片时，通常会覆盖传感器的快门会打开，并且通过镜头入射的光会落在传感器上，并在那里转换为数字数据。

A photo will look very different depending on how much light reaches the sensor. If only a little bit of light hits the sensor, the image will be much darker than one where light came flooding in.

根据到达传感器的光量，照片看起来会非常不同。 如果只有一点光射到传感器上，则图像将比光泛滥的图像要暗得多。

For any scene, there will be an ideal amount of light to let in. If you let too little light hit the sensor, the scene will look too dark; if you let in too much, it will look too bright. You can see an example of what that looks like in the photo below.

对于任何场景，都会有理想的光量。如果让太少的光照射到传感器上，则场景将显得太暗；反之亦然。 如果放进太多，它将看起来太亮。 您可以在下面的照片中看到一个示例。

There’s a thin line between jargon and legitimate technical terms, but with photography there are some words you need to know. Every time you take a photo, you’re “making an exposure”. If the settings are right, it will be a “good exposure”. If the photo is too dark, it’s “underexposed”. If it’s too bright, it’s “overexposed”.

行话和合法的技术术语之间的界限很短，但是对于摄影而言，您需要了解一些单词。 每次拍照，就是在“曝光”。 如果设置正确，将是“良好的曝光”。 如果照片太暗，则表示“曝光不足”。 如果太亮，则表示“曝光过度”。

When it comes to controlling how much light reaches the sensor—aka controlling your exposure—you have two main options: change how long the shutter stays open (we call that the “shutter speed”) or change how big the opening in the lens that lets light through is (that’s the “aperture”). The longer the shutter speed or the wider the aperture, the more light gets let through.

在控制到达传感器的光量(也就是控制曝光)时，您有两个主要选择：更改快门保持打开状态的时间(我们称其为“快门速度”)或更改镜头打开的程度。让光线通过(即“光圈”)。 快门速度越长或光圈越宽，通过的光就越多。

If you’re shooting with “natural light” (meaning you’re not using any flashes), the amount of light available in each scene is fixed. To make a good exposure, you need to use some combination of shutter speed and aperture that lets the right amount of light hit the sensor. In a dark room, you don’t have much light to work with, so you’ll want to use the longest shutter speed and widest aperture you can. On a bright sunny day, however, it’s really easy to overexpose your photos, so you need to limit how much light reaches the sensor. In those cases, you won’t be able to use wide apertures and long shutter speeds, or at least not together.

如果您使用“自然光”拍摄(这意味着您不使用任何闪光灯)，则每个场景中可用的光量是固定的。 为了获得良好的曝光，您需要结合使用快门速度和光圈，以使适量的光入射到传感器上。 在黑暗的房间里，您没有太多的光线可以使用，因此您将希望使用最长的快门速度和最大的光圈。 但是，在阳光明媚的晴天，曝光过度确实很容易，因此您需要限制到达传感器的光量。 在这种情况下，您将无法使用大光圈和长快门速度，或者至少不能同时使用。

This would all be easy, except shutter speed and aperture have other effects on your photos, too. Feeling overwhelmed yet? Don’t worry, we’ll take you through the basics. Let’s start with shutter speed.

这一切都将很容易，除了快门速度和光圈也会对您的照片产生其他影响。 感觉不知所措了吗？ 不用担心，我们将带您了解基础知识。 让我们从快门速度开始。

快门速度如何影响您的照片 (How Shutter Speed Affects Your Photos)

Shutter speed, again, refers to how long the shutter stays open when you take a photo. Most cameras can handle shutter speeds of around 1/4000th of a second up to 30 seconds. The shutter speed—you might also see it called the “exposure length”—affects exposure as described in the previous section, while also determining how movement is recorded in your pictures.

快门速度再次表示拍摄照片时快门保持打开状态的时间。 大多数相机最多可以处理30秒的约1/4000秒的快门速度。 快门速度(您可能还会看到它称为“曝光长度”)会影响上一节中所述的曝光，同时还确定如何在照片中记录运动。

I took the picture below with a shutter speed of 1/2000th of a second. There’s a storm brewing tonight in Ireland, so it’s really windy out. Looking at this picture, though you wouldn’t know it. The leaves are frozen in place.

我以1/2000秒的快门速度拍摄了以下照片。 爱尔兰今晚有一场暴风雨酝酿，所以风很大。 看着这张照片，尽管你不知道。 叶子在原地被冷冻。

This image was taken a few moments later, with a shutter speed of 1/15th of a second. Look at how the leaves are now blurry in some places. That’s because during that 1/15th of a second the shutter was open, the leaves moved.

此图像是在片刻之后以1/15秒的快门速度拍摄的。 看一下现在某些地方的叶子如何变得模糊。 那是因为在那1/15秒的时间内，百叶窗是打开的，树叶移动了。

If you’re using a camera without a tripod, there’s a limit on how slow a shutter speed you can use. If it’s any less than about 1/100th of a second, there’ll be some motion blur just from your hands pressing the shutter button.

如果您使用的相机不带三脚架，则快门速度的限制是有限的。 如果不到一秒的1/100，则仅通过按快门按钮就会有一些运动模糊。

光圈如何影响您的照片 (How Aperture Affects Your Photos)

Aperture is the size of the opening that light passes through in the lens. It’s measured in “f-stops”. Most lenses have a maximum aperture of between f/1.8 and f/5.6, and a minimum aperture of f/22.

Kong径是光在透镜中通过的开口的大小。 它以“ f-stops”为单位。 大多数镜头的最大光圈在f / 1.8至f / 5.6之间，最小光圈在f / 22之间。

Although it’s not important to remember, an f-stop is the ratio between the “focal length” of the lens and the aperture. If a lens with a 50mm focal length is set to an f-stop of f/2.0, the aperture is 25mm wide—you divide the focal length (f) by the number underneath.

尽管不重要要记住，但光圈值是镜头“焦距”与光圈之间的比率。 如果将焦距为50mm的镜头的光圈值设置为f / 2.0，则光圈为25mm宽-将焦距(f)除以下面的数值。

That means—and this is the part you need to remember—the lower the f-stop, the wider the aperture is open, and thus the more light that’s let in.

这意味着-这是您需要记住的部分-f-stop越低，光圈打开的范围就越大，从而让更多的光线进入。

Aperture affects the exposure of your photo, but it also controls the “depth of field” (how much of the photo is in focus). The wider the aperture is, the thinner the area of the image that will be in focus. If you look at the image below, which I shot with an aperture of f/1.8, only the model’s face is actually in focus. Even her ears are a little bit blurry. The background is completely gone. This is a very shallow depth of field.

光圈会影响您照片的曝光，但它也会控制“景深”(照片中有多少焦点)。 光圈越宽，将聚焦的图像区域越薄。 如果您看下面的图像，该图像是我用f / 1.8的光圈拍摄的，则实际上只有模型的脸部清晰可见。 甚至她的耳朵也有点模糊。 背景完全消失了。 这是非常浅的景深。

This image, however, was shot with an aperture of f/11. I wanted the skier and the mountains in the background to be in focus. If I’d shot this at f/1.8, something would have to be blurry.

但是，此图像是用f / 11的光圈拍摄的。 我希望背景中的滑雪者和山脉成为焦点。 如果我以f / 1.8拍摄，那一定是模糊的。

Depth of field is often the most important decision you need to make. It completely changes the look of your photos. For portraits, a wide aperture is going to look great. For group shots, landscapes, and so on, you often want a narrow aperture and all the depth of field that comes with it.

景深通常是您需要做出的最重要的决定。 它完全改变了您照片的外观。 对于人像来说，大光圈会显得很棒。 对于集体照，风景等，您通常需要一个狭窄的光圈及其随附的所有景深。

适当组合光圈和快门速度 (Properly Combining Aperture and Shutter Speed)

To make a good exposure, you need to let a certain amount of light in. In most cases, there are a range of combinations of shutter speed and aperture that will do it. You can go with a wider aperture and a faster shutter speed, or a narrow aperture and a slower shutter speed. It’s the other “side effects” above that determine which of those is ideal.

为了获得良好的曝光，您需要让一定量的光进入。在大多数情况下，快门速度和光圈的组合范围很广。 您可以使用更大的光圈和更快的快门速度，也可以选择更窄的光圈和更低的快门速度。 上面的其他“副作用”决定了哪一个是理想的。

Below, you can see four photos of the leaves shot with four different combinations of shutter speed and aperture. The exposures all look the same, but the amount of motion blur and the depth of field of each image is different. Since the leaves are moving and there’s no real background to the photo, the best photo is the one with a fast shutter speed and lower depthof field (top left).

在下面，您可以看到用四种不同的快门速度和光圈组合拍摄的四张叶子照片。 曝光看起来都一样，但是运动模糊的量和每个图像的景深都不同。 由于叶子在移动，照片没有真实的背景，因此最好的照片是快门速度快且景深较低的照片(左上方)。

第三个因素：ISO (The Third Factor: ISO)

So far I’ve only been focusing on shutter speed and aperture; that’s because they’re the two most important exposure controls to understand. There is, however, a third factor that determines what each image looks like: ISO.

到目前为止，我只专注于快门速度和光圈。 这是因为它们是需要理解的两个最重要的接触控制。 但是，还有第三个因素决定每个图像的外观：ISO。

Rather than physically change the amount of light that falls on the camera’s sensor, ISO controls how sensitive it is to light. At lower ISOs, more light has to fall on the sensor to get the same exposure than at higher ISOs.

ISO不会物理改变落在相机传感器上的光量，而是控制它对光的敏感程度。 在较低的ISO感光度下，与较高的ISO感光度相比，要获得相同的曝光，必须有更多的光线照射到传感器上。

Light is converted to a digital signal by the sensor. If you are using a higher ISO, that signal will be amplified. The problem is, that amplifying the signal also amplifies any noise. High-ISO images often have an unpleasant noisy look.

传感器将光转换为数字信号。 如果使用更高的ISO，该信号将被放大。 问题在于，放大信号也会放大任何噪声。 高ISO图像通常会有令人不愉快的噪点。

Why didn’t we bring up ISO sooner? Well, since it’s so easy to change, some people rely on ISO way too much, using it as a cop out to control exposure without changing the shutter speed and aperture. But shutter speed and aperture are way more important creatively, and don’t have the significant downside of ISO. So, while ISO is useful, it should be your last step in the process, and only cranked up if absolutely necessary; high values are too detrimental to your images.

为什么我们不早点提出ISO？ 好吧，由于它很容易更改，因此有些人过多地依赖ISO，将它用作控制曝光而不改变快门速度和光圈的方法。 但是快门速度和光圈在创意上更为重要，并且没有ISO的明显缺点。 因此，尽管ISO很有用，但它应该是您在该过程中的最后一步，并且只有在绝对必要时才可以进行。 高值对图像太有害。

On most cameras, you’ll be able to use an ISO of between 100 and somewhere around 6400. However, your images will generally only look good between 100 and 1000.

在大多数相机上，您将可以使用介于100和6400之间的ISO。但是，图像通常只能在100到1000之间显示良好。

In the images below, you’ll see two shots taken a few seconds apart. I’ve zoomed right in to 200% on a single leaf. The image on the left was shot at an aperture of f/22 with a shutter speed of 1/15th of a second and an ISO of 100. The image on the right also had an aperture of f/22, but I was able to use a shutter speed of 1/250th of a second because I’d increased the ISO to 1600.

在下面的图像中，您将看到相隔几秒钟拍摄的两张照片。 我已经将单个叶子放大到200％。 左侧的图像以f / 22的光圈拍摄，快门速度为1/15秒，ISO为100。右侧的图像也具有f / 22的光圈，但我能够使用1/250秒的快门速度，因为我将ISO增加到1600。

You can see the effects of both shutter speed and aperture on the image. In the one where the shutter speed is slower, the image is free from noise, but has motion blur. In the one with the fast shutter speed, everything is crisp, but there’s loads of unpleasant noise.

您可以在图像上看到快门速度和光圈的影响。 在快门速度较慢的那一种中，图像没有噪点，但具有运动模糊。 在快门速度快的那一款中，一切都很清晰，但是却有许多令人讨厌的噪音。

Together, shutter speed, aperture, and ISO are known as the “exposure triangle”. They’re the three factors you control that determine how your images will look, and you’ll need to find the right balance between them for the perfect photo.

快门速度，光圈和ISO一起被称为“曝光三角形”。 它们是您控制的三个决定图像外观的因素，您需要在它们之间找到适当的平衡，以获得完美的照片。

翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/277031/your-cameras-most-important-settings-shutter-speed-aperture-and-iso-explained/

iso快门光圈