python中的单元测试，主要有3种方式：

1.unittest

2.nose(nose2)

3.pytest

关于unittest的使用，非常简单，继承TeseCase：

https://docs.python.org/2/library/unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.setUp

setUp()

Method called to prepare the test fixture. This is called immediately before calling the test method; other than AssertionError or SkipTest, any exception raised by this method will be considered an error rather than a test failure. The default implementation does nothing.

tearDown()

Method called immediately after the test method has been called and the result recorded. This is called even if the test method raised an exception, so the implementation in subclasses may need to be particularly careful about checking internal state. Any exception, other thanAssertionError or SkipTest, raised by this method will be considered an additional error rather than a test failure (thus increasing the total number of reported errors). This method will only be called if the setUp() succeeds, regardless of the outcome of the test method. The default implementation does nothing.

setUpClass()

A class method called before tests in an individual class are run. setUpClass is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a classmethod():

@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):...

See Class and Module Fixtures for more details.

New in version 2.7.

tearDownClass()

A class method called after tests in an individual class have run. tearDownClass is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a classmethod():

@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):...

The TestCase class provides several assert methods to check for and report failures. The following table lists the most commonly used methods (see the tables below for more assert methods):

Method	Checks that	New in
`assertEqual(a, b)`	`a == b`
`assertNotEqual(a, b)`	`a != b`
`assertTrue(x)`	`bool(x) is True`
`assertFalse(x)`	`bool(x) is False`
`assertIs(a, b)`	`a is b`	2.7
`assertIsNot(a, b)`	`a is not b`	2.7
`assertIsNone(x)`	`x is None`	2.7
`assertIsNotNone(x)`	`x is not None`	2.7
`assertIn(a, b)`	`a in b`	2.7
`assertNotIn(a, b)`	`a not in b`	2.7
`assertIsInstance(a, b)`	`isinstance(a, b)`	2.7
`assertNotIsInstance(a, b)`	`not isinstance(a, b)`	2.7

有些数据需要mock的情况下，unittest.mock库提供解决办法。

如果要获取详情，则可以这样：

you can run tests with more detailed information by passing in the verbosity argument:

if __name__ == '__main__':unittest.main(verbosity=2)

nose pip install nose 或者 pip install nose2安装，它会自动寻找unittest.TestCase的派生类。

python经典的单元测试框架：pytest

https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/

后期重点使用pytest来进行单元测试，内容很多，也不在赘述，直接看官方文档。

编写pytest测试样例的规则

测试文件以test_开头（以_test结尾也可以）
测试类以Test开头，并且不能带有 init 方法
测试函数以test_开头
断言使用基本的assert即可

简易教程：http://www.testclass.net/pytest/

单元测试用代码覆盖率来衡量，代码覆盖率是由特定的测试套件覆盖被测试源代码的程度来度量的。一般使用coverage.py度量覆盖。

pip install coverage

nose2代码覆盖率通过cov-core来度量，可以以html格式在浏览器输出。

pytest使用pytest-cov来度量代码覆盖率。

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