【文献简介】

1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.

2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......

3. Previous studies have reported ......

4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......

5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......

6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......

7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......

8. Recent evidence suggests that .......

9. Several attemps have been made to ......

10. A number of researchers have reported ......

【强调研究领域存在的问题】

1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......

2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......

3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:

4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......

5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......

【强调研究领域存在的争议】

1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......

2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....

3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......

4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......

5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.

【研究问题/假设】

1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......

2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:

3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......

4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......

5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:

【介绍方法、数据的来源】

1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ......

2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.

3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.

4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......

5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.

【完】