管理Linux软件包和进程
2024-04-27 03:41:40
RPM管理工具
（1）RPM是红帽包管理(Redhat Package Manager)的缩写。
由Red Hat公司提出的一种软件包管理标准。
是Linux各发行版中应用最广泛的软件包格式之一（还有debian的发行版deb安装包）。
RPM功能通过rpm命令使用不同参数来实现。
（2）rpm软件包中包含有关于本软件包的相关信息， 便于对软件包信息进行查询。RPM软件包的典型
其格式为：软件名-版本号-发行号.操作系统版本.硬件平台的类型.rpm
（3）rpm包相关网站
http://rpmfind.net/
http://rpm.pbone.net/
（4）rpm安装
| 参数 | 说明 |
| -i | 安装软件包 |
| -nodeps | 不验证软件包依赖 |
| -v | 提供更多详细信息输出 |
| -h | 软件包安装时列出哈希标记 |
| -U | 软件包升级 |
| -e |
软件包卸载 |
从网上下载rpm包并安装，http://rpmfind.net/linux/epel/8/Everything/x86_64/Packages/s/sl-5.
02-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
[root@server ~]# wget http://rpmfind.net/linux/epel/8/Everything/x86_64/Packages/s/sl-5.
--2022-11-11 09:30:18-- http://rpmfind.net/linux/epel/8/Everything/x86_64/Packages/s/sl-5.
Resolving rpmfind.net (rpmfind.net)... 195.220.108.108
Connecting to rpmfind.net (rpmfind.net)|195.220.108.108|:80... connected.
（5）rpm查询功能（rpm –q 常与下面参数组合使用）
| 参数 | 说明 |
| -a | 查询所有已经安装的软件包 |
| -l | 显示已经安装软件包的相关文件列表和信息 |
| -f | 查询文件所属软件包 |
| -i | 显示已经安装的rpm软件包信息 |
查询所有已经安装的包
[root@server ~]# rpm -qa
redhat-backgrounds-84.5-1.el8.noarch
libnftnl-1.1.5-4.el8.x86_64
python3-pycurl-7.43.0.2-4.el8.x86_64
polkit-libs-0.115-12.el8.x86_64
man-db-2.7.6.1-18.el8.x86_64
liberation-fonts-common-2.00.3-7.el8.noarch
查询安装该包后会产生哪些文件
[root@server ~]# rpm -ql tree
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/50
/usr/lib/.build-id/50/ae300877a586b9e7b87f19dfe58d303a887fb9
/usr/share/doc/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
[root@server ~]#
查询该文件由哪个软件包产生
[root@server ~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/ls
coreutils-8.30-12.el8.x86_64
[root@server ~]#
（6）rpm包签名验证
系统中的数字证书
[root@server ~]# ll /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/
total 16
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1923 Oct 7 2021 ISV-Container-signing-key
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1669 Oct 7 2021 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5135 Oct 7 2021 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
导入密钥
[root@server ~]# rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@server ~]# rpm -qa |grep gpg-pubke
gpg-pubkey-fd431d51-4ae0493b
gpg-pubkey-d4082792-5b32db75
[root@server ~]#
YUM/DNF管理工具
（1）YUM/DNF 功能
在线下载、 安装、 卸载、 升级rpm软件包
自动查找并解决rpm包之间的依赖关系，一次性安装所有具有依赖关系的rpm包，而无需管理员逐个、 手工地去安装每一个rpm包
YUM、DNF位置及相关信息
[root@server mnt]# which yum
/usr/bin/yum
[root@server mnt]# which dnf
/usr/bin/dnf
[root@server mnt]# ll /usr/bin/{dnf,yum}
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Sep 13 2021 /usr/bin/dnf -> dnf-3
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Sep 13 2021 /usr/bin/yum -> dnf-3
（2）如何实现yum/DNF安装
系统会去读取/etc/yum.repos.d/ 目录下的.repo 结尾的文件，从该文件中读取以下内容实现装包：包含各种rpm安装文件的软件仓库（rhel8有两个仓库，rhel7只有一个仓库）
BaseOS存储库：提供一套核心的底层操作系统功能，为基础软件安装库
AppStream存储库：包括额外的用户空间应用程序、运行时语言和数据库软件仓库的地址信息
（3）配置.repo 文件，即yum源
建立本地源（光盘）
首先创建用于挂在光盘的文件
[root@server ~]# mkdir /root/mnt挂载光盘
[root@server mnt]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@server mnt]# ll
total 48
dr-xr-xr-x. 4 root root 2048 Oct 13 2021 AppStream
dr-xr-xr-x. 4 root root 2048 Oct 13 2021 BaseOS
dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 13 2021 EFI
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 8154 Oct 13 2021 EULA
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 1455 Oct 13 2021 extra_files.json
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 18092 Oct 13 2021 GPL
dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 13 2021 images
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 2048 Oct 13 2021 isolinux
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 103 Oct 13 2021 media.repo
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 1669 Oct 13 2021 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 5135 Oct 13 2021 RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 1796 Oct 13 2021 TRANS.TBL
[root@server mnt]#
查看软件包的位置
[root@server mnt]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 364M 0 364M 0% /dev
tmpfs 392M 0 392M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 392M 6.3M 385M 2% /run
tmpfs 392M 0 392M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/nvme0n1p2 30G 4.8G 26G 16% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1 495M 242M 254M 49% /boot
tmpfs 79M 36K 79M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 11G 11G 0 100% /mnt
[root@server mnt]#
书写本地源位置
[root@server mnt]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@server yum.repos.d]# vim bendi-csa.repo
[app]
name=appstream
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream
gpgcheck=0[base]
name=baseos
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0装包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd
[Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:53 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 07:09:23 AM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
Complete!
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
查验是否装包成功
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install bind-utils -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:30 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 07:09:23 AM EST.
Package bind-utils-32:9.11.26-6.el8.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
建立网络源
阿里云网络源，aliyun的镜像站点为centos-vault-8.5.2111安装包下载_开源镜像站-阿里云 (aliyun.com)
https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos-vault/8.5.2111/
首先检查网络是否畅通
[root@server ~]# ping mirrors.aliyun.com
PING mirrors.aliyun.com.w.alikunlun.com (14.17.66.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 14.17.66.238 (14.17.66.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=549 ms
64 bytes from 14.17.66.238 (14.17.66.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=459 ms
64 bytes from 14.17.66.238 (14.17.66.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=436 ms
64 bytes from 14.17.66.238 (14.17.66.238): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=365 ms
64 bytes from 14.17.66.238 (14.17.66.238): icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=288 ms--- mirrors.aliyun.com.w.alikunlun.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 287.663/419.266/549.170/88.356 ms
[root@server ~]#
检查时间
[root@server ~]# date
Sat Nov 12 20:39:53 CST 2022
[root@server ~]#编写配置文件
[root@server yum.repos.d]# vim aliyun.repo[aliyun-app]
name=app
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos-vault/8.5.2111/AppStream/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0[base]
name=base
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos-vault/8.5.2111/BaseOS/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0装包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.app 133 kB/s | 8.4 MB 01:05
base 58 kB/s | 4.6 MB 01:20
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
Package httpd-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Upgrading:httpd x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 aliyun-app 1.4 Mhttpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 aliyun-app 39 khttpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 aliyun-app 107 kTransaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Upgrade 3 PackagesTotal download size: 1.5 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/3): httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.n 53 kB/s | 39 kB 00:00
(2/3): httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 118 kB/s | 107 kB 00:00
(3/3): httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64.rpm 476 kB/s | 1.4 MB 00:03
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 521 kB/s | 1.5 MB 00:03
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transactionPreparing : 1/1Running scriptlet: httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/1Upgrading : httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/6Running scriptlet: httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 2/6Upgrading : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 2/6Upgrading : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 3/6Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 3/6Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 4/6Cleanup : httpd-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 4/6Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 4/6Cleanup : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.noarch 5/6Cleanup : httpd-tools-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 6/6Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 6/6Running scriptlet: httpd-tools-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 6/6Verifying : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/6Verifying : httpd-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 2/6Verifying : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 3/6Verifying : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.noarch 4/6Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 5/6Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.37-41.module+el8.5.0+11772+c8e0c271.x86_64 6/6
Installed products updated.Upgraded:httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarchhttpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64Complete!
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
（4）yum/dnf工具管理软件包
查看系统中yum资源库配置信息
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.repo id repo name
aliyun-app app
base base
列出仓库里所有可安装的软件包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum list all
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:10:56 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
Installed Packages
GConf2.x86_64 3.2.6-22.el8 @AppStream
ModemManager.x86_64 1.10.8-4.el8 @anaconda
ModemManager-glib.x86_64 1.10.8-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.32.10-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-adsl.x86_64 1:1.32.10-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64 1:1.32.10-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-config-server.noarch 1:1.32.10-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.32.10-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.32.10-4.el8 @anaconda
列出己经安装的所有的或指定的rpm包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum list installed httpd
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Installed Packages
httpd.x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 @aliyun-app查看指定软件包的详细信息
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum info httpd
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:12:33 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
Installed Packages
Name : httpd
Version : 2.4.37
Release : 43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 4.3 M
Source : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.src.rpm
Repository : @System
From repo : aliyun-app
Summary : Apache HTTP Server
URL : https://httpd.apache.org/
License : ASL 2.0
Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible: web server.[root@server yum.repos.d]#
查看仓库里而所有包组
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:14:40 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
Available Environment Groups:ServerMinimal InstallWorkstationVirtualization HostCustom Operating System
Installed Environment Groups:Server with GUI
Installed Groups:Container ManagementHeadless Management
Available Groups:.NET Core DevelopmentRPM Development ToolsDevelopment ToolsGraphical Administration ToolsLegacy UNIX CompatibilityNetwork ServersScientific SupportSecurity ToolsSmart Card SupportSystem Tools
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
查看指定包组里而的详细信息
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum groupinfo Server
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:15:44 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
Environment Group: ServerDescription: An integrated, easy-to-manage server.Mandatory Groups:Container ManagementCoreHardware SupportHeadless ManagementServer product coreStandardOptional Groups:Basic Web ServerDNS Name ServerDebugging ToolsFTP ServerFile and Storage ServerGNOMEGuest AgentsHardware Monitoring UtilitiesInfiniband SupportMail ServerNetwork File System ClientNetwork ServersPerformance ToolsRemote Management for LinuxVirtualization HypervisorWindows File Server
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
安装指定的软件包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd -y
升级指定的软件包或主机中所有已安装的软件包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum update httpd -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:17:00 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
查找指定的文件属于哪个包
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum provides httpd -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Last metadata expiration check: 0:17:28 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 09:02:16 PM CST.
httpd-2.4.37-41.module_el8.5.0+977+5653bbea.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : aliyun-app
Matched from:
Provide : httpd = 2.4.37-41.module_el8.5.0+977+5653bbeahttpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : @System
Matched from:
Provide : httpd = 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : aliyun-app
Matched from:
Provide : httpd = 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1[root@server yum.repos.d]#
清除下载到本机的指定的软件包或所有软件包的yum源缓存
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum clean packages all源代码编译
（1）使用源代码安装软件的优点
由于自由软件的最新版本大都以源码的形式最先发布，编译安装可以获得软件的最新版本，及时修
复bug。如果当前安装的程序无法满足需求，用户可以根据需要重新配置、自由修改源代码，加入新的功能
（2）编译需求
确认源代码编译环境：需安装支持 C/C++程序语言的编译器yum install gcc
下载相应的源码软件包
（3）安装
获得源码包
[root@server opt]# curl https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/gnu/wget/wget2-latest.tar.gz -o wget-latest.tar.gz% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time CurrentDload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 3692k 100 3692k 0 0 138k 0 0:00:26 0:00:26 --:--:-- 155k
[root@server opt]# ll
total 3704
-rw-------. 1 root root 1382 Oct 17 00:54 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 24 19:39 file-10-24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1654 Oct 17 01:04 initial-setup-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Videos
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3780748 Nov 12 21:35 wget-latest.tar.gz
[root@server opt]#
压缩
[root@server opt]# tar xf wget-latest.tar.gz
[root@server opt]# ll
total 3708
-rw-------. 1 root root 1382 Oct 17 00:54 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 24 19:39 file-10-24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1654 Oct 17 01:04 initial-setup-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 17 01:28 Videos
drwxr-xr-x. 15 root root 4096 May 27 17:46 wget2-2.0.1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3780748 Nov 12 21:35 wget-latest.tar.gz
[root@server opt]#装载c编译器
[root@server wget2-2.0.1]# yum install gcc -y
装载c编译器的依赖
[root@server wget2-2.0.1]# yum install openssl openssl-devel make -y
编译
[root@server wget2-2.0.1]# ./configure
将源代码文件编译为二进制的可执行程序
[root@server wget2-2.0.1]#make
将编译好的程序文件复制到系统中
[root@server wget2-2.0.1]# make install
[root@server opt]# wget www.baidu.com -O index.html
--2022-11-12 21:58:35-- http://www.baidu.com/
Resolving www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)... 14.215.177.38, 14.215.177.39
Connecting to www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)|14.215.177.38|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2381 (2.3K) [text/html]
Saving to: ‘index.html’index.html 100%[===============================>] 2.33K --.-KB/s in 0.006s2022-11-12 21:58:35 (359 KB/s) - ‘index.html’ saved [2381/2381][root@server opt]#
进程简介
（1）程序、进程、线程
程序： 二进制文件，文件存储在磁盘中，例如/usr/bin/目录下
进程：进程是已启动的可执行程序的运行实例。
进程和程序并不是一一对应的关系，相同的程序运行在不同的数据集上就是不同的进程
进程还具有并发性和交往性，而程序却是封闭的
线程：是操作系统能够进行运算调度的最小单位。它被包含在进程之中，是进程中的实际运作单位。一条线程指的是进程中一个单一顺序的控制流，一个进程中可以并发多个线程，每条线程并行执行不同的任务。
一个进程可以拥有多个线程，而一个线程同时只能被一个进程所拥有
线程不能单独执行，但是每一个线程都有程序的入口、执行序列以及程序出口，它必须组成进程才
能被执行。
查看进程
ps命令查看进程
ps显示某个时间点的程序运行情况
| 命令 |
效果 |
| -a |
显示所有用户的进程 |
| -u | 显示用户名和启动时间 |
| -x | 显示没有控制终端的进程 |
| -e | 显示所有进程，包括没有控制终端的进程 |
| -l | 长格式显示 |
| -w | 宽行显示 |
| -f |
做一个更完整的输出 |
[root@server opt]# ps -aPID TTY TIME CMD3225 tty2 00:00:00 Xorg3291 tty2 00:00:00 gnome-session-b3384 tty2 00:00:07 gnome-shell3404 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-daemon3409 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-dconf3410 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-extension-3414 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-x11
[root@server opt]# ps -u
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 3223 0.0 0.1 235084 1252 tty2 Ssl+ 19:30 0:00 /usr/libexec/gdm-x-session --r
root 3225 0.0 0.1 714168 1572 tty2 Sl+ 19:30 0:00 /usr/libexec/Xorg vt2 -display
root 3291 0.0 0.2 732568 1968 tty2 Sl+ 19:30 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-session-bin
root 3384 0.0 5.1 2752588 41480 tty2 Sl+ 19:30 0:07 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
root 3404 0.0 0.1 391208 1272 tty2 Sl 19:30 0:00 ibus-daemon --xim --panel disa
root 3409 0.0 0.1 302916 1260 tty2 Sl 19:30 0:00 /usr/libexec/ibus-dconf
[root@server opt]# ps -xPID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND1 ? Ss 0:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 182 ? S 0:00 [kthreadd]3 ? I< 0:00 [rcu_gp]4 ? I< 0:00 [rcu_par_gp]6 ? I< 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri]9 ? I< 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
[root@server opt]# ps -ePID TTY TIME CMD1 ? 00:00:03 systemd2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd3 ? 00:00:00 rcu_gp4 ? 00:00:00 rcu_par_gp6 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H-events_highpri9 ? 00:00:00 mm_percpu_wq10 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/011 ? 00:00:00 rcu_sched
[root@server opt]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4199 4197 0 80 0 - 6986 - pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4 S 0 36836 4199 0 80 0 - 38295 - pts/1 00:00:00 su
4 S 0 36839 36836 0 80 0 - 6987 - pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 R 0 60419 36839 0 80 0 - 11370 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@server opt]# ps -wPID TTY TIME CMD4199 pts/1 00:00:00 bash36836 pts/1 00:00:00 su36839 pts/1 00:00:00 bash60420 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@server opt]# ps -f
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 4199 4197 0 19:44 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
root 36836 4199 0 21:40 pts/1 00:00:00 su - root
root 36839 36836 0 21:40 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash
root 60421 36839 0 22:04 pts/1 00:00:00 ps -f
[root@server opt]#top命令查看进程
语法：top [-d 数字] | [-bnp]
| 命令 | 效果 |
| -d | 后面可以接秒数，就是整个进程界面更新的秒数，默认是5秒 |
| -b | 以批次的方式执行top |
| -n | 与-b搭配，进行几次top的输出结果 |
| -i | 不显示闲置或者僵死的进程信息 |
| -c | 显示进程的整个命令路径，而不是只显示命令名称 |
| -s | 使top命令在安全模式下运行 |
| -p | 指定某些个PID来进行查看检测 |
[root@server opt]# top -d 1
top - 22:07:40 up 4:09, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.07, 0.15
Tasks: 293 total, 2 running, 291 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
MiB Mem : 782.2 total, 74.5 free, 415.7 used, 292.0 buff/cache
MiB Swap: 1024.0 total, 228.1 free, 795.9 used. 239.9 avail MemPID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
查看指定用户进程
[root@server opt]# top -d 1 -p 10126
top - 22:10:19 up 4:12, 2 users, load average: 0.01, 0.05, 0.12
Tasks: 0 total, 0 running, 0 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 1.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
MiB Mem : 782.2 total, 72.7 free, 416.4 used, 293.1 buff/cache
MiB Swap: 1024.0 total, 228.8 free, 795.2 used. 239.3 avail MemPID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
在top执行过程中可以使用的按键命令：
| 交互式命令 | 说明 |
| h或？ | 显示帮助信息，给出交互式命令的一些说明 |
| k | 终止一个进程，系统将提示用户输入一个需要终止进程的PID |
| i | 忽略闲置进程和僵死进程，这是一个开关式命令 |
| s | 改变top输出信息两次刷新之间的时间，系统将提示输入新的时间，单位是秒。 |
| o或O |
改变top输出信息中显示项的顺序。按小写的a-z键可以将相应的列向右移动，而按大写的 A-Z键可以将相应的列向左移动。最后按enter确定 |
| f或F |
从当前显示列表中添加或者删除项，按f键之后会显示列的列表，按a-z键即可显示或隐藏 对应的列。最后按enter确定 |
| m | 切换显示内存信息 |
| t | 切换显示进程和cpu状态信息 |
| r |
重新设置一个进程的优先级，系统提示用户输入需要改变的进程PID以及需要设置的进程 优先级值。 |
| l | 切换显示平均负载和启动时间信息 |
| q | 退出top显示 |
| c | 切换显示完整命令行和命令名称信息 |
| M | 根据驻留内存大小进行排序输出 |
| N | 以PID来排序 |
| P | 根据CPU使用百分比大小进行排序输出 |
| T | 根据时间/累计时间进行排序输出 |
| S | 切换到累计模式 |
| W | 将当前top设置写入~/.toprc文件中 |
实验
1、RPM软件管理
1）通过rpm安装vsftpd软件。
[root@server opt]# cd /mnt/AppStream/Packages/
[root@server Packages]# rpm -ivh vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.x86_64.rpm
warning: vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Verifying... ################################# [100%]
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...1:vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8 ################################# [100%]
[root@server Packages]#2）查询vsftpd软件包的信息。
[root@server Packages]# rpm -qi vsftpd
Name : vsftpd
Version : 3.0.3
Release : 34.el8
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Sat 12 Nov 2022 10:24:47 PM CST
Group : System Environment/Daemons
Size : 355692
License : GPLv2 with exceptions
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Wed 21 Apr 2021 08:42:12 PM CST, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51
Source RPM : vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8.src.rpm
Build Date : Tue 20 Apr 2021 10:28:24 PM CST
Build Host : x86-vm-15.build.eng.bos.redhat.com
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : Red Hat, Inc. <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>
Vendor : Red Hat, Inc.
URL : https://security.appspot.com/vsftpd.html
Summary : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
Description :
vsftpd is a Very Secure FTP daemon. It was written completely from
scratch.
[root@server Packages]#
3）卸载软件包vsftpd。
[root@server Packages]# rpm -evh vsftpd
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Cleaning up / removing...1:vsftpd-3.0.3-34.el8 ################################# [100%]
[root@server Packages]#
2、YUM软件管理
1）挂载本地光盘，配置yum源为rhel8.repo。
[root@server Packages]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
mount: /mnt: /dev/sr0 already mounted on /run/media/root/RHEL-8-5-0-BaseOS-x86_64.
[root@server yum.repos.d]# vim rhel8.repo
[root@server yum.repos.d]# cat rhel8.repo
[app]
name=appstream
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream
gpgcheck=0
enable=1[base]
name=baseos
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0
enable=1
[root@server yum.repos.d]#2）通过yum来安装httpd。
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:17 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 10:31:29 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Installing:httpd x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 aliyun-app 1.4 M
Installing dependencies:apr x86_64 1.6.3-12.el8 aliyun-app 129 kapr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 aliyun-app 105 kcentos-logos-httpd noarch 85.8-2.el8 base 75 khttpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 aliyun-app 39 khttpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 aliyun-app 107 kmod_http2 x86_64 1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da app 154 k
Installing weak dependencies:apr-util-bdb x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 aliyun-app 25 kapr-util-openssl x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 aliyun-app 27 kTransaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install 9 PackagesTotal size: 2.1 M
Total download size: 1.9 M
Installed size: 5.6 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/8): apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64.rpm 48 kB/s | 25 kB 00:00
(2/8): apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64.rpm 169 kB/s | 105 kB 00:00
(3/8): apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64.rpm 152 kB/s | 27 kB 00:00
(4/8): apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64.rpm 184 kB/s | 129 kB 00:00
(5/8): httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.n 226 kB/s | 39 kB 00:00
(6/8): httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 477 kB/s | 107 kB 00:00
(7/8): centos-logos-httpd-85.8-2.el8.noarch.rpm 360 kB/s | 75 kB 00:00
(8/8): httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64.rpm 767 kB/s | 1.4 MB 00:01
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 776 kB/s | 1.9 MB 00:02
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transactionPreparing : 1/1Installing : apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64 1/9Running scriptlet: apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64 1/9Installing : apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 2/9Installing : apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 3/9Installing : apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 4/9Running scriptlet: apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 4/9Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 5/9Installing : centos-logos-httpd-85.8-2.el8.noarch 6/9Running scriptlet: httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 7/9Installing : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 7/9Installing : mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64 8/9Installing : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 9/9Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 9/9Verifying : apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64 1/9Verifying : apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 2/9Verifying : apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 3/9Verifying : apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 4/9Verifying : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 5/9Verifying : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 6/9Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 7/9Verifying : centos-logos-httpd-85.8-2.el8.noarch 8/9Verifying : mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64 9/9
Installed products updated.Installed:apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64centos-logos-httpd-85.8-2.el8.noarchhttpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarchhttpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64Complete!
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
3）使用yum查询ifconfig命令是由那个软件包提供的。
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum whatprovides ifconfig
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:04 ago on Sat 12 Nov 2022 10:31:29 PM CST.
net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 : Basic networking tools
Repo : @System
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/sbin/ifconfignet-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 : Basic networking tools
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/sbin/ifconfig[root@server yum.repos.d]#
4）卸载软件包httpd。
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum install httpd -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
appstream 1.9 MB/s | 3.2 kB 00:00
Package httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
[root@server yum.repos.d]# yum remove httpd -y
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identityThis system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Removing:httpd x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 @aliyun-app 4.3 M
Removing unused dependencies:apr x86_64 1.6.3-12.el8 @app 272 kapr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @app 230 kapr-util-bdb x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @app 12 kapr-util-openssl x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @app 20 khttpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 @aliyun-app 400httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1 @aliyun-app 193 kmod_http2 x86_64 1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da @app 394 kredhat-logos-httpd noarch 84.5-1.el8 @base 8.2 kTransaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Remove 9 PackagesFreed space: 5.4 M
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transactionPreparing : 1/1Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/1Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/9Erasing : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/9Running scriptlet: httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 1/9Erasing : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 2/9Running scriptlet: httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 2/9Erasing : redhat-logos-httpd-84.5-1.el8.noarch 3/9Erasing : httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 4/9Erasing : apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 5/9Running scriptlet: apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 5/9Erasing : apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64 6/9Running scriptlet: apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64 6/9Erasing : apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 7/9Erasing : apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 8/9Erasing : mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64 9/9Running scriptlet: mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64 9/9Verifying : apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64 1/9Verifying : apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 2/9Verifying : apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 3/9Verifying : apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 4/9Verifying : httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 5/9Verifying : httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarch 6/9Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64 7/9Verifying : mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64 8/9Verifying : redhat-logos-httpd-84.5-1.el8.noarch 9/9
Installed products updated.Removed:apr-1.6.3-12.el8.x86_64apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64httpd-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.noarchhttpd-tools-2.4.37-43.module_el8.5.0+1022+b541f3b1.x86_64mod_http2-1.15.7-3.module+el8.4.0+8625+d397f3da.x86_64redhat-logos-httpd-84.5-1.el8.noarchComplete!
3、源码管理
下载tree源码包并编译安装。
4、进程管理
1）通过ps命令的两种选项形式查看进程信息
[root@server yum.repos.d]# ps -waPID TTY TIME CMD3225 tty2 00:00:00 Xorg3291 tty2 00:00:00 gnome-session-b3384 tty2 00:00:08 gnome-shell3404 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-daemon3409 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-dconf3410 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-extension-3414 tty2 00:00:00 ibus-x113488 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-power3489 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-print-notif3491 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-rfkill3492 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-screensaver3500 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-sharing3504 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-sound3508 tty2 00:00:00 gsd-xsettings
2）通过pgrep和pidof命令查看sshd服务的进程号
[root@server yum.repos.d]# pgrep sshd
1065
4193
4197
[root@server yum.repos.d]# pidof sshd
4197 4193 1065
[root@server yum.repos.d]#3）使dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190 命令操作在前台运行
[root@server yum.repos.d]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190
1261+0 records in
1261+0 records out
1322254336 bytes (1.3 GB, 1.2 GiB) copied, 3.78097 s, 350 MB/s[root@server yum.repos.d]#
4）将上题操作调入到后台并暂停
[root@server yum.repos.d]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190[1]+ Stopped dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
5）使dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file2 bs=1M count=1024 命令操作在后台运行
[root@server yum.repos.d]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file2 bs=1M count=1024[2]+ Stopped dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file2 bs=1M count=1024
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
6）查看后台的任务列表
[root@server yum.repos.d]# jobs
[1]- Stopped dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190
[2]+ Stopped dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file2 bs=1M count=1024
[root@server yum.repos.d]#7）恢复dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190 让其在后台继续运行
[root@server yum.repos.d]# bg %1
[1]- dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190 &
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
8）查询dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190 命令的进程并通过kill杀死
[root@server yum.repos.d]# kill %1
[root@server yum.repos.d]# jobs
[1]- Terminated dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file bs=1M count=8190
[2]+ Stopped dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/file2 bs=1M count=1024
[root@server yum.repos.d]#
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