Android Studio中Gradle使用详解

转自：http://www.jianshu.com/p/02cb9a0eb2a0

一）基本配置

build配置

buildscript {repositories {jcenter() }dependencies {classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.2.3'}
}

Android脚本

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'

Android配置

android {compileSdkVersion 22buildToolsVersion "22.0.1"
}

项目结构

MyApp
├── build.gradle
├── settings.gradle
└── app├── build.gradle├── build├── libs└── src└── main├── java│   └── com.package.myapp└── res├── drawable├── layout└── etc.

Gradle Wrapper结构（这些新建项目时都添加给了用户，不需要重新添加）

myapp/├── gradlew ├── gradlew.bat└── gradle/wrapper/├── gradle-wrapper.jar└── gradle-wrapper.properties

运行build任务 - 列出所有可用任务

$ ./gradlew tasks

生成App-debug.apk任务

$ ./gradlew assembleDebug# Apk路径: MyApp/app/build/ outputs/apk

手动导入Eclipse-Android项目（自动导入请连续点“下一步”）
在项目路径下创建build.gradle文件：

buildscript {repositories {jcenter() }dependencies {classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.2.3'}
}
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {compileSdkVersion 22buildToolsVersion "22.0.1"sourceSets {main {manifest.srcFile 'AndroidManifest.xml'java.srcDirs = ['src']resources.srcDirs = ['src']aidl.srcDirs = ['src']renderscript.srcDirs = ['src']res.srcDirs = ['res']assets.srcDirs = ['assets']}androidTest.setRoot('tests')}
}
dependencies {compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
}

PS 也可以复制粘贴Eclipse-Android项目的源代码到Android Studio的项目里

二）自定义配置

Gradle所有文件结构

MyApp
├── build.gradle
├── settings.gradle
└── app└── build.gradle

settings.gradle

include ':app'

MyApp/build.gradle

buildscript {repositories {jcenter()}dependencies {classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.2.3'}
}
allprojects {repositories {jcenter() }
}

MyApp/app/build.gradle

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {compileSdkVersion 22buildToolsVersion "22.0.1"defaultConfig {applicationId "com.gradleforandroid.gettingstarted"minSdkVersion 14targetSdkVersion 22versionCode 1versionName "1.0"}buildTypes {release {minifyEnabled falseproguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'}}
}
dependencies {compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.2.0'
}

基础任务

$ ./gradlew assemble -为所有构建类型创建apk
$ ./gradlew check 运行所有的检查，比如说Android Lint，如果发现问题可终止任务
$ ./gradlew build 运行以上两个任务
$ ./gradlew clean -清除生成的apk
++++
$ ./gradlew connectedCheck - 在设备上运行测试
$ ./gradlew deviceCheck - 远程设备运行测试
$ ./gradlew installDebug/installRelease - 在设备商安装指定版本
$ ./gradlew uninstall - 卸载

Build Types不同版本的参数设置 - BuildConfig/Resource Value

android {buildTypes {debug {buildConfigField "String", "API_URL","\"http://test.example.com/api\""buildConfigField "boolean", "LOG_HTTP_CALLS", "true"resValue "string", "app_name", "Example DEBUG"}release {buildConfigField "String", "API_URL", "\"http://example.com/api\""buildConfigField "boolean", "LOG_HTTP_CALLS", "false"resValue "string", "app_name", "Example"}}
}

全局设置（项目根目录的build.gradle）

allprojects {apply plugin: 'com.android.application'android {compileSdkVersion 22buildToolsVersion "22.0.1"}
}

设置全局参数

ext {compileSdkVersion = 22buildToolsVersion = "22.0.1"
}

在MyApp/app/build.gradle里面使用参数

android {compileSdkVersion rootProject.ext.compileSdkVersionbuildToolsVersion rootProject.ext.buildToolsVersion
}

默认任务（MyApp/build.gradle）
```
defaultTasks 'clean', 'assembleDebug'
```

三）依赖管理

仓库
预设配置仓库

repositories {mavenCentral()jcenter()mavenLocal()
}

远程仓库

repositories {maven {url "http://repo.acmecorp.com/maven2"credentials {username 'user'password 'secretpassword'}}ivy {url "http://repo.acmecorp.com/repo"}
}

本地仓库

repositories {maven {url "../repo"}
}

本地依赖
项目文件依赖

dependencies {compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
}

原生库结构与配置

# 结构：
app├── AndroidManifest.xml└── jniLibs├── armeabi│   └── nativelib.so├── armeabi-v7a│   └── nativelib.so├── mips│   └── nativelib.so└── x86└── nativelib.so
# 配置：
android {sourceSets.main {jniLibs.srcDir 'src/main/libs'}
}

Libray项目

# 修改Android插件：
apply plugin: 'com.android.library'
# settings.gradle新增libray项目：
include ':app', ':library'
# app内引用library项目：
dependencies {compile project(':library')
}

依赖概念
```
<待续>
```
Android Studio内添加依赖

四）构建变体

```
<待续>
```

五）多模块构建管理

加速构建

在gradle.properties里面添加：
org.gradle.parallel=true

六）测试

单元测试
使用JUnit

# 结构：
app
└─── src
├─── main
│ ├─── java│    │    └─── com.example.app│    └───res└─── test└─── java└─── com.example.app
# 依赖：
dependencies {testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
}

使用Robolectric

# 依赖：
apply plugin: 'org.robolectric'dependencies {compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.2.0'testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'testCompile'org.robolectric:robolectric:3.0'testCompile'org.robolectric:shadows-support:3.0'
}
# Demo：
@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)
@Config(manifest = "app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml", sdk = 18)
public class MainActivityTest {@Testpublic void clickingButtonShouldChangeText() {AppCompatActivity activity = Robolectric.buildActivity(MainActivity.class).create().get();Button button = (Button) activity.findViewById(R.id.button);TextView textView = (TextView) activity.findViewById(R.id.label);button.performClick();assertThat(textView.getText().toString(), equalTo(activity.getString(R.string.hello_robolectric)));}
}

功能测试
使用Espresso
```
<待续>
```
测试覆盖度
使用Jacoco
```
<待续>
```

七）创建任务与插件

```
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```

八）配置CI

```
<待续>
```

九）自定义配置 - 进阶

缩减apk文件大小
使用ProGuard

android {buildTypes {release {minifyEnabled trueproguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'}}
}

收缩资源文件 - 自动（<手动待续>）

android {buildTypes {release {minifyEnabled trueshrinkResources true}}
}

加速构建

org.gradle.parallel=true # 并行构建
org.gradle.daemon=true # 开启Gradle守护进程
org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xms256m -Xmx1024m # 配置JVM<参照下图>

使用Profiling

<待续>

使用Jack(Java Android Compiler Kit) and Jill(Jack Intermediate Library Linker)

<待续>

忽略Lint

android {lintOptions {abortOnError false}
}

使用Ant
```
<待续>
```

app打包 - 进阶
分割apk

android {splits {density {enable trueexclude 'ldpi', 'mdpi'compatibleScreens 'normal', 'large', 'xlarge'}}
}
生成结果：
app-hdpi-release.apk
app-universal-release.apk
app-xhdpi-release.apk
app-xxhdpi-release.apk
app-xxxhdpi-release.apk

引用：

《Gradle for Android》