对等商务_对等| 第三部分

对等商务

平台，框架和应用对等 (Platforms, Frameworks and Applications Peer-to-Peer)

Initially, applications Peer-to-Peer emerged monolithic, ie, the program needed to implement its own protocol for Peer-to-peer to allow interoperability between its constituent nodes in the network system. However, in addition to a major re-work, these efforts into non-functional requirements of applications involving the failure of communication between different systems, even if the services provided by them were equal. For example, shared file systems such as Kazaa, eMule and Gnutella are accessible only within their own networks, leading users to keep installed on your client machines to each of the file-sharing systems that intend to use.

最初，对等应用程序是单片出现的，即，该程序需要实现自己的对等协议以允许其在网络系统中的组成节点之间具有互操作性。但是，除了进行大量的返工外，即使应用程序所提供的服务相等，这些努力也导致应用程序的非功能性需求，涉及到不同系统之间的通信失败。例如，共享文件系统(例如Kazaa，eMule和Gnutella)只能在其自己的网络中访问，从而导致用户将客户端计算机上的安装文件保留在打算使用的每个文件共享系统上。

With the popularity of this type of application, there was an effort in providing application development platforms for peer to peer, so that they can communicate among themselves. Among them stand out from the JXTA, Windows Peer-to-Peer Networking and xnap.

随着这种类型的应用程序的普及，人们努力为点对点提供应用程序开发平台，以便它们之间可以进行通信。其中，它们从JXTA，Windows对等网络和xnap中脱颖而出。

The JXTA and Windows Peer-to-Peer Networking protocols are specifications of Peer-to-Peer and an API for using the services, being the first with implementations in Java and C.

JXTA和Windows对等网络协议是对等规范和用于使用服务的API，它们是第一个使用Java和C实现的应用程序。

The xnap provides, in addition to an API services Peer-to-Peer, also a framework for developing applications themselves, including features of the graphical user interface. A Framework Peer-to-Peer, therefore, goes beyond an platform for Peer-to-Peer, providing additional services not necessarily related to the communication itself, but indispensable for the rapid development of applications based on this architecture.

xnap除了提供对等API服务外，还提供了一个框架，用于开发应用程序本身，包括图形用户界面的功能。因此，对等框架超越了对等平台，它提供的附加服务不一定与通信本身有关，但对于基于此体系结构的应用程序的快速开发是必不可少的。

Other examples of frameworks for developing applications Peer-to-Peer are Oog (Duke University), the Lancaster’s P2P Framework (University of Lancaster) and Copper (UFRJ), the latter two abstractions built on JXTA.

用于开发对等应用程序的框架的其他示例有Oog(杜克大学)，Lancaster的P2P框架(Lancaster大学)和Copper(UFRJ)，后两个基于JXTA的抽象。

卡德里亚 (Kademlia)

Kademlia is highly decentralized network concept based on “we” network. The users themselves form the structure of network servers dispensing. Many networks use the concept Kademlia.

Kademlia是基于“我们”网络的高度分散的网络概念。用户自己形成网络服务器分配的结构。许多网络使用Kademlia概念。

覆盖网 (Overnet)

The network Overnet eDonkey is a kind of “pay”. You must purchase the program the company that developed it. EDonkey is a variant of the completely decentralized and faster following the concept Kademlia and was the first deployment.

网络Overnet eDonkey是一种“付款”。您必须购买开发该程序的公司的程序。 EDonkey是继Kademlia概念之后的完全分散，更快的变体，并且是首次部署。

Gnutella (Gnutella)

Open-source network that emerged in late 2000 initially used by users of the Linux system. It has a highly decentralized structure with no central server even none at all. The users will form the backbone of the network itself. Among the programs that use it are BearShare, LimeWire, Azureus and Shareaza now.

2000年末出现的开源网络，最初由Linux系统的用户使用。它具有高度分散的结构，甚至没有中央服务器。用户将构成网络本身的骨干。现在使用它的程序包括BearShare，LimeWire，Azureus和Shareaza。

Gnutella 2 (Gnutella 2)

According to the Gnutella network design but now with central servers and optimizing searches overall network performance. It is known mainly in the program Shareaza. He received criticism when it was created by the original creators of Gnutella.

根据Gnutella的网络设计，但现在具有中央服务器并优化了搜索的整体网络性能。主要在Shareaza程序中众所周知。由Gnutella的原始创作者创作的作品受到了批评。

卡德网络 (Kad Network)

EMule network parallel program introduced by the author in 2004, is a faithful implementation of the concept Kademlia. This network was intended to offer more original sources to users of the program and later become a full P2P network.

作者于2004年推出的EMule网络并行程序，是对Kademlia概念的忠实实现。该网络旨在为程序用户提供更多原始资源，后来成为完整的P2P网络。

OpenFT (OpenFT)

OpenFT is a protocol developed by the giFT project. The name “OpenFT” means “Open FastTrack.” However, OpenFT is a completely new protocol, only a few came from that little was known about when the FastTrack OpenFT was developed. Just as FastTrack, the OpenFT is a network where nodes send lists of shared files to other nodes. This reduces the bandwidth required for the research, however, consume more processor resources and memory in the nodes.

OpenFT是giFT项目开发的协议。名称“ OpenFT”表示“打开FastTrack”。但是，OpenFT是一种全新的协议，只有很少的人对FastTrack OpenFT的开发时间知之甚少。就像FastTrack一样，OpenFT是一个网络，节点将共享文件列表发送到其他节点。这减少了研究所需的带宽，但是会消耗更多的处理器资源和节点中的内存。

音频银河 (AudioGalaxy)

Old project of the same company name, Audiogalaxy centered around its collection indexing it on your site officially. It was easily closed by a lawsuit in England. It was an implementation of FTPs being superficial to the user.

与公司同名的旧项目Audiogalaxy以其收藏集中在您的站点上为您建立索引。它很容易在英国的一场诉讼中关闭。这是FTP对用户而言肤浅的一种实现。

寻魂 (SoulSeek)

Network introduced to trade music in 2000. Program uses the same name. It is characterized by having a large number of rare files, and mostly alternative music. The client program has a streamlined interface, and allows the addition of users in a hotlist, or a contact list that lets you know when a user who has the relevant files are connected to the network. Also on the SoulSeek network service chat (chat) similar to the IRC, which allows a better interaction among the users, who can also create their own chat channels.

于2000年引入网络进行音乐交易。程序使用相同的名称。它的特点是拥有大量的稀有文件，并且大多数都是另类音乐。客户端程序具有简化的界面，并允许在热点列表或联系人列表中添加用户，从而使您知道具有相关文件的用户何时连接到网络。同样在类似于IRC的SoulSeek网络服务聊天(chat)上，它允许用户之间更好的交互，用户也可以创建自己的聊天频道。

域名解析 (DNS)

The DNS (DNS = Domain Name System) is an example of a system that blends the concepts of peer-to-peer networks with a hierarchical model of information ownership. Most incredible of DNS is how well he has climbed, the few thousands of hosts that it was designed to support in 1983 for the hundreds of millions of hosts on the Internet today. The problems encountered by current P2P applications such as file sharing, are the same problems that were resolved by DNS for 10 or 15 years ago.

DNS(DNS =域名系统)是将对等网络的概念与信息所有权的分层模型混合在一起的系统示例。 DNS最令人难以置信的是，他的攀登能力如何，1983年被设计为现在互联网上数以亿计的主机提供支持的几千台主机。当前的P2P应用程序遇到的问题(例如文件共享)与DNS在10或15年前解决的问题相同。

Thus, several key design elements of the DNS are replicated in distributed systems today. One element is that hosts can operate both as clients and as servers. The second element is a natural method of propagating data requests across the network. The course load is distributed over the network, so that any individual server names only need to serve the demands of its customers and the namespace it manages.

因此，如今在分布式系统中复制了DNS的几个关键设计元素。一个要素是主机既可以充当客户端，也可以充当服务器。第二个元素是在网络上传播数据请求的自然方法。课程负载是通过网络分配的，因此任何单独的服务器名称都只需要满足其客户及其管理的名称空间的需求。

激流 (Torrent)

BitTorrent is a P2P file download. The basic idea is that when a user searches for a file, it downloads “pieces” of the file from other users until the file is complete. An important design goal was to ensure collaboration. In most systems, file sharing, a significant fraction of users will only download the files and contribute close to nothing. Therefore, a file can be downloaded only when the client is downloading is also providing contents to anyone.

BitTorrent是P2P文件下载。基本思想是，当用户搜索文件时，它会从其他用户那里下载文件的“片段”，直到文件完成为止。一个重要的设计目标是确保协作。在大多数系统中，文件共享中，很大一部分用户只会下载文件，几乎没有贡献。因此，仅当客户端正在下载内容并向任何人提供内容时，才可以下载文件。

网络，协议和应用 (Networks, protocols and applications)

Ares, Ares Galaxy, Warez P2P, AlterGalaxy战神，战神银河，Warez P2P，AlterGalaxy
BitTorrent: AllPeers, ABC [Yet Another BitTorrent Client], Azureus, BitComet, BitSpirit, BitTornado, BitLord, Burst!, G3 Torrent, KTorrent, mlMac, MLDonkey, qtorrent, Shareaza, Transmission, Tribler, µTorrentBitTorrent：AllPeers，ABC [还有另一个BitTorrent客户端]，Azureus，BitComet，BitSpirit，BitTornado，BitLord，Burst！，G3 Torrent，KTorrent，mlMac，MLDonkey，qtorrent，Shareaza，Transmission，Tribler，µTorrent
CSpace: A peer-to-peer based computer in communication systemsCSpace：通信系统中基于对等的计算机
Direct Connect: DC NeoModus Direct Connect, BCDC, ApexDC, StrongDC直接连接：DC NeoModus直接连接，BCDC，ApexDC，StrongDC
Domain Name System域名系统
EDonkey, aMule, eDonkey2000 (discontinued), eMule, DreaMule, LMule, MLDonkey, mlMac, Shareaza, xMule, iMeshEDonkey，aMule，eDonkey2000(已停产)，eMule，DreaMule，LMule，MLDonkey，mlMac，Shareaza，xMule，iMesh
FastTrack: AlterGalaxy, giFT, Grokster, iMesh, iMesh Light (no adware), Kazaa, Kazaa Lite (adware), KCeasy, Mammoth, MLDonkey, mlMac, Poisoned快速通道：AlterGalaxy，giFT，Grokster，iMesh，iMesh Light(无广告软件)，Kazaa，Kazaa Lite(广告软件)，KCeasy，Mammoth，MLDonkey，mlMac，中毒
Freenet, Entropy (on its own network), FreenetFreenet，熵(在自己的网络上)，Freenet
GNUnet, GNUnet, (GNUnet-gtk)GNUnet，GNUnet((GNUnet-gtk)
Gnutella: AlterGalaxy, Acquisition, BearShare, Cabos, Gnucleus, Grokster, iMesh, gtk-gnutella, Kiwi Alpha, LimeWire, FrostWire, MLDonkey, mlMac, Morpheus, Phex, Poisoned, Swapper, Shareaza, XoloXGnutella：AlterGalaxy，Acquire，BearShare，Cabos，Gnucleus，Grokster，iMesh，gtk-gnutella，Kiwi Alpha，LimeWire，FrostWire，MLDonkey，mlMac，Morpheus，Phex，中毒，Swapper，Shareaza，XoloX
Gnutella2: Adagio, Caribou, Gnucleus, iMesh, Kiwi Alpha, MLDonkey, mlMac, Morpheus, Shareaza, TrustyFilesGnutella2：Adagio，驯鹿，Gnucleus，iMesh，Kiwi Alpha，MLDonkey，mlMac，Morpheus，Shareaza，TrustyFiles
Kad network () (using the Kademlia protocol): aMule, eMule, MLDonkeyKad网络()(使用Kademlia协议)：aMule，eMule，MLDonkey
MANOLITO/MP2P: Blubster, PioletMANOLITO / MP2P：淡黄色，紫罗兰色
MFPnet: AmicimaMFPnet：Amicima
Napster: Napigator, OpenNap, WinMXNapster：Napigator，OpenNap，WinMX
P2PTV type networks: TVUPlayer, CoolStreaming, CyberSky TV, TVantsP2PTV类型的网络：TVUPlayer，CoolStreaming，CyberSky TV，TVants
Peercasting type networks: PeerCast, IceShare, FreeCast对等广播型网络：PeerCast，IceShare，FreeCast
Pichat protocol: Pichat, Pidgin, Moonchat, C4Pichat协议：Pichat，Pidgin，Moonchat，C4
SoulSeek: SoulSeek, NicotineSoulSeek：SoulSeek，尼古丁
UsenetUsenet
WPNP: WinMXWPNP：WinMX
ZPoCZPoC

点对点–版权问题 (Peer-to-Peer – Copyright Issues)

P2P networks worldwide are accused of injuring the copyright, by providing files without the permission of the copyright owners. Many users of these P2P networks argue that the absence of profit in the reproduction of copyright should not be criminalized. In Brazil, the copyright law prohibits any reproduction of protected content that is not authorized.

如果是Napster (In case of Napster)

The developers of Napster argued that they were not guilty of copyright-infringement because they did not participate in the copying process, which was interactive machines made by users. This argument was overturned because the index servers are attached as part of the process. Since these servers were located at known addresses, its operators were unable to remain anonymous and then became the targets of the processes.

Napster的开发人员认为，他们没有侵犯版权的罪名是因为他们没有参与复制过程，而复制过程是用户制作的交互式机器。由于索引服务器是该过程的一部分，因此已驳回了该参数。由于这些服务器位于已知地址，因此其操作员无法保持匿名，因此成为该过程的目标。

A more distributed sharing system would have achieved a greater separation of legal responsibilities, allocating responsibility among all users of Napster, and making the process very difficult if not impossible.

更加分散的共享系统将实现更大程度的法律责任分离，在Napster的所有用户之间分配责任，并使流程变得非常困难，即使不是不可能。

Whatever view one has about the legitimacy of copying files for the purpose of sharing copyrighted material, there is a legitimate social and political justification for the anonymity of clients and servers in some application contexts. The reason most persuativa is used when anonymity is used to overcome censorship and maintaining freedom of expression for individuals in oppressive societies and organizations.

无论出于共享版权材料的目的而对复制文件的合法性有何看法，在某些应用程序上下文中，客户端和服务器的匿名性都有合法的社会和政治理由。当使用匿名来克服压迫性和在压迫性社会和组织中维持个人的表达自由时，会使用大多数说服的原因。

Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.

研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到。

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/peer-to-peer-part-3/

对等商务