Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing（1）
Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing
1 Introduction
Ecosystem services refer to the natural conditions and utilities provided and maintained by ecosystems that sustain human life.（生态系统服务是指由生态系统提供和维持的自然条件和效用，以支持人类生存） It has been increasingly recognized that they are not independent of each other. （人们越来越意思到，生态系统服务之间不是独立的，）Human intervention and domination of one or more ESs will intentionally or unintentionally affect the provision of other ESs, resulting in trade-offs and synergies between ESs.（人类对一种或者多种生态系统服务的干涉和支配将有意或无意低影响到其他生态系统服务的供给，导致生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同）Ignoring the trade-offs and synergies between with ESs may lead to a decline in the supply of some ESs and even threaten the stability and security of entire ecosystems.(忽视生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同可能会导致某些生态系统服务供给的下降，甚至威胁到整个生态系统的稳定与安全。)To realise the sustainable supply of various ESs and orderly development of society, economy and ecology, we should not only pursue the benefits of a certain ES, but also take into account various ESs to maximize their comprehensive benefits.(为了实现不同类型生态系统服务的可持续供给和社会、经济和生态的有序发展，人们不应该仅仅追求一种生态系统服务的利益，而应该考虑到不同的生态系统服务，从而实现综合利益最大化。) Scientifically understanding the complex relationships between ESs and quantitatively identifying the driving mechanisms behind the trade-offs and synergies are essential to minimize the negative effect of trade-offs and achieve synergies between multiple ESs. (科学地理解生态系统服务之间的复杂的关系，定量地识别权衡和协同的驱动机制，对减少权衡的负面影响和实现协同是非常重要的). Such an understanding could aid in finding a balance between ecological protection, social development and economial growth.(这样的理解能够帮助找到生态保护、社会发展和经济增长之间的平衡点。）
A coupleing mechanism of coercion and constraint exists between urban development and the ecological envrionment.(城市发展和生态环境之间存在一种约束与强制的耦合机制。) Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization of Beijing came from the deprivation of the ecological environment and resources.（20世纪90年代以来，北京的快速城镇化来自于生态环境和资源的损失。）In the context of substantial development pressures and fragile ecological conditions, coordinating conflicts between urban development and ecological conservation and achieving a harmonious coexistence betwenn human and nature are focal concerns in global economic and social development.(在巨大的发展压力和脆弱的生态条件的背景下，协调城市发展和生态保护之间的冲突，实现人与自然的和谐共生，是全球经济和社会发展的焦点问题)。Over the past ten years, China has clearly defined a strategic goal for Beijing to become a worldwide first-class capital city of harmony and livability.Beijing developed and implemented a series of macro policies to enhance the positive feedback of urban development and ecological protection.(过去的十年，中国已经为北京清晰地制定了有策略的目标——成为世界范围内一流的和谐宜居的首都城市。北京制定并实施了一系列的政策为了增强城镇发展和生态保护之间的积极反馈) For example the “one Million-Mu(666km^2) Plain Afforestation Project” wan lanuched in 2012.The goal of this project was to enhance the ecological carrying capacity of the capital city and improve the urban environmrnt.The Beijing City Master Plan(2016-2035), which was approved in 2017, called for enhanced management of the ecological bottom line to use the carrying capacity of the resources and environment to enforce city reforms and development.（例如，在2012年实施的百万亩平原造林计划。该计划的目标是增强首都的生态承载能力并提高城市环境。2017年批准的北京城市总体规划（2016-2035），呼吁加强生态底线管理，利用资源环境承载力推动城市改革与发展。）The Beijing Ecological Conversation Red Line Plan,which was issued in 2018, divided Beijing’s ecological conversation red line areas into four categories, including soil conversation, water retention, biodiversity maintenance and important river and wetlands based on the dominant ecological function…thereby promoting the collaborative optimization of multiple ESs. （发布于2018年的北京生态保护红线计划基于主要的生态功能将北京的生态保护宏谦区域划分为四个类型，包括土壤保护，水涵养，物种多样性维持以及重要河流和湿地。从而促进多种生态系统服务之间的协同优化 ）Thus, the concept of integrating ESs into the sustainable development of large cities and city clusters, such as Beijing, has been deepend and practiced.（因此，将生态系统服务融入北京等大城市和城市群可持续发展的理念得到了深化和实践。）
Currently, because of the rising human demands for ESs in cities and surrounding areas, research concerning urban ESs has mainly focused on hot topics such as the identification, manifestation, spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of ES trade-offs and synergies.
目前，在城市和周边地区，人们对生态系统服务的需求逐渐上升，有关城镇ES的研究主要关注热点话题，比如ES权衡和协同的识别、表示、时空动态和驱动机制。
However, analysis of the correlation and differentiation of different spatial scale patterns in cities is still weak. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the natural geographic environment results in regional differentiation in the relationships between ESs .
然而， 城市内不同空间尺度模式下的相关系与差异性的分析仍然不足。自然地理环境的时空异质性导致了生态系统服务关系的局域差别。
The trade-offs and synergies between the same pair of ESs change across different regions along with the spatiotemporal changes.
同一对生态系统服务的权衡与协同随着时空的变化而在不同区域发生改变。
Simultaneously, revealing the distribution patterns of trade-offs and synergies between ESs could enhance our comprehensive understanding of an entire region, coordinate the supply of services across different regions and achieve a balance in the supply of and demand for ESs in the entire region (Peng et al., 2017).
同时，揭示生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同的分布模式，能够增强我们对整个区域的综合理解，协调不同区域的服务供给，并实现整个区域生态系统服务的供给与需求平衡。
As regions where natural processes and human activities interact strongly, basins have complex ecosystem structures and diverse service types that reflect the complete characteristics of society and ecology.
由于自然过程和人类活动交互强烈，流域地区生态系统结构复杂、服务类型多样，反映了社会和生态完整的特征
Basin-scale work and conclusions also contribute to systematic guidance and optimization of ecological development and safety patterns.
流域尺度的研究和结论，也有助于系统指导和优化生态发展和安全格局。
In view of the above, this study comprehensively considered Beijing and its five major basins as the study area and simulated three key ESs: soil conservation, water yield and carbon sequestration.
基于以上的观点，本研究综合地考虑了北京和五大主要流域作为研究区域，并且模拟了三个关键生态系统服务：土壤保持、水产出和碳固定。
Spatial trade-offs and synergies among these three ESs were calculated by geographically weighted regression (GWR).
三种生态系统服务中的空间权衡和协同，使用地理加权回归的方法计算。
The dominant factors affecting the spatial relationships between ESs and the degree of interaction between factors are quantitatively identified by the geographical detector to achieve an analysis of the mechanisms of urban ESs, building a scientific foundation for efficient ecosystem management and the improvement of living environment when implementing the above policies.
通过地理探测器定量识别， 影响ES空间关系的主导因素和因子间交互程度，以实现城市ES机制的分析，为实施有效的生态系统管理和改善生活环境奠定了科学基础。
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