我在GNU/Linux下使用的桌面环境工具组合

为了使GNU/Linux桌面环境下加载的程序较少以节省内存资源和提高启动时间，我目前并不使用重量级的桌面环境KDE和Gnome，甚至连登录窗界面gdm或xdm都不用，而是直接启动到控制台，登录后调用startx进入X视窗环境。所使用的工具组合列举如下：

X视窗环境启动：startx
窗口管理器：Sawfish
amixer：系统音量设置
键盘与鼠标配置：xmodmap
网络管理器：wicd（需删除NetworkManager）
xscreensaver：屏幕保护程序
类似于Windows的底部工具栏：perlpanel
shutter：截屏工具
amor：屏幕宠物玩具
workrave：定时休息、活动提醒工具，用于缓解视疲劳，身体疲劳
xclock：桌面模拟或数字时钟
knotes：桌面即时贴

在~/.bashrc中设置音频

首先介绍登录到控制台时，在~/.bashrc中定义的一些环境变量，它们会在启动X Window后，由amixer命令使用，用于系统音量控制。

# Default sound device
export DEFAULT_SOUND=numid=3,iface=MIXER,name="'Master Playback Volume'"
# Max sound for the two channels supported by the sound card
declare -i MAX_SOUND_VOLUME
export MAX_SOUND_VOLUME=65536
# Default sound volume percentage for the two channels when starting X window
declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE
export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40
export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40
# Default sound volume for the two channels when starting X window
declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME
export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100))
export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100))
# Whether play init sound when starting X window
export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1

# Aliases for starting X with or without soundalias xs="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1; startx"alias xq="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=0; startx"

针对以上代码解释如下：

1. DEFAULT_SOUND变量包含了指定操作系统ALSA声卡驱动调音器设备的编号与名称。amixer以该值为参数，可以控制相应音频的音量。该设备信息可以在命令行执行amixer contents显示出来，如下所示。可以看出，默认音频设备音量的最小值为0，最大值为65536（2字节），最小调整量为1，当前左、右声道音量值均为17790。

numid=4,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Switch'; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1: values=on
numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume'; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1: values=17790,17790
numid=2,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Switch'; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1: values=on
numid=1,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Volume'; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1: values=28174,28174

2. MAX_SOUND_VOLUME变量存储了最大音量值65536。

3. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE与DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE分别为左、右声道的默认音量百分比，目前设为40%。

4. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME与DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME分别为左、右声道的默认音量整数值。

5. STARTX_INIT_SOUND变量为1时，在调用startx进入X Window时，会自动播放欢迎音乐；为0时则不播放。播放命令在~/.xinitrc中设置。

6. 创建了两个aliases，xs为调用startx时播放欢迎音乐，xq则不播放。

设置~/.xinitrc

在控制台登录后，有了~/.bashrc中的设置，就可以调用xs或xq来启动startx进入X Window视窗环境。启动过程中的相关配置与必要程序加载是在~/.xinitrc中设置的。其内容如下：

# Export ibus environment variables
export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus# Load NVIDIA configurations
nvidia-settings --load-config-only# Load keyboard and mouse configurations
xmodmap ~/.xmodmaprc &
# Load X server resources
xrdb ~/.Xresources &# Load image(s) as desktop wallpaper
# set_wallpaper.sh -r 0 -w 1920 -h 1080 -x 1280 -y 0 $picture/wallpapers/sunflower.jpg &
set_multi_wallpapers.sh -t 300 &
# Set the default sound volume
amixer cset numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume' $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME,$DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME &
# Play welcome sound: Steve Jobs' speech
if [ "$STARTX_INIT_SOUND" = 1 ]; thenmplayer $music/speech/steve\ jobs\ in\ harvard\ clip.mp3 < /dev/null > /dev/null &
fi# Adjust touchpad pressure sensitivity
if [ "$cur_host_name" = "QuantumBoy" ]; thensynclient PressureMotionMinZ=8synclient PressureMotionMaxZ=80
fi# Start window manager
sawfish --display=:0

针对以上代码解释如下：

1. 导出ibus输入法相关的环境变量。

2. 执行nvidia-settings加载NVIDIA配置。

3. 使用xmodmap加载键盘与鼠标配置，主要是交换Caps Lock与左Control键，交换鼠标左右键。具体内容参见这里。

4. 使用xrdb加载视窗资源文件~/.Xresources，其中针对不同的程序设置X显示参数，设置光标主题。其内容如下：

Xcursor.theme: oxy-green
XClock.Clock.hourColor: red
XClock.Clock.minuteColor: green
XClock.Clock.minorColor: blue
XClock.Clock.majorColor: black

5. 启动set_multi_wallpapers.sh脚本加载动态壁纸，或调用set_wallpaper.sh加载单张壁纸。具体内容参见这里。

6. 使用amixer设置系统默认音量。左右声道的音量值来自环境变量DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME和DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME。

7. 根据环境变量STARTX_INIT_SOUND的值判断是否加播放启动音频。目前，我播放的是乔布斯说的stay hungray、stay foolish那段话。

8. 根据电脑的主机名判断，如果使用的是自己的笔记本电脑ZaReason Ultralap 440的话，则执行synclient命令设置触摸板压力阈值。

9. 最后，启动Sawfish窗口管理器。

Sawfish设置：~/.sawfishrc

Sawfish是一款轻量级的窗口管理器，基于librep库支持使用Lisp语言对其进行配置：包括窗口显示属性，快捷键绑定等。所以，所谓的轻量级实际上是高性能、省资源，但其功能可以通过编程配置得极为强大。下面介绍我在~/.sawfishrc文件对其的配置。其中主要实现的功能有：

1. 将常用程序绑定到指定的快捷上。按下快捷键后，若与其关联的程序未启动，则将其启动并放到前端；若已启动，则将其提升到前端。该功能的实现依赖于jump-or-exec模块。有了这个功能，则无需频繁地使用鼠标在不同的窗口间切换了，非常方便。目前，我绑定的快捷键如下：

Win+1：命令行终端程序Konsole；
Win+2：文件管理器Dolphin；
Win+3：文本编辑器Emacs；
Win+4：多国语言电子词典Stardict或Goldendict；
Win+5：网页浏览器Iceweasel，它是Mozilla Firefox在Debian下的名称；
Win+6：邮件客户端（亦是RSS阅读器、日历、任务管理，类似于微软的Outlook）Icedove，它是Mozilla Thunderbird在Debian下的名称；
Win+7：办公软件LibreOffice；
Win+8：图片、照片浏览器Gwenview。该软件比Windows下的图片查看器好很多：可以看GIF动画，亦可以直接看视频；
Win+9：音频播放器Audacious，播放无损音乐ape、flac的不二之选；
Win+0：调用tv_nomen.sh脚本程序播放有线电视，参见这里。

以上功能与设置的代码如下。其中的display-close-message函数用于在屏幕上显示已启动程序的名称，给用户以信息反馈，并在指定时间后自动关闭。

;; Load jump-or-exec module
(require 'jump-or-exec);; Display a message which can automatically disappear
(defun display-close-message (message seconds &optional attributes)"display MESSAGE for SECONDS seconds and make the message disappeared.
The default display-message don't close the message window automatically"(interactive)(display-message message attributes)(make-timer(lambda ()(display-message)) seconds));; KDE terminal konsole
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-1" `(jump-or-exec "^Konsole@",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start KDE terminal..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "konsole &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Dolphin file manager
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-2" `(jump-or-exec "Dolphin$",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Dolphin file manager..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "dolphin &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Emacs text editor
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-3" `(jump-or-exec "^Emacs@",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Emacs text editor..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "emacs &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Stardict
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-4" `(jump-or-exec "^StarDict$",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Stardict electronic dictionary..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "stardict &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Iceweasel
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-5" `(jump-or-exec "Iceweasel$",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Iceweasel web browser..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "iceweasel &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Icedove
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-6" `(jump-or-exec "(Mozilla Thunderbird)|(Icedove)",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Icedove mail and news..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "icedove &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; LibreOffice
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-7" `(jump-or-exec "LibreOffice",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start LibreOffice..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "libreoffice &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Gwenview
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-8" `(jump-or-exec "Gwenview$",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Gwenview image viewer..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "gwenview &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; Audacious
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-9" `(jump-or-exec "Audacious",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start Audacious music player..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "audacious &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))));; TV
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-0" `(jump-or-exec "MPlayer TV",(lambda ()(display-close-message "Start TV..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)(system "tv_nomen.sh &")),(lambda (wind)(display-window wind))))

2. 在进入X Window时自动加载指定程序，相当于Windows中的自启动项目。目前我加载的程序有：

ibus输入法；
网络管理器wicd-gtk；
允许触摸板点击脚本enable_tapbutton.sh（仅在我的ZaReason Ultralap 440笔记本电脑上有效）；
xscreensaver屏幕保护程序，其中包含了非常酷的屏保特效，我目前使用的是3D骇客帝国；
类似于Windows的底部工具栏：perlpanel
shutter：截屏工具
amor：屏幕宠物玩具
workrave：定时休息、活动提醒工具，用于缓解视疲劳，身体疲劳
xclock：桌面模拟或数字时钟
knotes：桌面即时贴

相关配置代码如下：

;; Define startup programs
(setq startup-programs'(;; Start ibus input method: -x option starts ibus XIM server, -r option;; replaces existing daemon. In addition, the following environment;; variables should be set, otherwise, KDE programs cannot use ibus input;; method.("ibus-daemon" "-xrd");; Start wicd network manager("wicd-gtk" "-t");; Enable touchpad tapping("enable_tapbutton.sh");; Start screensaver("xscreensaver" "-no-splash");; Start panel("perlpanel");; Start Shutter for taking snapshots("shutter");; Start amor toy: white kitty("amor");; Start xclock("xclock");; Start knotes("knotes");; Start workrave("workrave")));; Execute startup programs one by one
(mapc (lambda (program)(apply start-process (make-process standard-output) program))startup-programs);; Make sure active processes are killed before sawfish exits
(add-hook 'before-exit-hook(lambda ()(mapc stop-process (active-processes))))

3. 音量控制：目前音量控制绑定的快捷键如下

Win+]：运行volume-up-by-ratio，增加音量1%
Win+[：运行volume-down-by-ratio，减小音量1%
Win+\：运行toggle-volume-mute，在当静音与当前音量间切换

其所关联的Sawfish函数会调用amixer命令来完成指定的操作。具体可以查阅amixer相关帮助。Sawfish代码如下：

;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; System sound volume related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq max-volume (string->number (getenv "MAX_SOUND_VOLUME")))
(setq min-volume 0)
(setq current-left-volume 0)
(setq current-right-volume 0)
(setq left-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq right-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq volume-adjust-ratio-step 0.01)
(setq toggle-mute-flag nil);; Get volume for both left and right channels and store them into variables
(defun get-volume()"Get the volume string"(interactive)(let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))(proc (make-process res-stream))(res-str)(res-str-splitted))(call-process proc nil "/usr/local/bin/scripts/get_volume.sh")(setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))(setq res-str-splitted (string-split "," (substring res-str 0 (- (length res-str) 1))))(setq current-left-volume (string->number (nth 0 res-str-splitted)))(setq current-right-volume (string->number (nth 1 res-str-splitted)))))
(get-volume);; Get volume percentage string
(defun get-volume-percentage-str (vol)"Get the percentage of the specified volume quantity in string format"(interactive)(concat (number->string (round (* (/ vol max-volume) 100))) "%"));; Set volume by ratio
(defun set-volume-by-ratio (lft-vol rt-vol)"Set volume by percentage"(interactive)(system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string (* max-volume lft-vol)) "," (number->string (* max-volume rt-vol)) " &"))(get-volume));; Set volume by value
(defun set-volume-by-value (lft-vol rt-vol)"Set volume by value"(interactive)(system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string lft-vol) "," (number->string rt-vol) " &"))(get-volume));; Increase volume by ratio
(defun volume-up-by-ratio (vol)"Increase volume by ratio"(interactive)(let ((tmp-lft-vol)(tmp-rt-vol))(get-volume)(setq tmp-lft-vol (+ current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))(setq tmp-rt-vol (+ current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)));; Detect if the volume is larger than max-volume(if (> tmp-lft-vol max-volume)(setq tmp-lft-vol max-volume))(if (> tmp-rt-vol max-volume)(setq tmp-rt-vol max-volume))(set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)));; Decrease volume by ratio
(defun volume-down-by-ratio (vol)"Decrease volume by ratio"(interactive)(let ((tmp-lft-vol)(tmp-rt-vol))(get-volume)(setq tmp-lft-vol (- current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))(setq tmp-rt-vol (- current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)));; Detect if the volume is smaller than min-volume(if (< tmp-lft-vol min-volume)(setq tmp-lft-vol min-volume))(if (< tmp-rt-vol min-volume)(setq tmp-rt-vol min-volume))(set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)));; Mute volume
(defun volume-mute ()"Mute system sound"(interactive)(set-volume-by-value min-volume min-volume));; Unmute volume
(defun volume-unmute ()"Unmute system sound"(interactive)(set-volume-by-value left-volume-before-mute right-volume-before-mute));; Full volume
(defun volume-max ()"Set to max sound volume"(interactive)(set-volume-by-value max-volume max-volume));; Toggle mute
(defun toggle-volume-mute ()"Toggle between current sound volume and mute"(interactive)(get-volume)(if (and (= current-left-volume min-volume) (= current-right-volume min-volume))(if toggle-mute-flag(progn(volume-unmute)(setq toggle-mute-flag nil)(display-close-message (concat "Sound restored to L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))(progn(setq left-volume-before-mute current-left-volume)(setq right-volume-before-mute current-right-volume)(volume-mute)(setq toggle-mute-flag t)(display-close-message "Mute" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))));; Increase sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-]" `(progn(volume-up-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)));; Decrease sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-[" `(progn(volume-down-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)));; Toggle sound mute and unmute
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-\\" `(toggle-volume-mute))

以上代码中还用到了自己编写的脚本get_volume.sh用于获取系统当前音量，具体如下：

#!/bin/bashamixer cget $DEFAULT_SOUND | gawk '{if(match($0, /values=([[:digit:]]+,[[:digit:]]+)/, res) != 0) print res[1];}'

4. 关闭与激活屏幕保护程序：看电影的时候就不要启动屏保了，所以需要这样的功能。绑定的快捷键为Win+p。相关配置如下。

;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; xscreensaver related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq xscreensaver-enabled t)(defun enable-xscreensaver ()"Enable xscreensaver"(interactive)(system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver -no-splash &")(setq xscreensaver-enabled t))(defun disable-xscreensaver ()"Disable xscreensaver"(interactive)(system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver-command -exit &")(setq xscreensaver-enabled nil))(defun toggle-xscreensaver-activation ()"Activate/deactivate xscreensaver"(interactive)(if xscreensaver-enabled(disable-xscreensaver)(enable-xscreensaver)))(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-p" `(progn(toggle-xscreensaver-activation)(if xscreensaver-enabled(display-close-message "Screensaver enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)(display-close-message "Screensaver disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))

5. 关闭与激活触控板按钮（仅对笔记本电脑有效），快捷键为Win+z。相关配置如下：

;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Touchpad operation
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq tapbutton-enabled t)
;; Toggle tap button function of the touchpad
(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-z" `(progn(system "toggle_tapbutton.sh &")(setq tapbutton-enabled (not tapbutton-enabled))(if tapbutton-enabled(display-close-message "Tap button enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)(display-close-message "Tap button disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))

其中调用了自己编写的脚本程序toggle_tapbutton.sh与enable_tapbutton.sh，其内容分别为：

#!/bin/bashscript_name="toggle_tapbutton.sh"
script_usage=$(cat <<EOF
$script_name
EOF
)
script_function=$(cat <<EOF
This script is used to disable/enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad.
EOF
)
script_doc=$(cat <<EOF
-h     Display this help.
EOF
)
script_examples=$(cat <<EOF
EOF
)
state_prefix="==="
warning_prefix="***"
error_prefix="!!!"function display_help() {if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; thenecho -e "Usage: $script_usage"fiif [ -n "$script_function" ]; thenecho -e "$script_function"fiif [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; thenecho -e "\n$script_doc"fiif [ -n "$script_examples" ]; thenecho -e "\nExamples"echo -e "$script_examples"fi
}# Process command options
while getopts ":h" opt; docase $opt inh  )  display_helpexit 0 ;;\? )  display_helpexit 1 ;;esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))# Start execute the command
if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; thentap1=`synclient -l | grep TapButton1 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`tap2=`synclient -l | grep TapButton2 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`tap3=`synclient -l | grep TapButton3 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`if [ "$tap1" = "0" ] && [ "$tap2" = "0" ] && [ "$tap3" = "0" ]; thenenable_tapbutton.shelsedisable_tapbutton.shfiexit 0
fiecho "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"

#!/bin/bashscript_name="enable_tapbutton.sh"
script_usage=$(cat <<EOF
$script_name
EOF
)
script_function=$(cat <<EOF
This script is used to enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad.
EOF
)
script_doc=$(cat <<EOF
-h     Display this help.
EOF
)
script_examples=$(cat <<EOF
EOF
)
state_prefix="==="
warning_prefix="***"
error_prefix="!!!"function display_help() {if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; thenecho -e "Usage: $script_usage"fiif [ -n "$script_function" ]; thenecho -e "$script_function"fiif [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; thenecho -e "\n$script_doc"fiif [ -n "$script_examples" ]; thenecho -e "\nExamples"echo -e "$script_examples"fi
}# Process command options
while getopts ":h" opt; docase $opt inh  )  display_helpexit 0 ;;\? )  display_helpexit 1 ;;esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))# Start execute the command
if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; thensynclient TapButton1=3synclient TapButton2=1synclient TapButton3=2echo "$state_prefix Finger tapping on touchpad has been enabled!"exit 0
fiecho "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"

6. 窗口与桌面操作函数与快捷键：其中一些功能是Sawfish自带的，直接在设置对话窗口中绑定即可。

Win+e：显示当前窗口信息，包括名称、大小、位置、组编号

;; Display window position and dimension
(defun display-window-paras ()"Display the position, dimension and group ID of the current window."(interactive)(let* ((cur-win (input-focus))(win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))(win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))(win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))(win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))(display-message(concat "Name: " (window-name cur-win) "\n""Dimension: " (number->string win-width) "x" (number->string win-height) "\n""Position: " (number->string win-x) "x" (number->string win-y) "\n""Group ID: " (number->string (window-actual-group-id cur-win)))alert-msg-attrib)))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-e" `(display-window-paras))

Win+c：将窗口放置于屏幕（Screen）中心。其中调用了current-head-dimension与current-head-offset，所以可以支持多个显示器。

;; Center to screen
(defun center-to-screen (cur-win)"Center the current window to the current screen"(interactive "%f")(let* ((screen-width (car (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))(screen-height (cdr (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))(screen-x (car (current-head-offset cur-win)))(screen-y (cdr (current-head-offset cur-win)))(win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))(win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))(win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))(win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))));; Adjust x position(if (>= win-width screen-width)(setq win-x screen-x)(setq win-x (round (+ (/ (- screen-width win-width) 2) screen-x))));; Adjust y position(if (>= win-height screen-height)(setq win-y screen-y)(setq win-y (round (+ (/ (- screen-height win-height) 2) screen-y))));; Modify window position(move-window-to cur-win win-x win-y)))

Win+f：显示与隐藏窗口边框。在一些电影上可以看到黑客用的电脑程序没有窗口边框。

;; Toggle window type between default and unframed
(defun toggle-window-frame (cur-win)"Toggle window type between default and unframed"(interactive)(if (= (window-type cur-win) 'unframed)(set-window-type cur-win 'default)(set-window-type cur-win 'unframed)))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-f" `(toggle-window-frame (input-focus)))

Win+Ctrl+1~9：将窗口添加到指定组，这就像是在玩星际编队。

;; Window group related functions
(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-1" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 1)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-2" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 2)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-3" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 3)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-4" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 4)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-5" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 5)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-6" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 6)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-7" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 7)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-8" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 8)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))(bind-keys window-keymap"Super-C-9" `(progn(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 9)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

Win+i：最小化窗口

(defun iconify-current-group (cur-win)"Iconify current window group"(interactive "%f")(iconify-group cur-win))

Win+m：在最大化与窗口当前大小间切换
Win+Shift+v：将窗口在垂直方向上放大
Win+Shift+h：将窗口在水平方向上放大
Win+k：杀掉当前窗口
Win+t：在窗口提升一层与下降一层间切换
Win+d：显示桌面
Win+s：在窗口正常状态与收起状态间切换。所谓的收起即将窗口内容隐藏，只剩下标题栏
Ctrl+Alt+left, right, up, down：在四个桌面间切换
Win+left, right, up, down：让当前窗口向不同方向移动直至碰到屏幕边界或另一个窗口的边界
Win+w：显示所有桌面菜单
Win+SPC：显示当前窗口菜单
Win+r：显示Sawfish桌面右键菜单
Win+a：显示系统应用菜单
Win+TAB：在窗口间循环
Win+Ctrl+TAB：在窗口间反向循环
Win+l：显示窗口列表菜单
Win+`：执行Sawfish函数
Ctrl+Alt+r：重启Sawfish
Ctrl+Alt+q：退出Sawfish

7. 显示笔记本电池信息：调用了acpi命令，快捷键为Win+b，代码如下：

;; Display batter information by calling acpi
(defun display-batter-info ()"Display batter information by calling acpi"(interactive)(let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))(proc (make-process res-stream))(res-str))(call-process proc nil "acpi" "-i" "-b")(setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))(display-message res-str alert-msg-attrib)))(bind-keys global-keymap"Super-b" `(display-batter-info))

8. 添加窗口hook（before-add-window-hook）对符合匹配条件的窗口赋以特殊属性，如令其不显示在窗口循环列表中、自启动后保持最大化、指定窗口初始大小、将窗口固定显示在桌面某个位置等。需要用到正则表达式模块rep.regexp匹配字符串，以及sawfish.wm.commands.groups和sawfish.wm.frames模块获取窗口属性。相关配置如下：

(require 'rep.regexp)
(require 'sawfish.wm.commands.groups)
(require 'sawfish.wm.frames)(defun get-wm-window-type (win)"Get the _NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE property of a window"(interactive)(aref (nth 2 (get-x-property win '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE)) 0))(defun get-wm-property (win prop)"Get the x window property of a window"(interactive)(nth 2 (get-x-property win prop)));; Set LibreOffice Impress window property
;; Remove window frame of LibreOffice Impress window when it is in fullscreen
;; presentation.
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (and (string-match "^soffice" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (= (get-wm-window-type w) '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL))(set-window-type w 'unframed)))t);; Set FreeRDP window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (string-match "^FreeRDP" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))(progn(set-window-type w 'unframed))))t);; Set xclock window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (string-match "^xclock$" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))(progn(mark-window-as-dock w)(window-put w 'task-list-skip t)(set-window-type w 'unframed))))t);; Set Audacious window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (string-match "[aA]udacious" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))(progn(mark-window-as-desktop w)(window-put w 'task-list-skip t))))t);; Set Workrave window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (and (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)))(progn(mark-window-as-dock w)(window-put w 'task-list-skip t))))t);; Set full-window online video window property (played in Iceweasel)
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (string-match "plugin-container" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))(progn(maximize-window-fullscreen w)))));; Set Wesnoth full-window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook(lambda (w)(if (string-match "The Battle for Wesnoth" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))(progn(set-window-type w 'unframed)(move-window-to w 1280 0)))))

总结

由本文介绍可以看出，通过将GNU/Linux下不同的工具组合起来，如startx、Sawfish、xmodmap、amixer等，便可以实现节省系统资源、高效、方便的桌面操作环境。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/quantumman/p/4844745.html