Essay Writing Guide

Essay Writing Guide 论文写作指南
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 第一部分：导言
PART TWO: LEVELS OF RESOLUTION 第二部分：分辨率级别
PART THREE: THE TOPIC AND THE READING LIST 第三部分：主题和阅读清单
PART FOUR: THE OUTLINE 第四部分：大纲
PART FIVE: PARAGRAPHS 第五部分：段落
PART SIX: EDITING AND ARRANGING OF SENTENCES WITHIN PARAGRAPHS 第六部分：段落内句子的编辑和排列
PART SEVEN: RE-ORDERING THE PARAGRAPHS 第七部分：重新排列段落的顺序
PART EIGHT: GENERATING A NEW OUTLINE 第八部分：生成新大纲
PART NINE: REPEAT 第九部分：重复
PART TEN: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 第十部分：参考文献和参考书目

Essay Writing Guide 论文写作指南

You can use this word document to write an excellent¹ essay² from beginning to end, using a ten-step process. Most³ of⁴ the time, students or would-be⁵ essay writers are provided⁶ only with basic information⁷ about how to write, and most of that information concentrates⁸ on the details⁹ of formatting¹⁰. These¹¹ are necessary¹² details, but writing is obviously¹³ far¹⁴ more than mere¹⁵ formatting. If you write your essay according¹⁶ to this plan, and you complete¹⁷ every¹⁸ step, you will produce¹⁹ an essay that is at least²⁰ very good. You will also²¹ learn²² exactly²³ how to write an essay, which²⁴ is something very valuable²⁵ to learn.

你可以使用这个word文档，使用十步流程，从头到尾写出一篇优秀的文章。大多数时候，学生或潜在的论文作者只能获得关于如何写作的基本信息，而这些信息大多集中在格式的细节上。这些都是必要的细节，但写作显然远远不仅仅是格式化。如果你按照这个计划写文章，并且完成了每一步，你至少会写出一篇非常好的文章。你还将学习如何准确地写一篇文章，这是非常有价值的东西。
To start writing your essay, go to the next page, for Part One: Introduction.
要开始写文章，请转到下一页，第一部分：引言。
Jordan B Peterson
乔丹B彼得森

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 第一部分：导言

What is an essay?
什么是文章？
An essay is a relatively short piece of writing on a particular topic. However, the word essay also means attempt or try. An essay is, therefore, a short piece written by someone attempting to explore a topic or answer a question.
文章是关于某一特定主题的相对较短的文章。然而，散文这个词也意味着尝试或尝试。因此，一篇短文是一个人试图探索一个主题或回答一个问题而写的短文。
Why bother writing an essay?
为什么要写一篇文章呢？
Most of the time, students write essays only because they are required to do so by a classroom instructor. Thus, students come to believe that essays are important primarily to demonstrate their knowledge to a teacher or professor. This is simply, and dangerously, wrong (even though such writing for demonstration may be practically necessary).
大多数时候，学生写论文只是因为课堂老师要求他们这样做。因此，学生们开始相信，论文的重要性主要在于向老师或教授展示他们的知识。这完全是错误的，而且是危险的（尽管这样的写作可能实际上是必要的）。
The primary reason to write an essay is so that the writer can formulate and organize an informed, coherent and sophisticated set of ideas about something important.
写一篇文章的主要原因是为了让作者能够就一些重要的事情制定和组织一套知情的、连贯的和复杂的想法。
Why is it important to bother with developing sophisticated ideas, in turn? It’s because there is no difference between doing so and thinking, for starters. It is important to think because action based on thinking is likely to be far less painful and more productive than action based upon ignorance. So, if you want to have a life characterized by competence, productivity, security, originality and engagement rather than one that is nasty, brutish and short, you need to think carefully about important issues. There is no better way to do so than to write. This is because writing extends your memory, facilitates editing and clarifies your thinking.
为什么反过来，开发复杂的想法很重要？首先，这是因为这样做和思考之间没有区别。思考是很重要的，因为基于思考的行动可能比基于无知的行动更痛苦、更有成效。因此，如果你想拥有一个以能力、生产力、安全、创意和参与为特征的生活，而不是一个肮脏、野蛮和短暂的生活，你需要仔细思考重要的问题。没有比写作更好的方法了。这是因为写作可以扩展你的记忆，便于编辑和澄清你的想法。
You can write down more than you can easily remember, so that your capacity to consider a number of ideas at the same time is broadened. Furthermore, once those ideas are written down, you can move them around and change them, word by word, sentence by sentence, and paragraph by paragraph. You can also reject ideas that appear substandard, after you consider them more carefully. If you reject substandard ideas, then all that you will have left will be good ideas. You can keep those, and use them. Then you will have good, original ideas at your fingertips, and you will be able to organize and communicate them.
你可以写下比你容易记住的更多的东西，这样你同时考虑许多想法的能力就会扩大。此外，一旦这些想法被写下来，你就可以把它们一个字一个字、一句一句、一段一段地移动和改变它们。你也可以在仔细考虑后，拒绝那些看起来不符合标准的想法。如果你拒绝不符合标准的想法，那么你剩下的将是好的想法。你可以保留这些，并使用它们。然后你将拥有好的、独到的想法，你将能够组织和交流它们。
Consider your success over the course of a lifetime. Here is something to think about: the person who can formulate and communicate the best argument almost always wins. If you want a job, you have to make a case for yourself. If you want a raise, you have to convince someone that you deserve it. If you are trying to convince someone of the validity of your idea, you have to debate its merits successfully, particularly if there are others with other competing ideas.
想想你一生中的成功吧。需要考虑的是：能够阐述和传达最佳论点的人几乎总是获胜的。如果你想要一份工作，你必须为自己辩护。如果你想加薪，你必须让别人相信你应得的。如果你试图说服某人相信你的想法的有效性，你必须成功地辩论它的优点，尤其是如果有其他人有其他相互竞争的想法。
If you sharpen your capacity to think and to communicate as a consequence of writing, you are better armed. The pen is mightier than the sword, as the saying goes. This is no cheap cliché. Ideas change the world, particularly when they are written. The Romans built buildings, and the Romans and the buildings are both gone. The Jews wrote a book, and they are still here, and so is the book. So it turns out that words may well last longer than stone, and have more impact than whole empires.
如果你因为写作而提高了思考和交流的能力，那么你的武器就更好了。俗话说，笔比剑强大。这可不是什么陈词滥调。思想改变了世界，尤其是当它们被写出来的时候。罗马人建造了建筑，罗马人和建筑都消失了。犹太人写了一本书，他们仍然在这里，这本书也是。所以事实证明，文字可能比石头更持久，比整个帝国更有影响力。
If you learn to write and to edit, you will also be able to tell the difference between good ideas, intelligently presented, and bad ideas put forth by murky and unskilled thinkers. That means that you will be able to separate the wheat from the chaff (look it up). Then you can be properly influenced by profound and solid ideas instead of falling prey to foolish fads and whims and ideologies, which can range in their danger from trivial to mortal.
如果你学会写作和编辑，你也将能够区分好主意、聪明地表达出来的好主意和不熟练的思想家提出的坏主意。这意味着你可以把小麦和谷壳分开（查一查）。这样，你就可以适当地受到深刻而坚实的思想的影响，而不是沦为愚蠢的时尚、奇思妙想和意识形态的牺牲品，这些东西的危险范围从琐碎到致命。
Those who can think and communicate are simply more powerful than those who cannot, and powerful in the good way, the way that means “able to do a wide range of things competently and efficiently.” Furthermore, the further up the ladder of competence you climb, with your well-formulated thoughts, the more important thinking and communicating become. At the very top of the most complex hierarchies (law, medicine, academia, business, theology, politics) nothing is more necessary and valuable. If you can think and communicate, you can also defend yourself, and your friends and family, when that becomes necessary, and it will become necessary at various points in your life.
那些能够思考和沟通的人比那些不能思考和沟通的人更强大，并且以良好的方式强大，这意味着“能够胜任和高效地做各种事情”此外，你的能力阶梯越高，你的思维越有条理，思考和沟通就变得越重要。在最复杂的等级体系（法律、医学、学术界、商业、神学、政治）的最顶端，没有什么比这更必要和更有价值的了。如果你能思考和沟通，你也可以在必要时保护自己、朋友和家人，这在你生活的各个阶段都是必要的。
Finally, it is useful to note that your mind is organized verbally, at the highest and most abstract levels. Thus, if you learn to think, through writing, then you will develop a well-organized, efficient mind – and one that is well-founded and certain. This also means that you will be healthier, mentally and physically, as lack of clarity and ignorance means unnecessary stress. Unnecessary stress makes your body react more to what could otherwise be treated as trivial affairs. This makes for excess energy expenditure, and more rapid aging (along with all the negative health-related consequences of aging).
最后，值得注意的是，你的思维是在最高和最抽象的层面上以口头方式组织的。因此，如果你通过写作学习思考，那么你将发展出一个组织良好、高效的头脑——一个有充分根据和确定的头脑。这也意味着你在精神和身体上都会更健康，因为缺乏清晰和无知意味着不必要的压力。不必要的压力会让你的身体对原本可以被视为琐事的事情做出更多反应。这会导致能量消耗过多，衰老速度更快（以及衰老带来的所有与健康相关的负面后果）。
So, unless you want to stay an ignorant, unhealthy lightweight, learn to write (and to think and communicate). Otherwise those who can will ride roughshod over you and push you out of the way. Your life will be harder, at the bottom of the dominance hierarchies that you will inevitably inhabit, and you will get old fast.
所以，除非你想保持无知、不健康的轻量级，否则就要学会写作（以及思考和交流）。否则，那些有能力的人会欺负你，把你推开。你的生活将更加艰难，处于你不可避免的统治等级的最底层，你会很快变老。
Don’t ever underestimate the power of words. Without them, we would still be living in trees. So when you are writing an essay, you are harnessing the full might of culture to your life. That is why you write an essay (even if it has been assigned). Forget that, and you are doing something stupid, trivial and dull. Remember it, and you are conquering the unknown.
永远不要低估语言的力量。没有他们，我们仍将生活在树上。因此，当你写一篇文章时，你是在将文化的全部力量运用到你的生活中。这就是为什么你要写一篇文章（即使它已经被指定了）。忘了这一点，你正在做一些愚蠢、琐碎和无聊的事情。记住它，你就是在征服未知。
A note on technology
关于技术的说明
If you are a student, or anyone else who is going to do a lot of writing, then you should provide yourself with the right technology, especially now, when it is virtually costless to do so. Obviously, you need a computer. It doesn’t have to be that good, although a digital hard drive is a good investment for speed. Less obviously, you need two screens, one set up beside the other. They don’t have to be bigger than 19” diagonal. Even 17” monitors will do well. High resolution is better. You need the two screens so that you can present your reference material on one screen, and your essay (or even two versions of your essay, side by side) on the other.
如果你是一名学生，或者任何其他打算大量写作的人，那么你应该为自己提供合适的技术，尤其是在现在，这样做几乎没有成本。显然，你需要一台电脑。虽然数字硬盘是一种很好的速度投资，但它不一定非得那么好。不太明显的是，你需要两个屏幕，一个挨着另一个。它们不必大于19英寸对角线。即使是17英寸的显示器也会很好。高分辨率更好。你需要两个屏幕，这样你就可以在一个屏幕上展示你的参考资料，在另一个屏幕上展示你的论文（甚至是论文的两个版本，并排）。
Having this extra visual real estate really matters. It will make you less cramped and more efficient. A good keyboard (such as the Microsoft Natural Ergonomic keyboard) is also an excellent investment. Standard keyboards will hurt your hands if you use them continually, and the less said about a notebook keyboard the better. Use a good mouse, as well, and not a touchpad, which requires too much finicky movement for someone who is really working. Set up the keyboards so you are looking directly at their centers when you are sitting up straight. Use a decent chair, and sit so that your feet can rest comfortably on the floor when your knees are bent 90 degrees. These are not trivial issues. You may spend hours working on your writing, so you have to set up a workspace that will not annoy you, or you will have just one more good reason to avoid your tasks and assignments.
拥有这种额外的视觉房地产真的很重要。这会让你不那么局促，效率更高。一个好的键盘（如Microsoft Natural人机工程学键盘）也是一项极好的投资。如果你不停地使用标准键盘，它会伤到你的手，对笔记本键盘说得越少越好。也要使用好的鼠标，不要使用触摸板，因为对于真正工作的人来说，触摸板需要太多的精细动作。设置键盘，使你坐直时可以直视键盘中心。使用一把像样的椅子，坐下，当膝盖弯曲90度时，双脚可以舒适地躺在地板上。这些都不是无关紧要的问题。你可能会花几个小时写东西，所以你必须建立一个不会让你烦恼的工作区，否则你就只有一个很好的理由来逃避你的任务和任务。
A note on use of time
关于时间使用的说明
People’s brains function better in the morning. Get up. Eat something. You are much smarter and more resilient after you have slept properly and ate. There is plenty of solid research demonstrating this. Coffee alone is counter-productive. Have some protein and some fat. Make a smoothie with fruit and real yogurt. Go out and buy a cheap breakfast, if necessary. Eat by whatever means necessary. Prepare to spend between 90 minutes and three hours writing. However, even 15 minutes can be useful, particularly if you do it every day.
人们早上的大脑功能更好。起床吃点东西。当你睡得好、吃得好之后，你会变得更聪明、更有弹性。有大量可靠的研究证明了这一点。咖啡本身会适得其反。吃一些蛋白质和脂肪。用水果和真正的酸奶做一杯冰沙。如果必要的话，出去买一份便宜的早餐。吃任何必要的东西。准备花90分钟到3小时写作。然而，即使15分钟也很有用，尤其是如果你每天都这样做的话。
Do not wait for a big chunk of free time to start. You will never get big chunks of free time ever in your life, so don’t make your success dependent on their non-existent. The most effective writers write every day, at least a bit.
不要等待大量空闲时间开始。在你的生活中，你永远不会有大量的空闲时间，所以不要让你的成功依赖于他们的不存在。最有效率的作家每天都写作，至少一点。
Realize that when you first sit down to write, your mind will rebel. It is full of other ideas, all of which will fight to dominate. You could be looking at Facebook, or Youtube, or watching or reading online porn, or cleaning the dust bunnies from under your bed, or rearranging your obsolete CD collection, or texting an old flame, or reading a book for another course, or getting the groceries you need, or doing the laundry, or having a nap, or going for a walk (because you need the exercise), or phoning a friend or a parent – the list is endless. Each part of your mind that is concerned with such things will make its wants known, and attempt to distract you. Such pesky demons can be squelched, however, with patience. If you refuse to be tempted for fifteen minutes (25 on a really bad day) you will find that the clamor in your mind will settle down and you will be able to concentrate on writing. If you do this day after day, you will find that the power of such temptations do not reduce, but the duration of their attempts to distract you will decrease. You will also find that even on a day where concentration is very difficult, you will still be able to do some productive writing if you stick it out.
要意识到，当你第一次坐下来写作时，你的思维会叛逆。它充满了其他的想法，所有这些想法都将努力占据主导地位。你可以浏览Facebook或Youtube，或观看或阅读在线色情作品，或清理床下的灰尘，或重新整理你过时的CD收藏，或发短信，或阅读另一门课程的书，或买你需要的杂货，或洗衣服，或小睡，或散步（因为你需要锻炼），或者给朋友或父母打电话——这张单子没完没了。你大脑中与这些事情相关的每一部分都会让人知道它的需求，并试图分散你的注意力。然而，这种讨厌的恶魔可以耐心地压制。如果你在15分钟内拒绝诱惑（在一个非常糟糕的日子里是25分钟），你会发现你心中的喧嚣会平息下来，你将能够集中精力写作。如果你日复一日地这样做，你会发现这些诱惑的力量不会减少，但它们试图分散你注意力的持续时间会减少。你还会发现，即使在一个很难集中注意力的日子里，如果你坚持下去，你仍然能够写出一些富有成效的文章。
Don’t kid yourself into thinking you will write for six hours, either. Three is a maximum, especially if you want to sustain it day after day. Don’t wait too late to start your writing, so you don’t have to cram insanely, but give yourself a break after a good period of sustained concentration. Three productive hours are way better than ten hours of self-deceptive non-productivity, even in the library.
也不要骗自己，以为你会写六个小时。三是最大值，尤其是如果你想日复一日地维持它。不要等到太晚才开始写作，这样你就不必疯狂地死记硬背，而是在一段时间的持续专注之后给自己一个休息。即使在图书馆，三个小时的生产效率也比十个小时的自欺欺人的非生产效率要好得多。

PART TWO: LEVELS OF RESOLUTION 第二部分：分辨率级别

Words, sentences, paragraphs and more
单词、句子、段落等
An essay, like any piece of writing, exists at multiple levels of resolution, simultaneously. First is the selection of the word¬. Second is the crafting of the sentence. Each word should be precisely the right word, in the right location in each sentence. The sentence itself should present a thought, part of the idea expressed in the paragraph, in a grammatically correct manner. Each sentence should be properly arranged and sequenced inside a paragraph, the third level of resolution. As a rule of thumb, a paragraph should be made up of at least 10 sentences or 100 words. This might be regarded as a stupid rule, because it is arbitrary. However, you should let it guide you, until you know better. You have very little right to break the rules, until you have mastered them.
一篇文章，就像任何一篇文章一样，同时存在于多个层次的分辨率上。首先是单词的选择。其次是句子的构思。每个单词都应该是正确的单词，在每个句子的正确位置。句子本身应该以语法正确的方式表达一个想法，这是段落中表达的想法的一部分。每一句话都应该在一段（第三级分辨率）内正确安排和排序。根据经验，一个段落应该至少由10个句子或100个单词组成。这可能被视为一条愚蠢的规则，因为它是武断的。然而，你应该让它指引你，直到你更清楚。在你掌握规则之前，你几乎没有权利打破规则。
Here’s a little story to illustrate that idea, taken in part from a document called the Codex Bezae.
这里有一个小故事来说明这个想法，部分来自一个名为《Bezae法典》的文件。
Christ is walking down the road on the Sabbath, when good Jews of that time were not supposed to work. In the ditch, he sees a shepherd, trying to rescue a sheep from a hole that it has fallen into. It is very hot and, clearly, the sheep will not be in very good shape if it spends a whole day in the desert sun. On the other hand, it is the Sabbath. Christ looks at the shepherd and says, “Man, if indeed thou knowest what thou doest, thou art blessed: but if thou knowest not, thou art cursed, and a transgressor of the law.” Then he walks on down the road.
耶稣在安息日走在路上，那时善良的犹太人是不应该工作的。在沟里，他看到一个牧羊人正试图把一只羊从掉进的洞里救出来。天气很热，很明显，如果羊在沙漠的阳光下呆一整天，它的身体就不会很好。另一方面，这是安息日。基督看着牧羊人说：“人啊，如果你真的知道你所做的，你就有福了。但是如果你不知道，你就被诅咒了，你就是一个违法者。”然后他沿着路走。
The point is this: There is a rest day for a reason. Otherwise people would work all the time. Then they would be chronically unhappy and exhausted. They would compete each other to death. So if it’s time for everybody to rest, then rest, and don’t be breaking the rule. However, it is also not good to let a sheep die in the hot sun, when a few minutes of labor might save it. So, if you are respectful of the rule, and conscious of its importance, and realize that it serves as a bulwark against the chaos of the unknown, and you still decide to break it, carefully, because the particularities of the circumstances demand it – well, then, more power to you. If you are just a careless, ignorant, antisocial narcissist instead, however, then look out. You break a rule at your peril, whether you know it or not.
关键是：有一个休息日是有原因的。否则人们会一直工作。然后他们就会长期不快乐，精疲力竭。他们会互相竞争至死。所以，如果每个人都该休息了，那就休息，不要违反规则。然而，让一只羊在烈日下死去也不好，因为几分钟的劳动就可以挽救它。因此，如果你尊重规则，意识到它的重要性，并意识到它是对抗未知混乱的堡垒，你仍然决定小心地打破它，因为环境的特殊性需要它——那么，你会拥有更多的权力。然而，如果你只是一个粗心、无知、反社会的自恋者，那就要当心了。不管你知不知道，你违反规则的后果都是危险的。
Rules are there for a reason. You are only allowed to break them if you are a master. If you’re not a master, don’t confuse your ignorance with creativity or style. Writing that follows the rules is easier for readers, because they know roughly what to expect. So rules are conventions. Like all conventions, they are sometimes sub-optimal. But not very often. So, to begin with, use the conventions. For example, aim to make your paragraphs about 10 sentences or 100 words long.
规则的存在是有原因的。只有当你是大师的时候，你才能打破它们。如果你不是大师，不要把你的无知与创造力或风格混为一谈。对读者来说，遵循规则写作更容易，因为他们大致知道会发生什么。所以规则就是惯例。像所有惯例一样，它们有时是次优的。但并不经常。因此，首先，使用约定。例如，让你的段落大约10句话或100个单词长。
A paragraph should present a single idea, using multiple sentences. If you can’t think up 100 words to say about your idea, it’s probably not a very good idea, or you need to think more about it. If your paragraph is rambling on for 300 words, or more, it’s possible that it has more than one idea in it, and should be broken up.
一个段落应该用多个句子表达一个想法。如果你想不出100个词来表达你的想法，这可能不是一个好主意，或者你需要多想想。如果你的段落漫无目的地写了300字或更多，那么很可能其中有不止一个想法，应该将其分解。
All of the paragraphs have to be arranged in a logical progression, from the beginning of the essay to the end. This is the fourth level of resolution. Perhaps the most important step in writing an essay is getting the paragraphs in proper order. Each of them is a stepping stone to your essay’s final destination.
从文章的开头到结尾，所有段落都必须按逻辑顺序排列。这是第四级分辨率。也许写文章最重要的一步就是把段落按正确的顺序排列。每一个都是你论文最终目的地的垫脚石。
The fifth level of resolution is the essay, as a whole. Every element of an essay can be correct, each word, sentence, and paragraph – even the paragraph order – and the essay can still fail, because it is just not interesting or important. It is very hard for competent but uninspired writers to understand this kind of failure, because a critic cannot merely point it out. There is no answer to their question, “exactly where did I make a mistake?” Such an essay is just not good. An essay without originality or creativity might fall into this category. Sometimes a creative person, who is not technically proficient as a writer, can make the opposite mistake: their word choice is poor, their sentences badly constructed and poorly organized within their paragraphs, their paragraphs in no intelligible relationship to one another – and yet the essay as a whole can succeed, because there are valuable thoughts trapped within it, wishing desperately to find expression.
第五个层次的决议是论文，作为一个整体。一篇文章的每一个要素都可能是正确的，每一个单词、每一句话、每一段，甚至每一段的顺序都可能是正确的，而这篇文章仍然可能失败，因为它既不有趣，也不重要。有能力但缺乏灵感的作家很难理解这种失败，因为评论家不能仅仅指出它。他们的问题没有答案，“我到底在哪里犯了错误？”这样的文章不好。没有独创性或创造性的文章可能属于这一类。有时，一个在技术上不熟练的创造性作家可能会犯相反的错误：他们的选词不好，句子结构不好，段落组织不好，段落之间没有可理解的关系——然而，这篇文章作为一个整体是可以成功的，因为其中包含有宝贵的思想，渴望找到表达的方式。
Additional levels
其他级别
You might think that there could not possibly be anything more to an essay than these five levels of resolution or analysis, but you would be wrong. This is something that was first noticed, perhaps, by those otherwise entirely reprehensible and destructive scholars known as post-modernists. An essay necessarily exists within a context of interpretation, made up of the reader (level six), and the culture that the reader is embedded in (level seven), which is made up in part of the assumptions that he or she will bring to the essay. Levels six and seven have deep roots in biology and culture. You might think, “Why do I need to know this?” but if you don’t you are not considering your audience, and that’s a mistake. Part of the purpose of the essay is to set your mind straight, but the other part, equally important, is to communicate with an audience.
你可能会认为一篇文章不可能有比这五个层次的解析或分析更重要的东西，但你错了。这可能是那些被称为后现代主义者的、在其他方面完全应受谴责和具有破坏性的学者最先注意到的事情。一篇文章必然存在于解释的语境中，由读者（第六级）和读者所处的文化（第七级）组成，这是他或她将为文章带来的部分假设。六级和七级在生物学和文化方面有着深厚的根基。你可能会想，“为什么我需要知道这些？”但如果你不这样做，你就没有考虑你的观众，这是一个错误。这篇文章的一部分目的是让你头脑清醒，但另一部分同样重要的是与观众交流。
For the essay to succeed, brilliantly, it has to work at all of these levels of resolution simultaneously. That is very difficult, but it is in that difficulty that the value of the act of writing exists.
为了让这篇文章取得辉煌的成功，它必须同时在所有这些层次上发挥作用。这是非常困难的，但正是在这种困难中，写作行为的价值才存在。
Considerations of Aesthetics and Fascination
美学与魅力的思考
This is not all that has to be properly managed when you write an essay. You should also strive for brevity, which is concise and efficient expression, as well as beauty, which is the melodic or poetic aspect of your language (at all the requisite levels of analysis). Finally, you should not be bored, or boring. If you are bored while writing, then, most importantly, you are doing it wrong, and you will also bore your reader. Think of it this way: you get bored for a reason, and sometimes for a good reason. You may be bored while writing your essay because you are actually lying to yourself in a very deep way about what you are doing and why you are doing it. Your mind, independent of your ego, cannot be hoodwinked into attending to something that you think is uninteresting or useless. It will automatically regard such a thing as unworthy of attention, and make you bored by it.
当你写一篇文章时，这并不是必须妥善处理的全部。你还应该力求简洁，这是简洁而有效的表达，而美是你语言的旋律或诗意方面（在所有必要的分析层次上）。最后，你不应该感到无聊或无聊。如果你在写作时感到无聊，那么最重要的是，你做错了，你也会让读者感到无聊。这样想吧：你感到无聊是有原因的，有时也是有很好的原因的。你在写文章的时候可能会感到无聊，因为你实际上在对自己撒谎，说你在做什么，为什么要这样做。你的头脑，独立于你的自我，不能被蒙蔽去处理你认为无趣或无用的事情。它会自动地认为这样的事情不值得注意，并让你感到厌烦。
If you are bored by your essay, you have either chosen the wrong topic (one which makes no difference to you and, in all likelihood, to anyone else) or you are approaching a good topic in a substandard manner. Perhaps you are resentful about having to write the essay, or afraid of its reception, or lazy, or ignorant, or unduly and arrogantly skeptical, or something of the kind.
如果你对你的文章感到厌烦，你要么选择了错误的主题（一个对你和其他任何人都没有区别的主题），要么以不合标准的方式接近一个好的主题。也许你对不得不写这篇文章感到愤慨，或者害怕它被接受，或者懒惰，或者无知，或者过分傲慢地怀疑，或者诸如此类的事情。
You have to place yourself in the correct state of mind to write properly. That state of mind is partly aesthetic. You have to be trying to produce something of worth, beauty and elegance. If you think that is ridiculous, then you are far too stupid at the moment to write properly. You need to meditate long and hard on why you would dare presume that worth, beauty and elegance are unworthy of your pursuit. Do you plan to settle for ugly and uncouth? Do you want to destroy, instead of build?
你必须使自己处于正确的心态才能正确地写作。这种心态在一定程度上是审美的。你必须努力创造一些有价值、美丽和优雅的东西。如果你认为这很荒谬，那么你现在就太愚蠢了，写不好。你需要长期而认真地思考，为什么你竟敢认为价值、美丽和优雅不值得你追求。你打算满足于丑陋和粗鲁吗？是否要销毁而不是构建？
You must choose a topic that is important to you. This should be formulated as a question that you want to answer. This is arguably the hardest part of writing an essay: choosing the proper question. Perhaps your instructor has provided you with a list of topics, and you think you are off the hook as a consequence. You’re not. You still have to determine how to write about one of those topics in a manner that is compelling to you. It’s a moral, spiritual endeavour.
你必须选择一个对你很重要的主题。这应该是一个你想回答的问题。这可以说是写文章最难的部分：选择合适的问题。也许你的导师已经给你提供了一个主题列表，你认为你已经脱离了困境。你不是。你仍然需要确定如何以一种对你有吸引力的方式来写这些主题中的一个。这是一种道德和精神上的努力。
If you properly identify something of interest to you, then you have put yourself in alignment with the deeper levels of your psyche, your spirit. If these deeper levels do not want or need an answer to the question you have posed, you will not possibly be interested in it. So the fact of your interest is evidence of the importance of the topic. You, or some part of you, needs the answer – and such needs can be deep enough so that life itself can depend upon them. Someone desperate, for example, might find the question “why live?” of extreme interest, and absolutely require an answer that makes life’s suffering worth bearing. It is not necessary to ensure that every question you try or essay to answer of that level of importance, but you should not waste your time with ideas that do not grip you.
如果你正确地识别出你感兴趣的东西，那么你已经把自己与你的心理、精神的更深层次保持一致。如果这些更深层次的人不想或不需要你提出的问题的答案，你可能不会对此感兴趣。因此，你的兴趣证明了这个话题的重要性。你，或者你的某个部分，需要答案，而这些需要可以足够深，以至于生命本身可以依赖它们。例如，有些绝望的人可能会问“为什么活着？”非常有趣，绝对需要一个让生命的痛苦值得承受的答案。没有必要确保你试图回答的每一个问题或每一篇文章都具有这样的重要性，但你不应该把时间浪费在那些不能抓住你的想法上。
So, the proper attitude is interested and aesthetically sensitive.
因此，正确的态度是感兴趣的，审美敏感的。
Having said all that, here is something to remember: finished beats perfect. Most people fail a class or an assignment or a work project not because they write badly, and geta D’s or F’s, but because they don’t write at all, and get zeroes. Zeroes are very bad. They are the black holes of numbers. Zeroes make you fail. Zeroes ruin your life. Essays handed in, no matter how badly written, can usually get you at least a C. So don’t be a completely self-destructive idiot. Hand something in, regardless of how pathetic you think it is (and no matter how accurate you are in that opinion).
说到这里，有件事要记住：完成比完美。大多数人上课、作业或工作项目失败，不是因为他们写得不好，得了D或F，而是因为他们根本不写，得了零分。零是非常糟糕的。它们是数字的黑洞。零会让你失败。零毁了你的生活。交上来的论文，不管写得多么糟糕，通常至少可以得到C。所以不要做一个完全自我毁灭的白痴。交一些东西，不管你觉得它有多可怜（也不管你的观点有多准确）。

PART THREE: THE TOPIC AND THE READING LIST 第三部分：主题和阅读清单

The central question that you are trying to answer with the essay is the topic question. Here are some potentially interesting topic questions:
你试图用这篇文章回答的中心问题是主题问题。以下是一些潜在的有趣主题问题：
• Does evil exist?
•邪恶是否存在？
• Are all cultures equally worthy of respect?
•所有文化都同样值得尊重吗？
• How should a man and a woman treat each other in a relationship?
•在一段关系中，男人和女人应该如何对待对方？
• What, if anything, makes a person good?
•如果有的话，是什么让一个人变得好？
• These are very general, abstract topics. That makes them philosophical. Good topics do not have to be so general. Here are some good, more specific topics:
•这些都是非常一般、抽象的主题。这让他们变得富有哲理。好的话题不必如此笼统。以下是一些好的、更具体的主题：
• What were the key events of Julius Caesar’s rule?
•朱利叶斯·凯撒统治的关键事件是什么？
• What are the critical elements of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?
•达尔文进化论的关键要素是什么？
• Is “The Sun Also Rises,” by Ernest Hemingway, an important book?
•欧内斯特·海明威的《太阳照常升起》是一本重要的书吗？
• How might Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud’s theory of the psyche be contrasted?
•卡尔·荣格和西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的心理理论如何进行对比？
• How did Newton and Einstein differ in their conceptualization of time?
•牛顿和爱因斯坦在时间概念上有何不同？
• Was the recent Iraq war just or unjust?
•最近的伊拉克战争是公正的还是不公正的？
You can begin your essay writing process two different ways. You can either list the topics you have been assigned, or list ten or so questions that you might want to answer, if you are required to choose your own topic, or you can start to create and finalize your reading list. If you think you can already identify several potential topics of interest, start with Topics. If you are unsure, then start constructing your Reading List.
你可以用两种不同的方式开始你的论文写作过程。如果要求您选择自己的主题，您可以列出分配给您的主题，或者列出十个左右您可能想要回答的问题，或者您可以开始创建并完成阅读列表。如果您认为您已经可以确定几个感兴趣的潜在主题，请从主题开始。如果你不确定，那么开始构建你的阅读列表。
CHOICE BETWEEN TOPICS and READING LIST
选择主题和阅读列表
Topics
主题
Put these in question form, as in the examples above.
以疑问的形式提出这些问题，如上述示例所示。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
If you can’t do this, then you have to do some more reading (which you will likely have to do to complete the essay anyway). There is, by the way, no such thing as reader’s block. If you can’t write, it is because you have nothing to say. You have no ideas. In such a situation, don’t pride yourself on your writer’s block. Read something. If that doesn’t work, read something else – maybe something better. Repeat until the problem is solved.
如果你做不到这一点，那么你必须多读一些书（无论如何，你可能要完成这篇文章）。顺便说一句，没有所谓的读者障碍。如果你不会写，那是因为你无话可说。你没有主意。在这种情况下，不要为自己的写作障碍感到骄傲。读点什么。如果这不起作用，请阅读其他内容，或许更好。重复此操作，直到问题得到解决。
Reading List
阅读列表
Indicate here what you have to or want to read. These should be books or articles, generally speaking. If you don’t know what articles or books might be appropriate or useful, then you could start with Wikipedia articles or other encyclopedic sources, and look at their reference lists for ideas about further reading. These sources are fine as a beginning.
在此指出您必须阅读或想要阅读的内容。一般来说，这些应该是书或文章。如果你不知道哪些文章或书籍可能是合适的或有用的，那么你可以从维基百科文章或其他百科全书来源开始，看看他们的参考列表，了解进一步阅读的想法。这些来源是一个良好的开端。
If you find someone whose writing is particularly interesting and appropriate, it is often very useful to see if you can find out what authors they admired and read. You can do this by noting who they refer to, in the text of their writings or in the reference list. You can meander productively through wide bodies of learning in this manner.
如果你发现某人的作品特别有趣和合适，那么看看你是否能找到他们崇拜和阅读的作家通常是非常有用的。你可以通过在他们的作品文本或参考列表中注明他们所指的人来做到这一点。通过这种方式，你可以在广泛的学习领域中富有成效地迂回前进。
Assume you need 5-10 books or articles per thousand words of essay, unless you have been instructed otherwise. A double-spaced page of typing usually contains about 250 words. List your sources now, even if you have to do it badly. You can always make it better later.
假设你每1000字的文章需要5-10本书或文章，除非另有指示。一个双倍行距的打字页面通常包含大约250个单词。现在列出你的来源，即使你做得很糟糕。以后你总可以做得更好。
Reading 1.
阅读1。
Notes: (see next section for Notes on Notes):
注释：（有关注释的注释，请参见下一节）：
Reading 2.
阅读2。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 3.
阅读3。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 4.
阅读4。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 5.
阅读5。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 6.
阅读6。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 7.
阅读7。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 8.
阅读8。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 9.
阅读9。
Notes:
备注：
Reading 10 (repeat if necessary).
读数10（必要时重复）。
Notes (repeat if necessary):
注意事项（必要时重复）：
A Psychological Note and some Notes on Notes.
心理笔记和笔记上的一些笔记。
While you are reading, see if you can notice anything that catches your attention. This might be something you think is important, or something that you seriously disagree with, or something that you might want to know more about. You have to pay careful attention to your emotional reactions to do this.
当你阅读时，看看你是否能注意到任何引起你注意的东西。这可能是你认为重要的事情，或是你严重不同意的事情，或是你想了解更多的事情。要做到这一点，你必须仔细注意自己的情绪反应。
You also want to take some notes. You can place your notes below the readings you listed above.
你还需要做一些笔记。你可以把笔记放在上面列出的阅读材料下面。
When you are taking notes, don’t bother doing stupid things like highlighting or underlining sentences in the textbook. There is no evidence that it works. It just looks like work. What you need to do is to read for understanding. Read a bit, then write down what you have learned or any questions that have arisen in your mind. Don’t ever copy the source word for word. The most important part of learning and remembering is the recreation of what you have written in your own language. This is not some simplistic “use your own words.” This is the dialog you are having with the writer of your sources. This is your attempt to say back to the author “this is what I understand you are saying.” This is where you extract the gist of the writing.
当你做笔记的时候，不要费心做一些愚蠢的事情，比如在课本上突出或划出句子。没有证据表明它有效。看起来像是工作。你需要做的是为了理解而阅读。读一读，然后写下你学到了什么或你脑海中出现的任何问题。永远不要逐字复制源代码。学习和记忆最重要的部分是用自己的语言重新书写。这不是简单的“用你自己的话”这是您与源代码作者的对话。这是你试图对作者说的“这就是我理解你所说的。”这就是你提取写作要点的地方。
If someone asks you about your day, you don’t say, “Well, first I opened my eyes. Then I blinked and rubbed them. Then I placed my left leg on the floor, and then my right.” You would bore them to death. Instead, you eliminate the extra detail, and concentrate on communicating what is important. That is exactly what you are supposed to be doing when you take some notes during or after reading (after is often better, with the book closed, so that you are not tempted to copy the author’s writing word for word so that you can fool yourself into thinking you did some work).
如果有人问起你的一天，你不会说：“嗯，首先我睁开了眼睛，然后眨了眨眼，揉了揉眼睛，然后把左腿放在地板上，然后右腿放在地板上。”你会把他们烦死的。相反，你消除了额外的细节，专注于传达重要的内容。这正是你在阅读过程中或阅读后做笔记时应该做的事情（阅读后通常更好，因为书已经合上了，这样你就不会试图逐字抄写作者的作品，这样你就可以骗自己以为自己做了一些工作）。
If you find note-taking in this manner difficult, try this. Read a paragraph. Look away. Then say to yourself, out loud, even in a whisper (if you are in a library), what the paragraph meant. Listen to what you said, and then quickly write it down.
如果你觉得用这种方式记笔记很困难，试试这个。读一段。移开视线。然后大声对自己说，即使是在耳语中（如果你在图书馆），这段话的意思是什么。听你说的话，然后迅速写下来。
Take about two to three times as many notes, by word, as you will need for your essay. You might think that is inefficient, but it’s not. In order to write intelligibly about something, or to speak intelligently about it, you need to know far more than you actually communicate. That helps you master level six and seven, described previously – the context within which the essay is to be understood. Out of those notes you should be able to derive 8-10 topic questions. Do so. Remember, they can be edited later. Just get them down.
根据你的文章需要，逐字记下大约两到三倍的笔记。你可能会认为这是低效的，但事实并非如此。为了写得通俗易懂，或者说得明智，你需要知道的远比你实际交流的要多得多。这有助于你掌握前面描述的第六级和第七级——理解文章的背景。从这些笔记中，你应该能够引出8-10个主题问题。请这样做。请记住，以后可以对其进行编辑。把他们放下。

PART FOUR: THE OUTLINE 第四部分：大纲

At this point you have prepared a list of topics, and a reading list. Now it’s time to choose a topic.
此时，您已经准备好主题列表和阅读列表。现在是时候选择一个主题了。
ENTER TOPIC HERE
在此处输入主题
1.
1.
Here’s another rule. When you write your first draft, it should be longer than the final version. This is so that you have some extra writing to throw away. You want to have something to throw away after the first draft so that you only have to keep what is good. It is NOT faster to try to write exactly as many words as you need when you first sit down to write. Trying to do so merely makes you too aware of what you are writing. This concern will slow you down. Aim at producing a first draft that is 25% longer than the final draft is supposed to be. If your final work is to be 1000 words, then write that (or four pages) below. The word document will automatically add 25% to the length you specify.
这是另一条规则。当你写初稿时，它应该比最终版本长。这是为了让你有一些额外的文字要扔掉。你想在初稿后扔掉一些东西，这样你只需要保留好的东西。当你第一次坐下来写作时，试着写出你所需要的尽可能多的单词并不会更快。尝试这样做只会让你太清楚自己在写什么。这种担心会拖你的后腿。目标是写出比最终稿长25%的初稿。如果你的最终作品是1000字，那么写在下面（或四页）。word文档将自动将指定的长度增加25%。
Now specify the length of your essay.
现在指定论文的长度。
WORDS:
文字：
PAGES:
页码：
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Now you have to write an outline. This is the most difficult part of writing an essay, and it’s not optional. The outline of an essay is like the skeleton of a body. It provides its fundamental form and structure. Furthermore, the outline is basically the argument (with the sentences themselves and the words serving that argument).
现在你必须写一个提纲。这是写一篇文章最困难的部分，它不是可选的。一篇文章的大纲就像一具骨架。它提供了它的基本形式和结构。此外，大纲基本上就是论点（句子本身和为论点服务的单词）。
A thousand-word essay requires a ten-sentence outline. However, the fundamental outline of an essay should not get much longer than fifteen sentences, even if the essay is several thousand words or more in length. This is because it is difficult to keep an argument of more than that length in mind at one time so that you can assess the quality of its structure. So, write a ten to fifteen sentence outline of your essay, and if it is longer than a thousand words, then make sub-outlines for each primary outline sentence. Here is an example of a good simple outline:
一篇千字的文章需要十句话的提纲。然而，一篇文章的基本提纲不应该超过十五句话，即使这篇文章的长度是几千字或更多。这是因为一次很难记住一个长度超过这个长度的论点，以便您可以评估其结构的质量。因此，为你的文章写一个十到十五句话的提纲，如果它超过1000字，那么为每个主要的提纲句子做一个小提纲。下面是一个很好的简单大纲示例：
• Topic: Who was Abraham Lincoln?
•主题：亚伯拉罕·林肯是谁？
• Why is Abraham Lincoln worthy of remembrance?
•为什么亚伯拉罕·林肯值得纪念？
• What were the crucial events of his childhood?
•他童年的关键事件是什么？
• Of his adolescence?
•他的青春期？
• Of his young adulthood?
•他年轻的成人时代？
• How did he enter politics?
•他是如何进入政界的？
• What were his major challenges?
•他的主要挑战是什么？
• What were the primary political and economic issues of his time?
•他那个时代的主要政治和经济问题是什么？
• Who were his enemies?
•谁是他的敌人？
• How did he deal with them?
•他是如何处理这些问题的？
• What were his major accomplishments?
•他的主要成就是什么？
• How did he die?
•他是怎么死的？
Here is an example of a good longer outline (for a three thousand word essay):
下面是一个很好的较长提纲的例子（一篇三千字的文章）：
• Topic: What is capitalism?
•主题：什么是资本主义？
• How has capitalism been defined?
•资本主义是如何定义的？
o Author 1
o作者1
o Author 2
o作者2
o Author 3
o作者3
• Where and when did capitalism develop?
•资本主义在何时何地发展？
o Country 1
o国家1
o Country 2
o国家2
• How did capitalism develop in the first 50 years after its origin?
•资本主义起源后的前50年是如何发展的？
o How did capitalism develop in the second 50 years after its origin?
o资本主义起源后的第二个50年是如何发展的？
o (Repeat as necessary)
o（必要时重复）
• Historical precursors?
•历史先兆？
o (choose as many centuries as necessary)
o（根据需要选择尽可能多的世纪）
• Advantages of capitalism?
•资本主义的优势？
o Wealth generation
o财富创造
o Technological advancement
o技术进步
o Personal freedom
o个人自由
• Disadvantages of capitalism?
•资本主义的弊端？
o Unequal distribution
o分配不均
o Pollution and other externalized costs
o污染和其他外部化成本
• Alternatives to capitalism?
•资本主义的替代品？
o Fascism
法西斯主义
o Communism
o共产主义
• Consequences of these alternatives?
•这些替代方案的后果？
• Potential future developments?
•未来的潜在发展？
• Conclusion
•结论
Beware of the tendency to write trite, repetitive and clichéd introductions and conclusions. It is often useful to write a stock intro (what is the purpose of this essay? How is it going to proceed?) and a stock conclusion (How did this essay proceed? What was its purpose?) but they should usually then be thrown away. Write your outline here. Try for one outline heading per 100 words of essay length. You can add subdivisions, as in the example regarding capitalism, above.
谨防写陈腐、重复和陈词滥调的介绍和结论。写一篇股票简介通常很有用（这篇文章的目的是什么？它将如何进行？）总结一下（这篇文章是怎么写的？目的是什么？）但它们通常应该被扔掉。在这里写下你的大纲。试着在每100字的文章长度中选择一个大纲标题。您可以添加细分，如上面关于资本主义的示例所示。
Write outline here:
在此处编写大纲：

Outline sentence 1:
1、概述句子1：
Outline sentence 2:
2、提纲句2：
Outline sentence 3:
3、概述第3句：
Outline sentence 4:
4、概述第4句：
Outline sentence 5:
5、概述第5句：
Outline sentence 6:
6、概述第6句：
Outline sentence 7:
7、概述第7句：
Outline sentence 8:
8、概述第8句：
Outline sentence 9:
9、概述第9句：
Outline sentence 10 (repeat if necessary):
10、概述第10句（必要时重复）：

PART FIVE: PARAGRAPHS 第五部分：段落

So, now you have your outline. Copy it here:
现在你有了你的大纲。复制到此处：
OUTLINE COPIED HERE
在此处复制大纲
Now, write ten to fifteen sentences per outline heading to complete your paragraph. You may find it helpful to add additional subdivisions to your outline, and to work back and forth between the outline and the sentences, editing both. Use your notes, as well. Use single spacing at this point, so that you can see more writing on the paper at once. You will format your essay properly later.
现在，每个大纲标题写十到十五句话来完成你的段落。您可能会发现，在大纲中添加额外的细分，并在大纲和句子之间来回工作，编辑两者，会很有帮助。也要使用你的笔记。在这一点上使用单间距，以便一次可以看到纸上更多的文字。你稍后会把你的文章正确地格式化。
Don’t worry too much about how well you are writing at this point. It is also best at this point not to worry too much about the niceties of sentence structure and grammar. That is all best left for the second major step, which is editing. You should think of the essay writing process as twofold. The first major step is the first draft, which can be relatively quick and dirty. For the first draft you can use your notes, extensively, and rough out the essay. If you get stuck writing anywhere, just move to the next outline sentence. You can always go back.
不要太担心你现在写得有多好。在这一点上，最好不要过于担心句子结构和语法的精确性。这就是第二个主要步骤，即编辑。你应该把论文写作过程看作是双重的。第一个主要步骤是初稿，它可以相对快速和肮脏。对于初稿，你可以广泛地使用笔记，并粗略地写出文章。如果你在任何地方都写不好，就转到下一个提纲句子。你可以随时回去。
The second major step is editing. Production (the first major step) and editing (the second) are different functions, and should be treated that way. This is because each interferes with the other. The purpose of production is to produce. The function of editing is to reduce and arrange. If you try to do both at the same time then the editing stymies the production. It’s not faster to combine them, nor is it better, and it is bound to be frustrating.
第二个主要步骤是编辑。制作（第一个主要步骤）和编辑（第二个步骤）是不同的功能，应该这样对待。这是因为两者相互干扰。生产的目的是生产。编辑的功能是减少和整理。如果您试图同时执行这两项操作，则编辑会阻碍生产。将它们结合起来并不是更快，也不是更好，而且肯定会令人沮丧。
Here is an example of writing associated with an outline question: (note: places where references are necessary are indicate as (REFERENCE, 19XX). How to format these references will be discussed later.
下面是一个与提纲问题相关的写作示例：（注：需要引用的地方表示为（参考文献，19XX）。如何格式化这些参考将在后面讨论。
Outline sentence: How has capitalism been defined?
概述句：资本主义是如何定义的？
Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined. Different authors have each offered their opinion. Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX). Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency. Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency. They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices.
像资本主义这样复杂的东西很难定义。不同的作者各抒己见。自由派或保守派思想家强调私有财产的重要性以及伴随这些财产而来的所有权是资本主义的关键（参考文献，19XX）。这种私人财产（包括贵重物品及其生产手段）可以在一个由公众需求而非任何中央机构确定价格的市场上与其他财产所有人自由交易。自由派和保守派思想家强调生产效率和质量，并认为利润是提高效率的动力。他们认为，较低的成本是生产的一个可取特征，而公平竞争有助于确保理想的较低价格。
The World Socialist Movement (REFERENCE, 19XX), an international consortium of far left political parties, defines capitalism, by contrast, as ownership of the means of production by a small minority of people, the capitalist class, who profitably exploit the working class, the genuine producers, who must sell their ability to work for a salary or wage. Such socialists believe that it is profit that solely motivates capitalism, and that the profit motive is essentially corrupt. Modern environmentalists tend to add the natural world itself to the list of capitalist targets of exploitation (REFERENCE, 19XX). Thinkers on the right tend to regard problems emerging from the capitalist system as real, but trivial in comparison to those produced by other economic and political systems, real and hypothetical. Thinkers on the far left regard capitalism as the central cause of problems as serious as poverty, inequality and environmental degradation, and believe that there are other political and economic systems whose implementation would constitute an improvement.
相反，世界社会主义运动（参考文献19XX）是一个由极左翼政党组成的国际联盟，它将资本主义定义为少数人，即资产阶级，对生产资料的所有权，他们剥削工人阶级，即真正的生产者，他们必须出售自己的工作能力来换取工资或薪水。这些社会主义者认为，资本主义的唯一动力是利润，而利润动机本质上是腐败的。现代环保主义者倾向于将自然世界本身纳入资本主义的剥削目标名单（参考文献，19XX）。右翼思想家倾向于认为资本主义制度产生的问题是真实的，但与其他经济和政治制度产生的问题相比，这些问题微不足道，既真实又假想。极左派思想家认为资本主义是贫困、不平等和环境退化等严重问题的中心原因，并认为还有其他政治和经济制度的实施将带来改善。
It took two paragraphs to begin to address the first outline sentence. Notice that the essay begins without referring to itself. It is better to tell the reader what the essay will be about and how the topic will be addressed than to meander around stupidly at the beginning of an essay, but it is still better to grab the reader’s attention immediately without beating around the bush.
用了两段时间才开始处理第一个提纲句。请注意，这篇文章开头没有提到它自己。与其在一篇文章的开头胡思乱想，不如告诉读者这篇文章是关于什么以及主题将如何解决，但还是最好不要拐弯抹角，立即抓住读者的注意力。
Once you have completed ten to fifteen sentences for each outline heading, you have finished your first draft. Now it is time to move to editing.
一旦你完成了每个大纲标题的十到十五句话，你就完成了初稿。现在是时候开始编辑了。

PART SIX: EDITING AND ARRANGING OF SENTENCES WITHIN PARAGRAPHS 第六部分：段落内句子的编辑和排列

Copy the first paragraph of your first draft here:
将初稿的第一段复制到此处：
Paragraph 1:
第1款：
Now, place each sentence on its own line, so it looks like this (this example is taken from the first paragraph on capitalism, above):
现在，把每一句话放在自己的行上，看起来像这样（这个例子取自上面关于资本主义的第一段）：
Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined.
像资本主义这样复杂的东西很难定义。
Different authors have each offered their opinion.
不同的作者各抒己见。
Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX).
自由派或保守派思想家强调私有财产的重要性以及伴随这些财产而来的所有权是资本主义的关键（参考文献，19XX）。
Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency.
这种私人财产（包括贵重物品及其生产手段）可以在一个由公众需求而非任何中央机构确定价格的市场上与其他财产所有人自由交易。
Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.
自由派和保守派思想家强调生产效率和质量，并认为利润是提高效率的动力。
They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices.
他们认为，较低的成本是生产的一个可取特征，而公平竞争有助于确保理想的较低价格。
Now, write another version of each sentence, under each sentence, like this:
现在，在每个句子下面写下每个句子的另一个版本，如下所示：
Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.
自由派和保守派思想家强调生产效率和质量，并认为利润是提高效率的动力。
Liberal and conservative thinkers alike stress the importance of quality and efficiency, and see them as properly rewarded by profit.
自由派和保守派思想家都强调质量和效率的重要性，并将其视为利润的适当回报。
In this example, the meaning of the sentence has been changed slightly, during the rewrite. It may be that the second sentence flows better than the first, and is also more precise and meaningful. See if you can make each sentence you have written better, in a similar manner:
在本例中，在重写过程中，句子的含义略有变化。第二句话可能比第一句更流畅，也更准确、更有意义。看看你是否能用类似的方式把你写的每一句话都写得更好：
• Better would mean shorter and simpler (as all unnecessary words should be eliminated). There is almost nothing a novice writer can do that will improve his or her writing more rapidly than writing very short sentences. See if you can cut the length of each sentence by 15-25%. Remember, earlier, you tried to make your essay longer than necessary. Here you can start cleaning it up.
•更好意味着更短、更简单（因为所有不必要的单词都应该删除）。对于一个新手来说，几乎没有什么能比写短句更快地提高写作水平的了。看看你能不能把每个句子的长度缩短15-25%。请记住，早些时候，你试图使你的文章过长。在这里你可以开始清理它。
• Better would mean that each word is precisely and exactly the right word. Don’t be tempted to use any word that you would be uncomfortable to use in spoken conversation. Often, new writers try to impress their readers with their vocabulary. This often backfires when words are used that are technically correct but whose connotation is not, or that are unsuitable within the context of the sentence, paragraph or full essay. An expert writer will spot such flaws immediately, and see them for what they are: forms of camouflage and deception. Write clearly at a vocabulary level you have mastered (with maybe a bit of stretching, to produce improvement).
•更好的做法是，每个词都是准确无误的词。不要试图使用任何你在口语对话中会感到不舒服的词。通常，新作家试图用他们的词汇给读者留下深刻印象。当使用技术上正确但内涵不正确的词语，或在句子、段落或整篇文章的上下文中不合适的词语时，这往往会适得其反。一位专家作家会立即发现这些缺陷，并看清它们是什么：伪装和欺骗的形式。在你已经掌握的词汇水平上清晰地写作（可能需要一些拉伸，以提高水平）。
Read each sentence aloud, and listen to how it sounds. If it’s awkward, see if you can say it a different, better way. Listen to what you said, and then write it down. Rewrite each sentence. Once you have done this with all the sentences, read the old versions and the new versions, and replace the old with the new if the new is better. Then copy the new paragraph here:
大声朗读每个句子，并听其发音。如果很尴尬，看看你是否可以用另一种更好的方式来表达。听你说的话，然后写下来。重写每个句子。完成所有句子后，阅读旧版本和新版本，如果新版本更好，用新版本替换旧版本。然后在此处复制新段落：
New paragraph 1:
新的第1款：
Repeat for each paragraph:
对每个段落重复：
New paragraph 2:
新的第2款：
New paragraph 3:
新的第3款：
New paragraph 4:
新的第4段：
New paragraph 5 (etc.):
新的第5段（等）：
Now you are going to try to improve each of those paragraphs. Copy them again here, unchanged (you are doing this so that you can easily compare the improved paragraphs to the originals, so that you can be sure they are truly improved, before you keep them):
现在，您将尝试改进这些段落中的每一段。在此处再次复制它们，保持不变（这样做是为了便于将改进后的段落与原始段落进行比较，以便在保留它们之前确保它们确实得到了改进）：
New paragraph 1 (copy):
新的第1款（副本）：
New paragraph 2 (copy):
新的第2款（副本）：
New paragraph 3 (copy):
新的第3段（副本）：
New paragraph 4 (copy):
新的第4段（副本）：
New paragraph 5 (copy) (etc.):
新的第5段（副本）（等）：
Start with paragraph 1. Break it up into single sentences, as you did before. Now check to see if the sentences are in the best possible order, within each paragraph. Drag and drop them, or cut and paste them, into better order.
从第1段开始。像以前一样，把它分成几个句子。现在检查每个段落中的句子是否处于最佳顺序。将它们拖放或剪切粘贴到更好的顺序。
You can also eliminate sentences that are no longer necessary. When you are satisfied with the first paragraph (which means that the sentences are necessary, short and punchy, and in the correct order) then go ahead to the next paragraph and do the same thing.
您还可以删除不再需要的句子。当你对第一段感到满意时（这意味着句子是必要的，简短有力，顺序正确），然后继续下一段，做同样的事情。

PART SEVEN: RE-ORDERING THE PARAGRAPHS 第七部分：重新排列段落的顺序

Now, copy all of the new, improved paragraphs that you have edited here:
现在，复制您在此处编辑的所有新的改进段落：
New improved paragraph 1:
新改进的第1款：
New improved paragraph 2:
新改进的第2款：
New improved paragraph 3:
新改进的第3款：
New improved paragraph 4:
新改进的第4段：
New improved paragraph 5 (etc.):
新改进的第5段（等）：
Now you are going to try to improve the order of those new, improved paragraphs. Copy them here, again, unchanged.
现在，您将尝试改进这些新的、改进的段落的顺序。再次在此处复制它们，保持不变。
New improved paragraph 1 (copy):
新改进的第1款（副本）：
New improved paragraph 2 (copy):
新改进的第2款（副本）：
New improved paragraph 3 (copy):
新改进的第3款（副本）：
New improved paragraph 4 (copy):
新改进的第4段（副本）：
New improved paragraph 5 (copy) (etc.):
新改进的第5段（副本）（等）：
Now look at the order of the paragraphs themselves (as you just did with the sentences within each paragraph). It may well be that by now in the editing process, you will find that the order of the subtopics within your original outline is no longer precisely appropriate, and that some re-ordering of those sub-topics is called for. So, move around the new improved paragraph (copies) above, until they are ordered more appropriately than they were.
现在看看段落本身的顺序（就像你刚才对每个段落中的句子所做的那样）。很可能到目前为止，在编辑过程中，您会发现原始大纲中的子主题的顺序不再准确，需要对这些子主题进行重新排序。因此，请围绕上面新改进的段落（副本）移动，直到它们的顺序比原来更合适。

PART EIGHT: GENERATING A NEW OUTLINE 第八部分：生成新大纲

So now you should have produced a pretty decent second draft. You have identified the appropriate sources, written the proper notes, outlined your argument, roughed in a first draft (paragraph by paragraph), rewritten your sentences to make them more elegant, and re-ordered those sentences, as well as the paragraphs themselves. This is much farther than most writers ever get. You may even think you’re finished – but you’re not.
所以现在你应该写出一份相当不错的第二稿了。你已经确定了适当的来源，写了适当的笔记，概述了你的论点，草拟了初稿（逐段），改写了你的句子，使其更加优雅，并重新排列了这些句子以及段落本身。这比大多数作家都要远得多。你甚至可能认为你已经完成了——但你还没有。
The next step will take you from a “B” essay to an “A” essay. It may even help you write something that is better than you have ever produced (better meaning richer in information, precise, coherent, elegant and beautiful). Copy what you have written so far here:
下一步将把你从“B”论文带到“a”论文。它甚至可以帮助你写出比你以前写得更好的东西（更好的意思是信息更丰富、精确、连贯、优雅、美丽）。将您目前所写的内容复制到此处：
FULL RE-ORDERED ESSAY HERE
这里有完整的重新排序文章
Read it. Then go to the next page.
阅读它。然后转到下一页。
This part of the process will probably strike you as unnecessary, or annoying, or both, but what do you know? This is the step that separates the men from the boys, or the women from the boys, or the men from the girls, or whatever version of this saying is acceptably non-sexist and politically correct.
这个过程的这一部分可能会让你觉得不必要，或者讨厌，或者两者兼而有之，但是你知道什么呢？这是区分男人和男孩、女人和男孩、男人和女孩的步骤，或者这句话的任何版本都是可以接受的非性别歧视和政治正确的。

You have just finished reading your essay. Try now to write a new outline of ten to fifteen sentences. Don’t look back at your essay while you are doing this. If you have to, go back and re-read the whole thing, and then return to this page, but don’t look at your essay while you are rewriting the outline. If you force yourself to reconstruct your argument from memory, you will likely improve it. Generally, when you remember something, you simplify it, while retaining most of what is important. Thus, your memory can serve as a filter, removing what is useless and preserving and organizing what is vital. What you are doing now is distilling what you have written to its essence.
你刚刚读完你的文章。现在试着写一个十到十五句的新提纲。做这件事的时候不要回头看你的文章。如果有必要，请返回并重新阅读整个内容，然后返回本页，但在重写大纲时不要看你的文章。如果你强迫自己从记忆中重建论点，你可能会改进它。一般来说，当你记住某件事时，你会简化它，同时保留大部分重要的东西。因此，你的记忆可以作为一个过滤器，去除无用的东西，保存和组织重要的东西。你现在所做的是把你所写的东西提炼成精华。
Write new outline here:
在此处编写新大纲：

New outline sentence 1:
1、新大纲第1句：
New outline sentence 2:
2、新大纲第2句：
New outline sentence 3:
3、新大纲第3句：
New outline sentence 4:
4、新大纲第4句：
New outline sentence 5:
5、新大纲第5句：
New outline sentence 6:
6、新大纲第6句：
New outline sentence 7:
7、新大纲第7句：
New outline sentence 8:
8、新大纲第8句：
New outline sentence 9:
9、新大纲第9句：
New outline sentence 10 (repeat if necessary):
10、新大纲第10句（必要时重复）：
Now that you have a new outline, you can cut and paste material from your previous essay. To do this, open up a new Word document beside this one. Then cut and paste the new outline that you have written into the new Word document. Return to the original document, and scroll up to the full, re-ordered essay you copied and pasted into Part Eight, above. Then cut and paste from the re-ordered essay into your new outline.
现在你有了一个新的大纲，你可以剪切和粘贴上一篇文章的材料。为此，请在此旁边打开一个新的Word文档。然后剪切并粘贴已写入新Word文档的新大纲。返回原始文档，向上滚动到您复制并粘贴到上面第八部分的完整、重新排序的文章。然后将重新排序的文章剪切粘贴到新大纲中。
You may find that you don’t need everything you wrote before. Don’t be afraid to throw unnecessary material away. You are trying to get rid of what is substandard, and leave only what is necessary.
你可能会发现，你并不需要你以前写的所有东西。不要害怕扔掉不必要的材料。你试图摆脱不合格的东西，只留下必要的东西。
Once you have finished cutting and pasting your old material into the new outline, then copy the new essay, and paste it into a new word document. That will be your final essay. Don’t forget to put a title page on it.
一旦你完成了将旧材料剪切粘贴到新大纲中，然后复制新文章，并将其粘贴到新的word文档中。那将是你的最后一篇文章。别忘了在上面放一个标题页。
PASTE NEWLY OUTLINED ESSAY HERE:
将新概述的文章粘贴到此处：

PART NINE: REPEAT 第九部分：重复

Now you have a third draft, and it’s probably pretty good. If you really want to take it to the next level, then you can repeat the process of sentence rewriting and re-ordering, as well as paragraph re-ordering and re-outlining. Often it is a good idea to wait a few days to do this, so that you can look at what you have produced with fresh eyes. Then you will be able to see what you have written, instead of seeing what you think you wrote (which is the case when you try to edit immediately after producing).
现在你有了第三份草稿，可能还不错。如果你真的想把它提升到一个新的层次，那么你可以重复句子改写和重新排序的过程，以及段落重新排序和重新概述的过程。通常，最好等几天再这样做，这样你就可以用新鲜的眼光来看待你所生产的产品。然后，你将能够看到你写的东西，而不是看到你认为你写的东西（这是在制作后立即尝试编辑的情况）。
You are not genuinely finished until you cannot edit so that your essay improves. Generally, you can tell if this has happened when you try to rewrite a sentence (or a paragraph) and you are not sure that the new version is an improvement over the original.
只有当你无法编辑文章以提高你的写作水平时，你才能真正完成写作。一般来说，当你试图重写一个句子（或段落）时，你可以判断是否发生了这种情况，但你不确定新版本是否比原始版本有所改进。

PART TEN: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 第十部分：参考文献和参考书目

When you write a sentence that contains what is supposed to be a fact or at least an informed opinion, and you have picked it up from something you read, then you have to refer to that source. Otherwise, following convention, people may accuse you of plagiarism, which is a form of theft (of intellectual property). There are a large number of conventions that you can follow to properly structure your references and your bibliography (which is a list of books and articles that you have read to obtain relevant background information, but from which you may not have drawn any ideas specific enough to require a reference).
当你写一个句子，其中包含一个事实或至少是一个有根据的观点，并且你从你读到的东西中挑选出来，那么你必须参考这个来源。否则，按照惯例，人们可能会指控你剽窃，这是一种盗窃（知识产权）的形式。你可以遵循大量的惯例来正确组织你的参考文献和参考书目（这是你为了获得相关背景信息而阅读的书籍和文章的列表，但你可能没有从中得出任何需要参考的具体想法）。
The conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers. This convention generally requires the use of the last names of the authors of the source in parentheses after the sentence requiring a reference. For example:
美国心理协会（APA）的惯例是论文作者常用的。本公约一般要求在需要提及的句子后的括号中使用来源作者的姓氏。例如：
It is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinion which is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material (Peterson, 2014).
有必要在包含非您自己的观点或您从某些源材料中获得的事实的句子后添加参考（Peterson，2014）。
This sentence could also be constructed like this:
这句话也可以这样构造：
Peterson (2014) claims that it is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinion which is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material.
Peterson（2014）声称，有必要在包含非您自己的观点或您从某些源材料中获得的事实的句子后添加引用。
There are also many conventions covering the use of a direct quote, which have to be followed when you directly quote someone, rather than paraphrasing them. Here is an example, adding the specific (fictional) number of the page containing the quoted material in the original manuscript:
还有许多关于直接引用的约定，当你直接引用某人的话而不是解释他们的话时，必须遵循这些约定。下面是一个示例，添加包含原始手稿中引用材料的页面的特定（虚构）编号：
Peterson (2014, p. 19) claims that “the conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers.”
Peterson（2014，第19页）声称，“美国心理协会（APA）的惯例是论文作者常用的。”
In the Reference List, at the end of the essay, Peterson’s paper might be listed, as follows (this is a fictional reference):
在参考文献列表中，在文章的末尾，彼得森的论文可能会列出如下（这是一个虚构的参考文献）：
Peterson, J.B. (2014). Essay writing for writers. Journal of Essay Writing, 01, 15-24.
Peterson，J.B.（2014）。作家的散文写作。《论文写作杂志》，01，15-24。
Different conventions hold for different types of source material such as webpages, books, and articles. All the details regarding APA style can be found at http://www.apastyle.org/
不同的约定适用于不同类型的源材料，如网页、书籍和文章。有关APA风格的所有详细信息，请访问http://www.apastyle.org/
Your instructor may have recommended, or demanded, use of a different set of conventions. Information about other techniques and rules can be found at http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general.
您的讲师可能建议或要求使用一组不同的约定。有关其他技术和规则的信息，请访问http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general.
It is necessary to master at least one convention. The rules are finicky and annoying. However, they are necessary, so that readers know what writers are up to. Furthermore, you only have to learn them once, so bite the bullet and do it.
至少要掌握一种惯例。这些规则既挑剔又烦人。然而，它们是必要的，以便读者知道作者在做什么。此外，你只需要学习一次，所以咬紧牙关，去做吧。
Copy your essay here again.
把你的文章再抄一遍。
Add references where they are necessary. Then, add your reference list to the end of your essay. Make sure you construct both according to APA convention, or some other set of rules.
在必要时添加引用。然后，在文章末尾添加参考文献列表。确保您都是根据APA约定或其他一组规则进行构造的。
YOUR COMPLETED ESSAY
你完成的论文
Now your essay is completed. Now you need to copy it into a new Word document, and format it properly.
现在你的论文完成了。现在，您需要将其复制到新的Word文档中，并正确设置格式。
That generally means double-spaced, with a title page, with a five space tab indent at the beginning of each paragraph. If you want to add subtitles, or section headers, their use is discussed in detail at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ . Additional useful information for style, including examples, can be found at http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV . A video discussing such matters is available at http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR .
这通常意味着双倍行距，有一个标题页，每段开头有五个空格的制表符缩进。如果要添加字幕或节标题，将在中详细讨论它们的使用https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/。有关样式的其他有用信息，包括示例，请访问http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV。有关讨论此类问题的视频，请访问http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR。
If you got this far, good work. If you write a number of essays using this process, you will find that your thinking will become richer and clearer, and so will your conversation. There is nothing more vital to becoming educated, and there is nothing more vital than education to your future, and the future of those around you
如果你能做到这一点，干得好。如果你用这个过程写了很多文章，你会发现你的思想会变得更加丰富和清晰，你的对话也会变得更加丰富和清晰。没有什么比接受教育更重要了，也没有什么比教育对你的未来和你周围人的未来更重要了
Good luck with your newly organized and refreshed mind.
祝你的新思维井然有序，精神焕发。

1. excellent
  adj. 优秀的, 卓越的, 杰出的
  副词: excellently
↩︎
- essay
  n. 散文, 随笔
  vt. 尝试；对…做试验
  时态: essayed, essaying, essays
  名词: essayer
↩︎
1. most
  adv. 最
  很, 非常
  pron. 大多数, 大部分
  最高额; 最大值
  adj. 最大的, 最多的
↩︎
1. of
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    prep. (表示时间)在…的, 在…之前; 在…期间
    (表示方式)根据
    (表示对象)对于, 就…而言
    (表示原因)由于, 因为
    (表示方位)在; 位于
    (表示范围)在…之中
    (表示结果)在…方面
    (表示目的)用于…的
    (表示否定)缺乏, 没有
  2. OF
    abbr. Old French 古法语
  3. 词组｜习惯用语
    lay hold of v. 抓住；控制
    took charge of 负责；担任
    kick out of 踢出，赶出
    take advantage of 利用
    make up of 构成；由……组成
    catch sight of 看到；瞥见
    take leave of 向…告别
    take notice of 注意到；留意
    take account of 考虑到；顾及；体谅
    keep abreast of 与……并驾齐驱；了解……的最新情况
  4. 网络短语:
    get outside of 吃; 翻译;
    drop out of 退出; 退; 退学; 不参与;
    takes possession of 占领
    repossess oneself of 翻译
    warn sb of 警告有; 警告;
    warn me of 警告我的; 我的警告;
    take possession of 占有; 占领; 拥有; 夺取;
    make sense of 理解; 弄懂; 了解;
    made light of 看轻
  5. 常用例句库
    Be conscientious and make a good job of publishing.
    要认真做好出版工作。
    The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
    大脑需要不断地供血。
    'the proof of the pudding is in the eating.
    布丁要尝了才知道。
    Viewed from the top of Mount Tai, the sunrise was indeed a spectacle.
    从泰山顶上看去，日出真是个奇观。
    It formed the pole and axis of this heathery world.
    它构成了这个灌木丛生的世界的地极和地轴。
    The royal family is insulated from many of the difficulties faced by ordinary people.
    王室成员都毋须应付平民所面临的许多困难。
    The frontiers of medical knowledge are being pushed farther outwards as time goes on.
    医学知识的新领域正随着时间的推移而向前推进。
    What concern is it of yours?
    这与你有什么关系？
    They were destitute of necessaries of life.
    他们缺少生活必需品。
    I was thinking of you,innumerability of you.
    心里想的是你.无数无数个你.
↩︎
1. would-be
  adj. 想要成为的,自称自许的,自充的
  n. 想要成为…人
↩︎
1. provided
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    conj. 如果, 假如
    v. 提供，给予（provide 的过去式和过去分词）
  2. 词组｜习惯用语
    provided by 具有；由…提供
    provided with 拥有，装备有…
↩︎
1. information
  n. 消息; 资料; 情报
  通知, 告知
↩︎
1. concentrate
  vt. & vi. 专心于; 注意
  集中, 聚集
  vt. 浓缩
  时态: concentrated, concentrating, concentrates
  形容词: concentrative
  名词: concentrator
↩︎
1. detail
  n. 细目, 细节; 小事
  各种细节, 详情
  时态: detailed, detailing, details
  名词: detailer
↩︎
1. format
  n. 版式；开本；格式
  vt. 规定…的格式；[计]使格式化
  vi. 设计版式
  时态: formatted, formatting, formats
↩︎
1. These
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    pron. 这些
    adj. 这些的
  2. 词组｜习惯用语
    of these 这些
    these days 这些天；目前
  3. 常用例句库
    But often these people, these people are fantast forever.
    但往往这些人，这些人永远都是梦想家。
    These qualities adorn the character of Portia,and these go to accomplish a perfect woman.
    这些品质使得鲍西娅的性格更加光彩照人,也使得一个高尚的女性形象更加完美。
    I’m a stranger in these parts.
    我在这些地方人地生疏。
    These sunproof curtains will not fade .
    这些耐晒的窗帘不褪色。
    Please help me arrange these papers.
    请帮我整理这些文件。
    You are so astrut these day !
    这几天你也够趾高气扬的！
    I bedded out these house plants.
    我把这些室内的盆栽植物移到了花圃中。
    These figures are demonstrative of our progress.
    这些数字表明了我们的进步。
    These details help to realize the scene.
    这些细节使场面显得逼真。
    Are these real diamonds or only sham?
    这些是真的钻石还是膺品？
↩︎
1. necessary
  adj. 必要的; 必需的
  必然的; 不可避免的
  n. 必需品
↩︎
1. obviously
  adv. 显然;明白地
↩︎
1. far
2. adv. 到很远距离, 遥远地
  久远地
  到很大程度, 很, 极
  adj. 远的, 遥远的
↩︎
1. mere
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    adj. 仅仅, 只不过
    纯粹的
    Superlative merest
  2. 近义词词典
    近义词：
    [n.] pond, pool
    [adj.] specified, plain
    反义词：
    [n.] unspecified, fancy
↩︎
1. accord
  n. 一致, 符合
  (尤指国与国之间的)谅解, 协议
  vt. 给予, 赠予
  vi. 符合, 一致
  时态: accorded, according, accords
↩︎
1. complete
2. adj. 完整的, 完全的
  完成的, 结束的
  完满的, 圆满的
  彻底的, 完完全全的
  vt. 完成, 结束
  使完善
  比较级: completer, completest 缩写: comp, cpl
  副词: completely
  名词: completeness
  形容词: completive
↩︎
1. every
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    adj. 每一的，每个的；每隔…的
  2. 近义词词典
    近义词：
    [adj.]
    反义词：
    [n.]
  3. 解析：
    each: 指两个或两个以上中的每一个，强调个别。
    every: 指3个或3个以上的整体中的每一个，侧重于整体，与all接近。
↩︎
1. produce
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    vt. 生产；引起；创作
    n. 农产品，产品
    vi. 生产，创作
    时态: produced, producing, produces
  2. 近义词词典
    近义词：
    [n.] food, solid food
    [v.] make, create, expose, exhibit, display, cultivate, change
  3. 解析：
    create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
    compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
    design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
    invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
    make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
    produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
  4. 词组｜习惯用语
    farm produce 农产品
    dairy produce 乳制品
    produce electricity 发电
    produce results 产生结果
    native produce 土特产品，土产品
    capacity to produce 生产能力
    produce evidence 提出证据
    mass produce 批量生产
    produce grain 生产粮食；谷物制造
    produce department 生产部
  5. 常用例句库
    Tongzhong, facts prove that opposing Rightism can produce grain, can produce foods!It’s a marvel!’
    铜钟，事实证明，反右倾可以反出粮食，反出吃的，灵得很！”
    Methane reacts with hydroxyl to produce formaldehyde.
    甲烷与羟基反应生成甲醛
    They utilized water for producing electric power.
    他们利用水力发电。
    She is a producer of sporting events.
    她是一名体育节目的制片人。
    The car industry’s always producing new models.
    汽车业总是不断推出新型汽车。
    Fertilization is external, producing free-living planula larva.
    体外受精，能产生自由活动的浮浪幼虫。
    Tonnes of waste are produced every year.
    每年产生以吨计算的垃圾。
    This method of cultivation produces higher yield.
    这种耕作方法可提高产量。
    Leave him alone and he will produce.
    别打扰他，他会写出来的。
    Creatine is the biomolecule, which produces ATP.
    肌酸是一种生物分子，能用来产生、制造ATP。
↩︎
1. least
  adj. 最小的；最少的（little的最高级）
  adv. 最小；最少
  n. 最小；最少
  A superlative of little
↩︎
1. also
  adv. 也；同样；而且
  conj. 并且；另外
↩︎
1. learn
2. vt. 学习；认识到；得知
  vi. 学习；获悉
  时态: learnedalso learnt learning, learns
  形容词: learnable
  名词: learner
↩︎
1. Test
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    adj. 精确的；准确的，精密的
    vt. 强求；要求；急需
    vi. 勒索钱财
    时态: exacted, exacting, exacts
    形容词: exactable
    名词: exactness
  2. 近义词词典
    近义词：
    [v.] claim, necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take
    [adj.] direct, verbatim, literal, mathematical, perfect, photographic, rigorous
    反义词：
    [n.] inexact, incorrect, wrong
  3. 解析：
    accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
    exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
    precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
    right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
    true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
    correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
  4. 词组｜习惯用语
    the exact same [非规范用语]正是同一个，正是这个；完全相同的
    exact solution 精确解
    exact science 精密科学（如数学、物理学、化学等）
    exact measurement 精密测量
    be more exact 更确切地（说）
    exact in 对…很严谨
    exact value 精确值，准确值
    exact match 准确匹配
    exact quantity 确数；正确的数量
    exact test 精密试验
    exact formula 精密公式
  5. 常用例句库
    What exactly are you looking for?
    你究竟需要一样什么武器?
    The train pulled in exactly on time.
    列车准时进站。
    Volunteers are needed for an exacting assignment.
    需要志愿者承担艰巨任务。
    Recite the poem exactly as it reads.
    一字不漏地背出这首诗
    The doctor’s instructions must be fulfilled exactly.
    医生的指示必须严格遵行。
    He impersonates all the well-known politicians exactly right.
    他模仿所有有名的政治家达到维妙维肖的地步。
    A TV playback showed exactly what had happened.
    电视播放的录像原样显示了所发生的事。
    That’s exactly the phrase I was looking for.
    这就是我一直找的那个短语。
    Making a petit point pillow is exacting work.
    做一个小花边编织枕头是一项细致活儿。
    She was not exactly good-looking, but definitely attractive.
    她并不算漂亮，但确实很有魅力。
↩︎
1. which
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    pron. 哪/那一个；哪/那一些
    adj. 哪一个；哪一些
  2. 词组｜习惯用语
    which one 哪一个
    which is which 哪一个是哪一个
  3. 常用例句库
    Tag the bottles now or we’ll forget which is which.
    把这些瓶子加上标签，否则的话，我们就忘了哪个是哪个了。
    The twins are so alike I can’t tell which is which.
    这一对双胞胎长得一模一样，我分不清谁是谁。
    The twins are so alike that I can’t tell which is which.
    这对双胞胎一模一样, 我分辨不出谁是谁。
    We do not know which behavioural traits are inherited and which acquired.
    我们不知道哪些行为特征是遗传的，哪些是后天养成的。
    A human ", "which will tranquilliser Friday!
    极通人性的“星期五”哪肯束手就擒！
    Which book do these quotations come from?
    这些引文出自哪本书？
    Let’s see, which suitcase should we take?
    让我们想一下该提哪一个箱子?
    That is the house which I built.
    那是我建的房子。
    Creatine is the biomolecule, which produces ATP.
    肌酸是一种生物分子，能用来产生、制造ATP。
    Which category does this item fall under?
    这一项目应归入哪一类?
↩︎
1. valuable
  1. 英汉－汉英词典
    adj. 贵重的；有价值的；可估价的
    n. 贵重物品
    名词: valuableness
    副词: valuably
  2. 近义词词典
    近义词：
    [n.] treasure, hoarded wealth
    [adj.] blue-chip, invaluable, priceless, precious, rich, semiprecious, valued
    反义词：
    [n.] worthless, unworthy
  3. 解析：
    valuable: 指有相当价值，可高价出售的，或有用、有益的东西。
    precious: 指因稀罕、不易得到而很值钱，或因本身的品质而具有极大的价值。
↩︎

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