Linux Ubuntu多版本python pip共存

系统中同时安装了三个版本的python：python 2.7 python3.5 python3.6

系统中同时安装了三个版本的pip：pip18 pip19.2.3 pip19.3.1，分别与上述对应

想要分开使用三个pip的办法：

$ python3.5 -m pip 后面接 list或install
$ python3.6 -m pip 后面接 list或install
$ python2.7 -m pip 后面接 list或install

-------------------------------------------完美共存的终极之道--------------------------------------------------

机器上本来安装好了 python 2.7和 python 3.5，后来又升级 3.5至 3.6，同时保留了 3.5。并且分别安装了各python对应版本的pip。这样就产生了三种版本的python和pip共存的情况。（python 3.5 安全升级至 python3.6 参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qxqxqzzz/article/details/102796903 条件允许的话请直接装 python3.6，不要从3.5进行升级！很麻烦）

三个版本共存会出现一些问题（下面探索过程中提到），主要原因有两个：

1，环境配置文件不对，即~/.bashrc中的PYTHONPATH配置

2，/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5 文件的内容不对。（导致 $ /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5 -V 或 $ pip3.5 -V 会报pip._internal.main的错误。但是$ /usr/local/bin/pip3.5 -V 不会报这个错误）

解决办法：复制 /usr/local/bin/pip3.5 替换 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5

# $ vi /usr/local/bin/pip3.5
----------------------正确的文件内容----------------------
#!/usr/bin/python3.5
# EASY-INSTALL-ENTRY-SCRIPT: 'pip==19.2.3','console_scripts','pip3.5'
__requires__ = 'pip==19.2.3'
import sys
from pkg_resources import load_entry_pointif __name__ == '__main__':sys.exit(load_entry_point('pip==19.2.3', 'console_scripts', 'pip3.5')())# $ vi /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5
----------------------错误的文件内容：----------------------
#!/usr/bin/python3.5
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re
import sys
from pip._internal.main import main
if __name__ == '__main__':sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])sys.exit(main())----------------------解决-----------------------------------# 备份 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5
$ mv /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5-backup# 复制
$ cp /usr/local/bin/pip3.5 /home/xxx/.local/bin/# 查看
$ ls -al /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip*
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xxx xxx 217 10▒▒ 29 19:45 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xxx xxx 217 10▒▒ 29 19:45 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xxx xxx 293 10▒▒ 29 20:18 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xxx xxx 219 10▒▒ 29 19:44 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5-backup
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xxx xxx 217 10▒▒ 29 19:45 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.6# 配置好环境变量，参考下文
$ vi ~/.bashrc# 此时的环境配置：
# ~/.bashrc:
export PYTHONPATH=/usr/bin/python3:/usr/local/lib
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
export PATH=/home/xxx/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/usr/local/cuda-10.1/bin:/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.6$ source ~/.bashrc

source之后重新打开新的窗口方可生效。即mobaxterm中重新打开一个tab页面。

参考：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_37041325/article/details/77164337

----------------------------------------------以下均为前期探索------------------------------------------------------

【此时的PYTHONPATH】 export PYTHONPATH=/usr/bin/python3:/usr/local/lib （~/.bashrc）

Python安装位置： Python解释器位置

$ which python3.5
/usr/bin/python3.5$ which python3.6
/usr/bin/python3.6$ which python2.7
/usr/bin/python2.7$ which python3
/usr/bin/python3$ which python2
/usr/bin/python2

Pip安装位置：

$ python3.5 -m pip -V
pip 19.2.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip-19.2.3-py3.5.egg/pip (python 3.5)$ python3.6 -m pip -V
pip 19.3.1 from /home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)$ python2.7 -m pip -V
pip 18.0 from /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pip (python 2.7)

pip命令的位置：

$ which pip
/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip$ which pip2
/usr/local/bin/pip2$ which pip2.7
/usr/local/bin/pip2.7$ which pip3
/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3$ which pip3.5
/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5$ which pip3.6
/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.6

Pip存在的路径

$ whereis pippip: /usr/bin/pip /usr/local/bin/pip2.7 /usr/local/bin/pip3.5 /usr/local/bin/pip /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5 /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.6 /usr/share/man/man1/pip.1.gz

--------------------------------------------------共存过程中出现的问题及解决方法------------------------------------------------------

【报错1】

$ /usr/local/bin/pip -V

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 583, in _build_master
ws.require(__requires__)
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 900, in require
needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements))
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 791, in resolve
raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req)
pkg_resources.VersionConflict: (pip 19.3.1 (/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages), Requirement.parse('pip==19.2.3'))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/bin/pip", line 5, in <module>
from pkg_resources import load_entry_point
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 3251, in <module>
@_call_aside
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 3235, in _call_aside
f(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 3264, in _initialize_master_working_set
working_set = WorkingSet._build_master()
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 585, in _build_master
return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__)
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 598, in _build_from_requirements
dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment())
File "/home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 786, in resolve
raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers)
pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound: The 'pip==19.2.3' distribution was not found and is required by the application

解决：修改 /usr/local/bin/pip 的代码

$ vi /usr/local/bin/pip将第一行 #!/usr/bin/python3 改成 #!/usr/bin/python3.5# 重新运行
$ /usr/local/bin/pip -V
pip 19.2.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip-19.2.3-py3.5.egg/pip (python 3.5)

【报错2】

$ /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip -V 或 $ pip -V

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip", line 6, in <module>
from pip._internal.main import main
ImportError: No module named 'pip._internal.main'

$ /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3 -V 或 $ pip3 -V
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3", line 5, in <module>
from pip._internal.main import main
ImportError: No module named 'pip._internal.main'

解决：重新安装pip。参考：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49940813/pip-no-module-named-internal

$ curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py$ python3 get-pip.py --trusted-host=pypi.org --force-reinstall --user# 输出：
Collecting pipUsing cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/b6/9cfa56b4081ad13874b0c6f96af8ce16cfbc1cb06bedf8e9164ce5551ec1/pip-19.3.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: pipFound existing installation: pip 19.3.1Uninstalling pip-19.3.1:Successfully uninstalled pip-19.3.1
Successfully installed pip-19.3.1$ /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip -V
pip 19.3.1 from /home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)$ /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3 -V
pip 19.3.1 from /home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)# 一并修复了直接输入的pip 和 pip3命令问题
$ pip -V
pip 19.3.1 from /home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)$ pip3 -V
pip 19.3.1 from /home/xxx/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)

至此可能 $pip3.5 -V 或 $ /home/xxx/.local/bin/pip3.5 -V 还是会报错，但是$pip -V 和 $pip3 -V已经不报错了。此时不要再运行

$ python3.5 get-pip.py --trusted-host=pypi.org --force-reinstall --user

来尝试修复这个问题，否则又会回到之前报错的状态（pip和pip3也报错）。

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

想要解决pip3.5 -V不报错：去掉 ~/.bashrc 中的PYTHONPATH内容，然后source一下，

这时候就可以了。但是此时不能使用pip3.6，因为会产生新的报错：

$ pip3 -V
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/dbm/gnu.py", line 4, in <module>
from _gdbm import *
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_gdbm'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/CommandNotFound/CommandNotFound.py", line 7, in <module>
import dbm.gnu as gdbm
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/dbm/gnu.py", line 6, in <module>
raise ImportError(str(msg) + ', please install the python3-gdbm package')
ImportError: No module named '_gdbm', please install the python3-gdbm package

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/command-not-found", line 27, in <module>
from CommandNotFound.util import crash_guard
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/CommandNotFound/__init__.py", line 3, in <module>
from CommandNotFound.CommandNotFound import CommandNotFound
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/CommandNotFound/CommandNotFound.py", line 9, in <module>
import gdbm
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'gdbm'

$ pip3.6 -V
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/dbm/gnu.py", line 4, in <module>
from _gdbm import *
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_gdbm'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

$ which pip3$ which pip3.6均没有输出。

并且此时的pip pip3.5均指向了新的路径

$ which pip
/usr/local/bin/pip$ which pip3.5
/usr/local/bin/pip3.5

解决：ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'gdbm'

安装 python3.6-gdbm

$ sudo apt-get install python3.6-gdbm

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