g++代码编译用选项-O3前后对比，前后执行时间对比如下

g++ -std=c++11 main.cpp blur.cpp initialize_beliefs.cpp move.cpp normalize.cpp print.cpp sense.cpp zeros.cpp

root@b8da9efe81e4:/home/workspace/optimized_code# ./a.out
number of iterations: 10000
duration milliseconds initialize beliefs 22.599
duration milliseconds sense 16.463
duration milliseconds blur 77.062
duration milliseconds normalize 20.721
duration milliseconds move 31.484
/今早2.13用该条编译器优化看看是否较上条提升了性能
g++ -std=c++11 -O3 main.cpp blur.cpp initialize_beliefs.cpp move.cpp normalize.cpp print.cpp sense.cpp zeros.cpp
//编译优化后的
root@65c825f71a98:/home/workspace/optimized_code# ./a.out
number of iterations: 10000
duration milliseconds initialize beliefs 3.284
duration milliseconds sense 3.972
duration milliseconds blur 26.045
duration milliseconds normalize 2.177
duration milliseconds move 4.634

https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html

Depending on the target and how GCC was configured, a slightly different set of optimizations may be enabled at each -O level than those listed here. You can invoke GCC with -Q --help=optimizers to find out the exact set of optimizations that are enabled at each level. See Overall Options, for examples.

-O

-O1

Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a lot more memory for a large function.

With -O, the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time, without performing any optimizations that take a great deal of compilation time.

-O turns on the following optimization flags:

-fauto-inc-dec
-fbranch-count-reg
-fcombine-stack-adjustments
-fcompare-elim
-fcprop-registers
-fdce
-fdefer-pop
-fdelayed-branch
-fdse
-fforward-propagate
-fguess-branch-probability
-fif-conversion
-fif-conversion2
-finline-functions-called-once
-fipa-profile
-fipa-pure-const
-fipa-reference
-fipa-reference-addressable
-fmerge-constants
-fmove-loop-invariants
-fomit-frame-pointer
-freorder-blocks
-fshrink-wrap
-fshrink-wrap-separate
-fsplit-wide-types
-fssa-backprop
-fssa-phiopt
-ftree-bit-ccp
-ftree-ccp
-ftree-ch
-ftree-coalesce-vars
-ftree-copy-prop
-ftree-dce
-ftree-dominator-opts
-ftree-dse
-ftree-forwprop
-ftree-fre
-ftree-phiprop
-ftree-pta
-ftree-scev-cprop
-ftree-sink
-ftree-slsr
-ftree-sra
-ftree-ter
-funit-at-a-time

-O2

Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. As compared to -O, this option increases both compilation time and the performance of the generated code.

-O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O. It also turns on the following optimization flags:

-falign-functions  -falign-jumps
-falign-labels  -falign-loops
-fcaller-saves
-fcode-hoisting
-fcrossjumping
-fcse-follow-jumps  -fcse-skip-blocks
-fdelete-null-pointer-checks
-fdevirtualize  -fdevirtualize-speculatively
-fexpensive-optimizations
-ffinite-loops
-fgcse  -fgcse-lm
-fhoist-adjacent-loads
-finline-functions
-finline-small-functions
-findirect-inlining
-fipa-bit-cp  -fipa-cp  -fipa-icf
-fipa-ra  -fipa-sra  -fipa-vrp
-fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
-flra-remat
-foptimize-sibling-calls
-foptimize-strlen
-fpartial-inlining
-fpeephole2
-freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc
-freorder-blocks-and-partition  -freorder-functions
-frerun-cse-after-loop
-fschedule-insns  -fschedule-insns2
-fsched-interblock  -fsched-spec
-fstore-merging
-fstrict-aliasing
-fthread-jumps
-ftree-builtin-call-dce
-ftree-pre
-ftree-switch-conversion  -ftree-tail-merge
-ftree-vrp

Please note the warning under -fgcse about invoking -O2 on programs that use computed gotos.

-O3

Optimize yet more. -O3 turns on all optimizations specified by -O2 and also turns on the following optimization flags:

-fgcse-after-reload
-fipa-cp-clone
-floop-interchange
-floop-unroll-and-jam
-fpeel-loops
-fpredictive-commoning
-fsplit-paths
-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns
-ftree-loop-distribution
-ftree-loop-vectorize
-ftree-partial-pre
-ftree-slp-vectorize
-funswitch-loops
-fvect-cost-model
-fversion-loops-for-strides

-O0

Reduce compilation time and make debugging produce the expected results. This is the default.

-Os

Optimize for size. -Os enables all -O2 optimizations except those that often increase code size:

-falign-functions  -falign-jumps
-falign-labels  -falign-loops
-fprefetch-loop-arrays  -freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc

It also enables -finline-functions, causes the compiler to tune for code size rather than execution speed, and performs further optimizations designed to reduce code size.

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