template <class CharType, class Traits = char_traits<CharType>, class Allocator = allocator<CharType>>
class basic_string;  

typedef Allocator allocator_type;  

// basic_string_allocator_type.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The following lines declare objects  // that use the default allocator.  string s1;  basic_string <char>::allocator_type xchar = s1.get_allocator( );  // You can now call functions on the allocator class xchar used by s1
}  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(const value_type* ptr,  size_type count);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off,  size_type count);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(size_type count,   value_type _Ch);template <class InputIterator>
basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(InputIterator first,   InputIterator last);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(const_pointer first,  const_pointer last);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& append(const_iterator first,  const_iterator last);

// basic_string_append.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // appending a C-string to a string  string str1a ( "Hello " );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1a << endl;  const char *cstr1a = "Out There ";  cout << "The C-string cstr1a is: " << cstr1a << endl;  str1a.append ( cstr1a );  cout << "Appending the C-string cstr1a to string str1 gives: "   << str1a << "." << endl << endl;  // The second member function  // appending part of a C-string to a string  string str1b ( "Hello " );  cout << "The string str1b is: " << str1b << endl;  const char *cstr1b = "Out There ";  cout << "The C-string cstr1b is: " << cstr1b << endl;  str1b.append ( cstr1b , 3 );  cout << "Appending the 1st part of the C-string cstr1b "  << "to string str1 gives: " << str1b << "."   << endl << endl;  // The third member function  // appending part of one string to another  string str1c ( "Hello " ), str2c ( "Wide World " );  cout << "The string str2c is: " << str2c << endl;  str1c.append ( str2c , 5 , 5 );  cout << "The appended string str1 is: "   << str1c << "." << endl << endl;  // The fourth member function  // appending one string to another in two ways,  // comparing append and operator [ ]  string str1d ( "Hello " ), str2d ( "Wide " ), str3d ( "World " );  cout << "The  string str2d is: " << str2d << endl;  str1d.append ( str2d );  cout << "The appended string str1d is: "   << str1d << "." << endl;  str1d += str3d;  cout << "The doubly appended strig str1 is: "   << str1d << "." << endl << endl;  // The fifth member function  // appending characters to a string  string str1e ( "Hello " );  str1e.append ( 4 , '!' );  cout << "The string str1 appended with exclamations is: "   << str1e << endl << endl;  // The sixth member function  // appending a range of one string to another  string str1f ( "Hello " ), str2f ( "Wide World " );  cout << "The string str2f is: " << str2f << endl;  str1f.append ( str2f.begin ( ) + 5 , str2f.end ( ) - 1 );  cout << "The appended string str1 is: "   << str1f << "." << endl << endl;
}  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(const value_type* ptr,  size_type count);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type off,   size_type count);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(size_type count,   value_type _Ch);template <class InIt>
basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(InputIterator first,   InputIterator last);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(const_pointer first,  const_pointer last);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& assign(const_iterator first,  const_iterator last);

// basic_string_assign.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function assigning the  // characters of a C-string to a string  string str1a;  const char *cstr1a = "Out There";  cout << "The C-string cstr1a is: " << cstr1a <<  "." << endl;  str1a.assign ( cstr1a );  cout << "Assigning the C-string cstr1a to string str1 gives: "   << str1a << "." << endl << endl;  // The second member function assigning a specific  // number of the of characters a C-string to a string  string  str1b;  const char *cstr1b = "Out There";  cout << "The C-string cstr1b is: " << cstr1b << endl;  str1b.assign ( cstr1b , 3 );  cout << "Assigning the 1st part of the C-string cstr1b "  << "to string str1 gives: " << str1b << "."   << endl << endl;  // The third member function assigning a specific number  // of the characters from one string to another string   string str1c ( "Hello " ), str2c ( "Wide World " );  cout << "The string str2c is: " << str2c << endl;  str1c.assign ( str2c , 5 , 5 );  cout << "The newly assigned string str1 is: "   << str1c << "." << endl << endl;  // The fourth member function assigning the characters  // from one string to another string in two equivalent  // ways, comparing the assign and operator =  string str1d ( "Hello" ), str2d ( "Wide" ), str3d ( "World" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1d << "." << endl;  cout << "The string str2d is: " << str2d << endl;  str1d.assign ( str2d );  cout << "The string str1 newly assigned with string str2d is: "   << str1d << "." << endl;  cout << "The string str3d is: " << str3d << "." << endl;  str1d = str3d;  cout << "The string str1 reassigned with string str3d is: "   << str1d << "." << endl << endl;  // The fifth member function assigning a specific   // number of characters of a certain value to a string  string str1e ( "Hello " );  str1e.assign ( 4 , '!' );  cout << "The string str1 assigned with eclamations is: "   << str1e << endl << endl;  // The sixth member function assigning the value from  // the range of one string to another string  string str1f ( "Hello " ), str2f ( "Wide World " );  cout << "The string str2f is: " << str2f << endl;  str1f.assign ( str2f.begin ( ) + 5 , str2f.end ( ) - 1 );  cout << "The string str1 assigned a range of string str2f is: "   << str1f << "." << endl << endl;
}  

const_reference at(size_type _Off) const;reference at(size_type _Off);

// basic_string_at.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "Hello world" ), str2 ( "Goodbye world" );  const string  cstr1 ( "Hello there" ), cstr2 ( "Goodbye now" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  // Element access to the non const strings  basic_string <char>::reference refStr1 = str1 [6];  basic_string <char>::reference refStr2 = str2.at ( 3 );  cout << "The character with an index of 6 in string str1 is: "  << refStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The character with an index of 3 in string str2 is: "  << refStr2 << "." << endl;  // Element access to the const strings  basic_string <char>::const_reference crefStr1 = cstr1 [ cstr1.length ( ) ];  basic_string <char>::const_reference crefStr2 = cstr2.at ( 8 );  if ( crefStr1 == '\0' )  cout << "The null character is returned as a valid reference."  << endl;  else  cout << "The null character is not returned." << endl;  cout << "The character with index 8 in the const string cstr2 is: "  << crefStr2 << "." << endl;
}  

const_reference back() const;reference back();

basic_string();explicit basic_string(const allocator_type& _Al);basic_string(const basic_string& right);basic_string(basic_string&& right);basic_string(const basic_string& right,   size_type _Roff,  size_type count = npos);basic_string(const basic_string& right,   size_type _Roff,  size_type count,   const allocator_type& _Al);basic_string(const value_type* ptr,   size_type count);basic_string(const value_type* ptr,   size_type count,  const allocator_type& _Al);basic_string(const value_type* ptr);basic_string(const value_type* ptr,  const allocator_type& _Al);basic_string(size_type count,   value_type _Ch);basic_string(size_type count,   value_type _Ch,  const allocator_type& _Al);template <class InputIterator>
basic_string(InputIterator first,   InputIterator last);template <class InputIterator>
basic_string(InputIterator first,   InputIterator last,   const allocator_type& _Al);basic_string(const_pointer first,  const_pointer last);basic_string(const_iterator first,  const_iterator last);

// basic_string_ctor.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function initializing with a C-string  const char *cstr1a = "Hello Out There.";  basic_string <char> str1a ( cstr1a , 5);  cout << "The string initialized by C-string cstr1a is: "  << str1a << "." << endl;  // The second member function initializing with a string  string  str2a ( "How Do You Do" );  basic_string <char> str2b ( str2a , 7 , 7 );  cout << "The string initialized by part of the string cstr2a is: "  << str2b << "." << endl;  // The third member function initializing a string  // with a number of characters of a specific value  basic_string <char> str3a ( 5, '9' );  cout << "The string initialized by five number 9s is: "  << str3a << endl;  // The fourth member function creates an empty string  // and string with a specified allocator  basic_string <char> str4a;  string str4b;  basic_string <char> str4c ( str4b.get_allocator( ) );  if (str4c.empty ( ) )  cout << "The string str4c is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The string str4c is not empty." << endl;  // The fifth member function initializes a string from  // another range of characters  string str5a ( "Hello World" );  basic_string <char> str5b ( str5a.begin ( ) + 5 , str5a.end ( ) );  cout << "The string initialized by another range is: "  << str5b << "." << endl;
}  

const_iterator begin() const;iterator begin();

// basic_string_begin.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( ) {  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "No way out." ), str2;  basic_string <char>::iterator strp_Iter, str1_Iter, str2_Iter;  basic_string <char>::const_iterator str1_cIter;  str1_Iter = str1.begin ( );  cout << "The first character of the string str1 is: "   << *str1_Iter << endl;  cout << "The full original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  // The dereferenced iterator can be used to modify a character  *str1_Iter = 'G';  cout << "The first character of the modified str1 is now: "   << *str1_Iter << endl;  cout << "The full modified string str1 is now: " << str1 << endl;  // The following line would be an error because iterator is const  // *str1_cIter = 'g';  // For an empty string, begin is equivalent to end  if (  str2.begin ( ) == str2.end ( ) )  cout << "The string str2 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The string str2 is not empty." << endl;
}  

const value_type *c_str() const;

// basic_string_c_str.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string  str1 ( "Hello world" );  cout << "The original string object str1 is: "   << str1 << endl;  cout << "The length of the string object str1 = "   << str1.length ( ) << endl << endl;  // Converting a string to an array of characters  const char *ptr1 = 0;  ptr1= str1.data ( );  cout << "The modified string object ptr1 is: " << ptr1   << endl;  cout << "The length of character array str1 = "   << strlen ( ptr1) << endl << endl;  // Converting a string to a C-style string  const char *c_str1 = str1.c_str ( );  cout << "The C-style string c_str1 is: " << c_str1   << endl;  cout << "The length of C-style string str1 = "   << strlen ( c_str1) << endl << endl;
}  

size_type capacity() const;

// basic_string_capacity.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string  str1 ("Hello world");  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  // The size and length member functions differ in name only  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1, lenStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  lenStr1 = str1.length ( );  basic_string <char>::size_type capStr1, max_sizeStr1;  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size ( );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  cout << "The current size of original string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of original string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of original string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of original string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  str1.erase ( 6, 5 );  cout << "The modified string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size (  );  lenStr1 = str1.length (  );  capStr1 = str1.capacity (  );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size (  );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  // after erasing part of the original string  cout << "The current size of modified string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of modified string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of modified string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of modified string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl;
}  

const_iterator cbegin() const;

const_iterator cend() const;

void clear();

// basic_string_clear.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string  str1 ("Hello world"), str2;  basic_string <char>::iterator str_Iter;  cout << "The original string str1 is: ";  for ( str_Iter = str1.begin( ); str_Iter != str1.end( ); str_Iter++ )  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;  str1.clear ( );  cout << "The modified string str1 is: ";  for ( str_Iter = str1.begin( ); str_Iter != str1.end( ); str_Iter++ )  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;  //For an empty string, begin is equivalent to end  if ( str1.begin ( ) == str1.end ( ) )  cout << "Nothing printed above because "  << "the string str1 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The string str1 is not empty." << endl;
}  

int compare(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str) const;int compare(size_type _Pos1,   size_type _Num1,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str) const;int compare(size_type _Pos1,  size_type _Num1,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,   size_type _Off,   size_type count) const;int compare(const value_type* ptr) const;int compare(size_type _Pos1,  size_type _Num1,  const value_type* ptr) const;int compare(size_type _Pos1,  size_type _Num1,  const value_type* ptr  size_type _Num2) const;

// basic_string_compare.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function compares  // an operand string to a parameter string  int comp1;  string s1o ( "CAB" );  string s1p ( "CAB" );  cout << "The operand string is: " << s1o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string is: " << s1p << endl;  comp1 = s1o.compare ( s1p );  if ( comp1 < 0 )  cout << "The operand string is less than "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  else if ( comp1 == 0 )  cout << "The operand string is equal to "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  else  cout << "The operand string is greater than "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The second member function compares part of  // an operand string to a parameter string  int comp2a, comp2b;  string s2o ( "AACAB" );  string s2p ( "CAB" );  cout << "The operand string is: " << s2o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string is: " << s2p << endl;  comp2a = s2o.compare (  2 , 3 , s2p );  if ( comp2a < 0 )  cout << "The last three characters of "  << "the operand string\n are less than "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  else if ( comp2a == 0 )  cout << "The last three characters of "  << "the operand string\n are equal to "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  else  cout << "The last three characters of "  << "the operand string\n is greater than "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  comp2b = s2o.compare (  0 , 3 , s2p );  if ( comp2b < 0 )  cout << "The first three characters of "  << "the operand string\n are less than "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  else if ( comp2b == 0 )  cout << "The first three characters of "  << "the operand string\n are equal to "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  else  cout << "The first three characters of "  << "the operand string\n is greater than "  << "the parameter string." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The third member function compares part of  // an operand string to part of a parameter string  int comp3a;  string s3o ( "AACAB" );  string s3p ( "DCABD" );  cout << "The operand string is: " << s3o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string is: " << s3p << endl;  comp3a = s3o.compare (  2 , 3 , s3p , 1 , 3 );  if ( comp3a < 0 )  cout << "The three characters from position 2 of "  << "the operand string are less than\n "  << "the 3 characters parameter string "   << "from position 1." << endl;  else if ( comp3a == 0 )  cout << "The three characters from position 2 of "  << "the operand string are equal to\n "  << "the 3 characters parameter string "   << "from position 1." << endl;  else  cout << "The three characters from position 2 of "  << "the operand string is greater than\n "  << "the 3 characters parameter string "   << "from position 1." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The fourth member function compares  // an operand string to a parameter C-string  int comp4a;  string s4o ( "ABC" );  const char* cs4p = "DEF";  cout << "The operand string is: " << s4o << endl;  cout << "The parameter C-string is: " << cs4p << endl;  comp4a = s4o.compare ( cs4p );  if ( comp4a < 0 )  cout << "The operand string is less than "  << "the parameter C-string." << endl;  else if ( comp4a == 0 )  cout << "The operand string is equal to "  << "the parameter C-string." << endl;  else  cout << "The operand string is greater than "  << "the parameter C-string." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The fifth member function compares part of  // an operand string to a parameter C-string  int comp5a;  string s5o ( "AACAB" );  const char* cs5p = "CAB";  cout << "The operand string is: " << s5o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string is: " << cs5p << endl;  comp5a = s5o.compare (  2 , 3 , s2p );  if ( comp5a < 0 )  cout << "The last three characters of "  << "the operand string\n are less than "  << "the parameter C-string." << endl;  else if ( comp5a == 0 )  cout << "The last three characters of "  << "the operand string\n are equal to "  << "the parameter C-string." << endl;  else  cout << "The last three characters of "  << "the operand string\n is greater than "  << "the parameter C-string." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The sixth member function compares part of  // an operand string to part of an equal length of  // a parameter C-string  int comp6a;  string s6o ( "AACAB" );  const char* cs6p = "ACAB";  cout << "The operand string is: " << s6o << endl;  cout << "The parameter C-string is: " << cs6p << endl;  comp6a = s6o.compare (  1 , 3 , cs6p , 3 );  if ( comp6a < 0 )  cout << "The 3 characters from position 1 of "  << "the operand string are less than\n "  << "the first 3 characters of the parameter C-string."   << endl;  else if ( comp6a == 0 )  cout << "The 3 characters from position 2 of "  << "the operand string are equal to\n "  << "the first 3 characters of the parameter C-string."   <<  endl;  else  cout << "The 3 characters from position 2 of "  << "the operand string is greater than\n "  << "the first 3 characters of the parameter C-string."   << endl;  cout << endl;
}  

typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;  

typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer const_pointer;  

// basic_string_const_ptr.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  basic_string<char>::const_pointer pstr1a = "In Here";  const char *cstr1c = "Out There";  cout << "The string pstr1a is: " << pstr1a <<  "." << endl;  cout << "The C-string cstr1c is: " << cstr1c << "." << endl;
}  

typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;  

typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;  

size_type copy(value_type* ptr,   size_type count,  size_type _Off = 0) const;

// basic_string_copy.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W3
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "Hello World" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str_Iter;  char array1 [ 20 ] = { 0 };  char array2 [ 10 ] = { 0 };  basic_string <char>:: pointer array1Ptr = array1;  basic_string <char>:: value_type *array2Ptr = array2;  cout << "The original string str1 is: ";  for ( str_Iter = str1.begin( ); str_Iter != str1.end( ); str_Iter++ )  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;  basic_string <char>:: size_type nArray1;  // Note: string::copy is potentially unsafe, consider  // using string::_Copy_s instead.  nArray1 = str1.copy ( array1Ptr , 12 );  // C4996  cout << "The number of copied characters in array1 is: "  << nArray1 << endl;  cout << "The copied characters array1 is: " << array1 << endl;  basic_string <char>:: size_type nArray2;  // Note: string::copy is potentially unsafe, consider  // using string::_Copy_s instead.  nArray2 = str1.copy ( array2Ptr , 5 , 6  );  // C4996  cout << "The number of copied characters in array2 is: "  << nArray2 << endl;  cout << "The copied characters array2 is: " << array2Ptr << endl;
}  

const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const;

const_reverse_iterator crend() const;

size_type _Copy_s(value_type* dest,  size_type dest_size,  size_type count,  size_type _Off = 0) const;

// basic_string__Copy_s.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1("Hello World");  basic_string<char>::iterator str_Iter;  const int array1_size = 20;  char array1[array1_size] = { 0 };  const int array2_size = 10;  char array2[array2_size] = { 0 };  basic_string<char>:: pointer array1Ptr = array1;  basic_string<char>:: value_type *array2Ptr = array2;  cout << "The original string str1 is: ";  for (str_Iter = str1.begin(); str_Iter != str1.end(); str_Iter++)  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;  basic_string<char>::size_type nArray1;  nArray1 = str1._Copy_s(array1Ptr, array1_size, 12);  cout << "The number of copied characters in array1 is: "  << nArray1 << endl;  cout << "The copied characters array1 is: " << array1 << endl;  basic_string<char>:: size_type nArray2;  nArray2 = str1._Copy_s(array2Ptr, array2_size, 5, 6);  cout << "The number of copied characters in array2 is: "  << nArray2 << endl;  cout << "The copied characters array2 is: " << array2Ptr << endl;
}  

const value_type *data() const;

// basic_string_data.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "Hello world" );  cout << "The original string object str1 is: "   << str1 << endl;  cout << "The length of the string object str1 = "   << str1.length ( ) << endl << endl;  // Converting a string to an array of characters  const char *ptr1 = 0;  ptr1= str1.data ( );  cout << "The modified string object ptr1 is: " << ptr1   << endl;  cout << "The length of character array str1 = "   << strlen ( ptr1) << endl << endl;  // Converting a string to a C-style string  const char *c_str1 = str1.c_str ( );  cout << "The C-style string c_str1 is: " << c_str1   << endl;  cout << "The length of C-style string str1 = "   << strlen ( c_str1) << endl << endl;
}  

typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;  

// basic_string_diff_type.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "quintillion" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexChFi, indexChLi;  indexChFi = str1.find_first_of ( "i" );  indexChLi = str1.find_last_of ( "i" );  basic_string<char>::difference_type diffi = indexChLi - indexChFi;  cout << "The first character i is at position: "  << indexChFi << "." << endl;  cout << "The last character i is at position: "  << indexChLi << "." << endl;  cout << "The difference is: " << diffi << "." << endl;
}  

bool empty() const;

// basic_string_empty.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main() {  using namespace std;  bool b1, b2;  string str1 ("Hello world");  cout << "The original string object str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  b1 = str1.empty();  if (b1)  cout << "The string object str1 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The string object str1 is not empty." << endl;  cout << endl;  // An example of an empty string object  string str2;  b2 = str2.empty();  if (b2)  cout << "The string object str2 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The string object str2 is not empty." << endl;
}  

const_iterator end() const;iterator end();

// basic_string_end.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "No way out." ), str2;  basic_string <char>::iterator str_Iter, str1_Iter, str2_Iter;  basic_string <char>::const_iterator str1_cIter;  str1_Iter = str1.end ( );  str1_Iter--;  str1_Iter--;  cout << "The last character-letter of the string str1 is: " << *str1_Iter << endl;  cout << "The full orginal string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  // end used to test when an iterator has reached the end of its string  cout << "The string is now: ";  for ( str_Iter = str1.begin( ); str_Iter != str1.end( ); str_Iter++ )  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;  // The dereferenced iterator can be used to modify a character  *str1_Iter = 'T';  cout << "The last character-letter of the modified str1 is now: "  << *str1_Iter << endl;  cout << "The modified string str1 is now: " << str1 << endl;  // The following line would be an error because iterator is const  // *str1_cIter = 'T';  // For an empty string, end is equivalent to begin  if ( str2.begin( ) == str2.end ( ) )  cout << "The string str2 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The stringstr2  is not empty." << endl;
}  

iterator erase(iterator first,   iterator last);iterator erase(iterator _It);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& erase(size_type _Pos = 0,  size_type count = npos);

// basic_string_erase.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The 1st member function using a range demarcated  // by iterators  string str1 ( "Hello world" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str1_Iter;  cout << "The original string object str1 is: "   << str1 << "." << endl;  str1_Iter = str1.erase ( str1.begin ( ) + 3 , str1.end ( ) - 1 );  cout << "The first element after those removed is: "  << *str1_Iter << "." << endl;  cout << "The modified string object str1 is: " << str1   << "." << endl << endl;  // The 2nd member function erasing a char pointed to   // by an iterator  string str2 ( "Hello World" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str2_Iter;  cout << "The original string object str2 is: " << str2  << "." << endl;  str2_Iter = str2.erase ( str2.begin ( ) + 5 );  cout << "The first element after those removed is: "  << *str2_Iter << "." << endl;  cout << "The modified string object str2 is: " << str2   << "." << endl << endl;  // The 3rd member function erasing a number of chars   // after a char  string str3 ( "Hello computer" ), str3m;  basic_string <char>::iterator str3_Iter;  cout << "The original string object str3 is: "   << str3 << "." << endl;  str3m = str3.erase ( 6 , 8 );  cout << "The modified string object str3m is: "   << str3m << "." << endl;
}  

size_type find(value_type _Ch,   size_type _Off = 0) const;size_type find(const value_type* ptr,  size_type _Off = 0) const;size_type find(const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Off,  size_type count) const;size_type find(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off = 0) const;

// basic_string_find.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // searches for a single character in a string  string str1 ( "Hello Everyone" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh1a, indexCh1b;  indexCh1a = str1.find ( "e" , 3 );  if (indexCh1a != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st 'e' found after the 3rd"  << " position in str1 is: " << indexCh1a << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'e' was not found in str1 ." << endl;  indexCh1b = str1.find ( "x" );  if (indexCh1b != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 'x' found in str1 is: "  << indexCh1b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The Character 'x' was not found in str1."  << endl << endl;  // The second member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str2 ( "Let me make this perfectly clear." );  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh2a, indexCh2b;  const char *cstr2 = "perfect";  indexCh2a = str2.find ( cstr2 , 5 );  if ( indexCh2a != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'perfect' "  << "after\n the 5th position in str2 is: "  << indexCh2a << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'perfect' was not found in str2 ."  << endl;  const char *cstr2b = "imperfectly";  indexCh2b = str2.find ( cstr2b , 0 );  if (indexCh2b != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'imperfect' "  << "after\n the 5th position in str3 is: "  << indexCh2b << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'imperfect' was not found in str2 ."  << endl << endl;  // The third member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str3 ( "This is a sample string for this program" );  cout << "The original string str3 is: " << str3 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh3a, indexCh3b;  const char *cstr3a = "sample";  indexCh3a = str3.find ( cstr3a );  if ( indexCh3a != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of sample "  << "in str3 is: " << indexCh3a << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'perfect' was not found in str3 ."  << endl;  const char *cstr3b = "for";  indexCh3b = str3.find ( cstr3b , indexCh3a + 1 , 2 );  if (indexCh3b != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the next occurrence of 'for' is in "  << "str3 begins at: " << indexCh3b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "There is no next occurrence of 'for' in str3 ."  << endl << endl;  // The fourth member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a string  string str4 ( "clearly this perfectly unclear." );  cout << "The original string str4 is: " << str4 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh4a, indexCh4b;  string str4a ( "clear" );  indexCh4a = str4.find ( str4a , 5 );  if ( indexCh4a != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'clear' "  << "after\n the 5th position in str4 is: "  << indexCh4a << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'clear' was not found in str4 ."  << endl;  string str4b ( "clear" );  indexCh4b = str4.find ( str4b );  if (indexCh4b != string::npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'clear' "  << "in str4 is: "  << indexCh4b << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'clear' was not found in str4 ."  << endl << endl;
}  

size_type find_first_not_of(value_type _Ch,   size_type _Off = 0) const;size_type find_first_not_of(const value_type* ptr,  size_type _Off = 0) const;size_type find_first_not_of(const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Off,  size_type count) const;size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off = 0) const;

// basic_string_find_first_not_of.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // searches for a single character in a string  string str1 ( "xddd-1234-abcd" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh1a, indexCh1b;  static const basic_string <char>::size_type npos = -1;  indexCh1a = str1.find_first_not_of ( "d" , 2 );  if ( indexCh1a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st 'd' found after the 3rd"  << " position in str1 is: " << indexCh1a << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'd' was not found in str1 ." << endl;  indexCh1b = str1.find_first_not_of  ( "x" );  if (indexCh1b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 'non x' found in str1 is: "   << indexCh1b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'non x' was not found in str1."  << endl << endl;  // The second member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str2 ( "BBB-1111" );  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh2a, indexCh2b;  const char *cstr2 = "B1";  indexCh2a = str2.find_first_not_of ( cstr2 , 6 );  if ( indexCh2a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st occurrence of an "  << "element of 'B1' in str2 after\n the 6th "  << "position is: " << indexCh2a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'B1' were not"  << "\n found in str2 after the 6th position."  << endl;  const char *cstr2b = "B2";  indexCh2b = str2.find_first_not_of ( cstr2b );  if ( indexCh2b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'B2' "  << "after\n the 0th position in str2 is: "  << indexCh2b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'B2' was not found in str2 ."   << endl << endl << endl;  // The third member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str3 ( "444-555-GGG" );  cout << "The original string str3 is: " << str3 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh3a, indexCh3b;  const char *cstr3a = "45G";  indexCh3a = str3.find_first_not_of ( cstr3a );  if ( indexCh3a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st occurrence of an "  << "element in str3\n other than one of the "  << "characters in '45G' is: " << indexCh3a   << endl;  else  cout << "Elements in str3 contain only characters "  << " in the string '45G'. "  << endl;  const char *cstr3b = "45G";  indexCh3b = str3.find_first_not_of ( cstr3b , indexCh3a + 1 , 2 );  if ( indexCh3b != npos )  cout << "The index of the second occurrence of an "  << "element of '45G' in str3\n after the 0th "  << "position is: " << indexCh3b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "Elements in str3 contain only characters "  << " in the string  '45G'. "  << endl  << endl;  // The fourth member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a string  string str4 ( "12-ab-12-ab" );  cout << "The original string str4 is: " << str4 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh4a, indexCh4b;  string str4a ( "ba3" );  indexCh4a = str4.find_first_not_of ( str4a , 5 );  if (indexCh4a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st non occurrence of an "  << "element of 'ba3' in str4 after\n the 5th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements other than those in the substring"  << " 'ba3' were not found in the string str4."  << endl;  string str4b ( "12" );  indexCh4b = str4.find_first_not_of ( str4b  );  if (indexCh4b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st non occurrence of an "  << "element of '12' in str4 after\n the 0th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4b << endl;  else  cout << "Elements other than those in the substring"  << " '12' were not found in the string str4."  << endl;
}  

size_type find_first_of(value_type _Ch,   size_type _Off = 0) const;size_type find_first_of(const value_type* ptr,  size_type _Off = 0) const;size_type find_first_of(const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Off,  size_type count) const;size_type find_first_of(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off = 0) const;

// basic_string_find_first_of.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // searches for a single character in a string  string str1 ( "abcd-1234-abcd-1234" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh1a, indexCh1b;  static const basic_string <char>::size_type npos = -1;  indexCh1a = str1.find_first_of ( "d" , 5 );  if ( indexCh1a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st 'd' found after the 5th"  << " position in str1 is: " << indexCh1a << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'd' was not found in str1 ." << endl;  indexCh1b = str1.find_first_of ( "x" );  if ( indexCh1b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 'x' found in str1 is: "   << indexCh1b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'x' was not found in str1."  << endl << endl;  // The second member function searches a string  // for any element of a substring as specified by a C-string  string str2 ( "ABCD-1234-ABCD-1234" );  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh2a, indexCh2b;  const char *cstr2 = "B1";  indexCh2a = str2.find_first_of ( cstr2 , 6 );  if ( indexCh2a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st occurrence of an "  << "element of 'B1' in str2 after\n the 6th "  << "position is: " << indexCh2a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'B1' were not "  << "found in str2 after the 10th position."  << endl;  const char *cstr2b = "D2";  indexCh2b = str2.find_first_of ( cstr2b );  if ( indexCh2b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'D2' "  << "after\n the 0th position in str2 is: "  << indexCh2b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'D2' was not found in str2 ."   << endl << endl << endl;  // The third member function searches a string  // for any element of a substring as specified by a C-string  string str3 ( "123-abc-123-abc-456-EFG-456-EFG" );  cout << "The original string str3 is: " << str3 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh3a, indexCh3b;  const char *cstr3a = "5G";  indexCh3a = str3.find_first_of ( cstr3a );  if ( indexCh3a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st occurrence of an "  << "element of '5G' in str3 after\n the 0th "  << "position is: " << indexCh3a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring '5G' were not "  << "found in str3\n after the 0th position."  << endl;  const char *cstr3b = "5GF";  indexCh3b = str3.find_first_of  ( cstr3b , indexCh3a + 1 , 2 );  if (indexCh3b != npos )  cout << "The index of the second occurrence of an "  << "element of '5G' in str3\n after the 0th "  << "position is: " << indexCh3b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring '5G' were not "  << "found in str3\n after the first occurrrence."  << endl << endl;  // The fourth member function searches a string  // for any element of a substring as specified by a string  string str4 ( "12-ab-12-ab" );  cout << "The original string str4 is: " << str4 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh4a, indexCh4b;  string str4a ( "ba3" );  indexCh4a = str4.find_first_of ( str4a , 5 );  if ( indexCh4a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st occurrence of an "  << "element of 'ba3' in str4 after\n the 5th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'ba3' were not "  << "found in str4\n after the 0th position."  << endl;  string str4b ( "a2" );  indexCh4b = str4.find_first_of ( str4b );  if ( indexCh4b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st occurrence of an "  << "element of 'a2' in str4 after\n the 0th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4b << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'a2' were not "  << "found in str4\n after the 0th position."  << endl;
}  

size_type find_last_not_of(value_type _Ch,   size_type _Off = npos) const;size_type find_last_not_of(const value_type* ptr,  size_type _Off = npos) const;size_type find_last_not_of(const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Off,  size_type count) const;size_type find_last_not_of(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off = npos) const;

// basic_string_find_last_not_of.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // searches for a single character in a string  string str1 ( "dddd-1dd4-abdd" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh1a, indexCh1b;  static const basic_string <char>::size_type npos = -1;  indexCh1a = str1.find_last_not_of ( "d" , 7 );  if ( indexCh1a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last non 'd'\n found before the "  << "7th position in str1 is: " << indexCh1a << endl;  else  cout << "The non 'd' character was not found ." << endl;  indexCh1b = str1.find_last_not_of  ( "d" );  if ( indexCh1b != npos )  cout << "The index of the non 'd' found in str1 is: "   << indexCh1b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The Character 'non x' was not found in str1."  << endl << endl;  // The second member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str2 ( "BBB-1111" );  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh2a, indexCh2b;  const char *cstr2 = "B1";  indexCh2a = str2.find_last_not_of  ( cstr2 , 6 );  if ( indexCh2a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of a "  << "element\n not of 'B1' in str2 before the 6th "  << "position is: " << indexCh2a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements not of the substring 'B1' were not "  << "\n found in str2 before the 6th position."  << endl;  const char *cstr2b = "B-1";  indexCh2b = str2.find_last_not_of  ( cstr2b );  if ( indexCh2b != npos )  cout << "The index of the last element not "  << "in 'B-1'\n is: "  << indexCh2b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The elements of the substring 'B-1' were "  << "not found in str2 ."   << endl << endl;  // The third member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str3 ( "444-555-GGG" );  cout << "The original string str3 is: " << str3 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh3a, indexCh3b;  const char *cstr3a = "45G";  indexCh3a = str3.find_last_not_of ( cstr3a );  if ( indexCh3a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element in str3\n other than one of the "  << "characters in '45G' is: " << indexCh3a   << endl;  else  cout << "Elements in str3 contain only characters "  << " in the string  '45G'. "  << endl;  const char *cstr3b = "45G";  indexCh3b = str3.find_last_not_of ( cstr3b , 6 , indexCh3a - 1 );  if (indexCh3b != npos )  cout << "The index of the penultimate occurrence of an "  << "element\n not in '45G' in str3 is: "  << indexCh3b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "Elements in str3 contain only characters "  << " in the string '45G'. "  << endl  << endl;  // The fourth member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a string  string str4 ( "12-ab-12-ab" );  cout << "The original string str4 is: " << str4 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh4a, indexCh4b;  string str4a ( "b-a" );  indexCh4a = str4.find_last_not_of  ( str4a , 5 );  if ( indexCh4a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element not\n in 'b-a' in str4 before the 5th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements other than those in the substring"  << " 'b-a' were not found in the string str4."  << endl;  string str4b ( "12" );  indexCh4b = str4.find_last_not_of ( str4b  );  if ( indexCh4b != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element not in '12'\n in str4 before the end "  << "position is: " << indexCh4b << endl;  else  cout << "Elements other than those in the substring"  << " '12'\n were not found in the string str4."  << endl;
}  

size_type find_last_of(value_type _Ch,   size_type _Off = npos) const;size_type find_last_of(const value_type* ptr,  size_type _Off = npos) const;size_type find_last_of(const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Off,  size_type count) const;size_type find_last_of(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off = npos) const;

// basic_string_find_last_of.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // searches for a single character in a string  string str1 ( "abcd-1234-abcd-1234" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh1a, indexCh1b;  static const basic_string <char>::size_type npos = -1;  indexCh1a = str1.find_last_of ( "d" , 14 );  if ( indexCh1a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last 'd' found before the 14th"  << " position in str1 is: " << indexCh1a << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'd' was not found in str1 ." << endl;  indexCh1b = str1.find_first_of ( "x" );  if ( indexCh1b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 'x' found in str1 is: "  << indexCh1b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'x' was not found in str1."  << endl << endl;  // The second member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str2 ( "ABCD-1234-ABCD-1234" );  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh2a, indexCh2b;  const char *cstr2 = "B1";  indexCh2a = str2.find_last_of  ( cstr2 , 12 );  if (indexCh2a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element of 'B1' in str2 before\n the 12th "  << "position is: " << indexCh2a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'B1' were not "  << "found in str2 before the 12th position."  << endl;  const char *cstr2b = "D2";  indexCh2b = str2.find_last_of  ( cstr2b );  if ( indexCh2b != npos )  cout << "The index of the last element of 'D2' "  << "after\n the 0th position in str2 is: "  << indexCh2b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'D2' was not found in str2 ."  << endl << endl << endl;  // The third member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str3 ( "456-EFG-456-EFG" );  cout << "The original string str3 is: " << str3 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh3a;  const char *cstr3a = "5E";  indexCh3a = str3.find_last_of ( cstr3a , 8 , 8 );  if ( indexCh3a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element of '5E' in str3 before\n the 8th "  << "position is: " << indexCh3a << endl << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring '5G' were not "  << "found in str3\n before the 8th position."  << endl << endl;  // The fourth member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a string  string str4 ( "12-ab-12-ab" );  cout << "The original string str4 is: " << str4 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh4a, indexCh4b;  string str4a ( "ba3" );  indexCh4a = str4.find_last_of  ( str4a , 8 );  if ( indexCh4a != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element of 'ba3' in str4 before\n the 8th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4a << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'ba3' were not "  << "found in str4\n after the 0th position."  << endl;  string str4b ( "a2" );  indexCh4b = str4.find_last_of ( str4b  );  if ( indexCh4b != npos )  cout << "The index of the last occurrence of an "  << "element of 'a2' in str4 before\n the 0th "  << "position is: " << indexCh4b << endl;  else  cout << "Elements of the substring 'a2' were not "  << "found in str4\n after the 0th position."  << endl;
}  

const_reference front() const;reference front();

allocator_type get_allocator() const;

// basic_string_get_allocator.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The following lines declare objects  // that use the default allocator.  string s1;  basic_string <char> s2;  basic_string <char, char_traits< char >, allocator< char > > s3;  // s4 will use the same allocator class as s1  basic_string <char> s4( s1.get_allocator ( ) );  basic_string <char>::allocator_type xchar = s1.get_allocator( );  // You can now call functions on the allocator class xchar used by s1
}  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& insert(size_type _P0,   const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& insert(size_type _P0,   const value_type* ptr,  size_type count);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& insert(size_type _P0,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& insert(size_type _P0,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,   size_type _Off,   size_type count);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& insert(size_type _P0,  size_type count,   value_type _Ch);iterator insert(iterator _It);iterator insert(iterator _It,  value_type _Ch)l
template <class InputIterator>
void insert(iterator _It,   InputIterator first,   InputIterator last);void insert(iterator _It,   size_type count,   value_type _Ch);void insert(iterator _It,  const_pointer first,  const_pointer last);void insert(iterator _It,  const_iterator first,  const_iterator last);

// basic_string_insert.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function inserting a C-string  // at a given position  basic_string <char> str1a ( "way" );  const char *cstr1a = "a";  str1a.insert ( 0, cstr1a );  cout << "The string with a C-string inserted at position 0 is: "  << str1a << "." << endl;  // The second member function inserting a C-string  // at a given position for a specified number of elements  basic_string <char> str2a ( "Good" );  const char *cstr2a = "Bye Bye Baby";  str2a.insert ( 4, cstr2a ,3 );  cout << "The string with a C-string inserted at the end is: "  << str2a << "." << endl;  // The third member function inserting a string  // at a given position  basic_string <char> str3a ( "Bye" );  string str3b ( "Good" );  str3a.insert ( 0, str3b );  cout << "The string with a string inserted at position 0 is: "  << str3a << "." << endl;  // The fourth member function inserting part of  // a string at a given position  basic_string <char> str4a ( "Good " );  string str4b ( "Bye Bye Baby" );  str4a.insert ( 5, str4b , 8 , 4 );  cout << "The string with part of a string inserted at position 4 is: "  << str4a << "." << endl;  // The fifth member function inserts a number of characters  // at a specified position in the string  string str5 ( "The number is: ." );  str5.insert ( 15 , 3 , '3' );  cout << "The string with characters inserted is: "  << str5 << endl;  // The sixth member function inserts a character  // at a specified position in the string  string str6 ( "ABCDFG" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str6_Iter = ( str6.begin ( ) + 4 );  str6.insert ( str6_Iter , 'e' );  cout << "The string with a character inserted is: "  << str6 << endl;  // The seventh member function inserts a range  // at a specified position in the string  string str7a ( "ABCDHIJ" );  string str7b ( "abcdefgh" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str7a_Iter = (str7a.begin ( ) + 4 );  str7a.insert ( str7a_Iter , str7b.begin ( ) + 4 , str7b.end ( ) -1 );  cout << "The string with a character inserted from a range is: "  << str7a << endl;  // The eigth member function inserts a number of  // characters at a specified position in the string  string str8 ( "ABCDHIJ" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str8_Iter = ( str8.begin ( ) + 4 );  str8.insert ( str8_Iter , 3 , 'e' );  cout << "The string with a character inserted from a range is: "  << str8 << endl;
}  

typedef implementation-defined iterator;  

size_type length() const;

// basic_string_length.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ("Hello world");  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  // The size and length member functions differ in name only  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1, lenStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  lenStr1 = str1.length ( );  basic_string <char>::size_type capStr1, max_sizeStr1;  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size ( );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  cout << "The current size of original string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of original string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of original string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of original string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  str1.erase ( 6, 5 );  cout << "The modified string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  lenStr1 = str1.length ( );  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size ( );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  // after erasing part of the original string  cout << "The current size of modified string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of modified string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of modified string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of modified string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl;
}  

size_type max_size() const;

// basic_string_max_size.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ("Hello world");  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  // The size and length member functions differ in name only  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1, lenStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  lenStr1 = str1.length ( );  basic_string <char>::size_type capStr1, max_sizeStr1;  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size ( );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  cout << "The current size of original string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of original string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of original string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of original string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  str1.erase ( 6, 5 );  cout << "The modified string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  lenStr1 = str1.length ( );  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size ( );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  // after erasing part of the original string  cout << "The current size of modified string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of modified string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of modified string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of modified string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl;
}  

static const size_type npos = -1;  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator+=(value_type _Ch);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator+=(const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator+=(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& right);

// basic_string_op_app.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // appending a single character to a string  string str1a ( "Hello" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1a << endl;  str1a +=  '!' ;  cout << "The string str1 appended with an exclamation is: "   << str1a << endl << endl;  // The second member function  // appending a C-string to a string  string  str1b ( "Hello " );  const char *cstr1b = "Out There";  cout << "The C-string cstr1b is: " << cstr1b << endl;  str1b +=  cstr1b;  cout << "Appending the C-string cstr1b to string str1 gives: "   << str1b << "." << endl << endl;  // The third member function  // appending one string to another in two ways,  // comparing append and operator [ ]  string str1d ( "Hello " ), str2d ( "Wide " ), str3d ( "World" );  cout << "The string str2d is: " << str2d << endl;  str1d.append ( str2d );  cout << "The appended string str1d is: "   << str1d << "." << endl;  str1d += str3d;  cout << "The doubly appended strig str1 is: "   << str1d << "." << endl << endl;
}  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator=(value_type _Ch);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator=(const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator=(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& right);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& operator=(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>&& right);

// basic_string_op_assign.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function assigning a  // character of a certain value to a string  string str1a ( "Hello " );  str1a = '0';  cout << "The string str1 assigned with the zero character is: "   << str1a << endl << endl;  // The second member function assigning the  // characters of a C-string to a string  string  str1b;  const char *cstr1b = "Out There";  cout << "The C-string cstr1b is: " << cstr1b <<  "." << endl;  str1b = cstr1b;  cout << "Assigning the C-string cstr1a to string str1 gives: "   << str1b << "." << endl << endl;  // The third member function assigning the characters  // from one string to another string in two equivalent  // ways, comparing the assign and operator =  string str1c ( "Hello" ), str2c ( "Wide" ), str3c ( "World" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1c << "." << endl;  cout << "The string str2c is: " << str2c << "." << endl;  str1c.assign ( str2c );  cout << "The string str1 newly assigned with string str2c is: "   << str1c << "." << endl;  cout << "The string str3c is: " << str3c << "." << endl;  str1c = str3c;  cout << "The string str1 reassigned with string str3c is: "   << str1c << "." << endl << endl;
}  

const_reference operator[](size_type _Off) const;reference operator[](size_type _Off);

// basic_string_op_ref.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "Hello world" ), str2 ( "Goodbye world" );  const string cstr1 ( "Hello there" ), cstr2 ( "Goodbye now" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  // Element access to the non-const strings  basic_string <char>::reference refStr1 = str1 [6];  basic_string <char>::reference refStr2 = str2.at ( 3 );  cout << "The character with an index of 6 in string str1 is: "  << refStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The character with an index of 3 in string str2 is: "  << refStr2 << "." << endl;  // Element access to the const strings  basic_string <char>::const_reference crefStr1 = cstr1 [ cstr1.length ( ) ];  basic_string <char>::const_reference crefStr2 = cstr2.at ( 8 );  if ( crefStr1 == '\0' )  cout << "The null character is returned as a valid reference."  << endl;  else  cout << "The null character is not returned." << endl;  cout << "The character with index of 8 in the const string cstr2 is: "  << crefStr2 << "." << endl;
}  

typedef typename allocator_type::pointer pointer;  

// basic_string_pointer.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  basic_string<char>::pointer pstr1a = "In Here";  char *cstr1b = "Out There";  cout << "The string pstr1a is: " << pstr1a <<  "." << endl;  cout << "The C-string cstr1b is: " << cstr1b << "." << endl;
}  

void pop_back();

void push_back(value_type _Ch);

// basic_string_push_back.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "abc" );  basic_string <char>::iterator str_Iter, str1_Iter;  cout << "The original string str1 is: ";  for ( str_Iter = str1.begin( ); str_Iter != str1.end( ); str_Iter++ )  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;  // str1.push_back ( 'd' );  str1_Iter = str1.end ( );  str1_Iter--;  cout << "The last character-letter of the modified str1 is now: "  << *str1_Iter << endl;  cout << "The modified string str1 is: ";  for ( str_Iter = str1.begin( ); str_Iter != str1.end( ); str_Iter++ )  cout << *str_Iter;  cout << endl;
}  

const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const;reverse_iterator rbegin();

// basic_string_rbegin.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "Able was I ere I saw Elba" ), str2;  basic_string <char>::reverse_iterator str_rIter, str1_rIter, str2_rIter;  basic_string <char>::const_reverse_iterator str1_rcIter;  str1_rIter = str1.rbegin ( );  // str1_rIter--;  cout << "The first character-letter of the reversed string str1 is: "  << *str1_rIter << endl;  cout << "The full reversed string str1 is:\n ";  for ( str_rIter = str1.rbegin( ); str_rIter != str1.rend( ); str_rIter++ )  cout << *str_rIter;  cout << endl;  // The dereferenced iterator can be used to modify a character  *str1_rIter = 'A';  cout << "The first character-letter of the modified str1 is now: "  << *str1_rIter << endl;  cout << "The full modified reversed string str1 is now:\n ";  for ( str_rIter = str1.rbegin( ); str_rIter != str1.rend( ); str_rIter++ )  cout << *str_rIter;  cout << endl;  // The following line would be an error because iterator is const  // *str1_rcIter = 'A';  // For an empty string, begin is equivalent to end  if ( str2.rbegin( ) == str2.rend ( ) )  cout << "The string str2 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The stringstr2  is not empty." << endl;
}  

typedef typename allocator_type::reference reference;  

const_reverse_iterator rend() const;reverse_iterator rend();

// basic_string_rend.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ("Able was I ere I saw Elba"), str2;  basic_string <char>::reverse_iterator str_rIter, str1_rIter, str2_rIter;  basic_string <char>::const_reverse_iterator str1_rcIter;  str1_rIter = str1.rend ( );  str1_rIter--;  cout << "The last character-letter of the reversed string str1 is: "  << *str1_rIter << endl;  cout << "The full reversed string str1 is:\n ";  for ( str_rIter = str1.rbegin( ); str_rIter != str1.rend( ); str_rIter++ )  cout << *str_rIter;  cout << endl;  // The dereferenced iterator can be used to modify a character  *str1_rIter = 'o';  cout << "The last character-letter of the modified str1 is now: "  << *str1_rIter << endl;  cout << "The full modified reversed string str1 is now:\n ";  for ( str_rIter = str1.rbegin( ); str_rIter != str1.rend( ); str_rIter++ )  cout << *str_rIter;  cout << endl;  // The following line would be an error because iterator is const  // *str1_rcIter = 'T';  // For an empty string, end is equivalent to begin  if ( str2.rbegin( ) == str2.rend ( ) )  cout << "The string str2 is empty." << endl;  else  cout << "The stringstr2  is not empty." << endl;
}  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(size_type _Pos1,   size_type _Num1,  const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(size_type _Pos1,   size_type _Num1,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(size_type _Pos1,   size_type _Num1,  const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Num2);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(size_type _Pos1,   size_type _Num1,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,   size_type _Pos2,   size_type _Num2);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(size_type _Pos1,   size_type _Num1,  size_type count,   value_type _Ch);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,   iterator last0,  const value_type* ptr);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,   iterator last0,  const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,  iterator last0,  const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Num2);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,   iterator last0,  size_type _Num2,   value_type _Ch);template <class InputIterator>
basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,   iterator last0,  InputIterator first,   InputIterator last);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,  iterator last0,  const_pointer first,  const_pointer last);basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& replace(iterator first0,  iterator last0,  const_iterator first,  const_iterator last);

// basic_string_replace.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first two member functions replace  // part of the operand string with  // characters from a parameter string or C-string  string result1a, result1b;  string s1o ( "AAAAAAAA" );  string s1p ( "BBB" );  const char* cs1p = "CCC";  cout << "The operand string s1o is: " << s1o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string s1p is: " << s1p << endl;  cout << "The parameter C-string cs1p is: " << cs1p << endl;  result1a = s1o.replace ( 1 , 3 , s1p );  cout << "The result of s1o.replace ( 1 , 3 , s1p )\n is "   << "the string: " << result1a << "." << endl;  result1b = s1o.replace ( 5 , 3 , cs1p );  cout << "The result of s1o.replace ( 5 , 3 , cs1p )\n is "   << "the string: " << result1b << "." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The third & fourth member function replace  // part of the operand string with characters  // form part of a parameter string or C-string  string result2a, result2b;  string s2o ( "AAAAAAAA" );  string s2p ( "BBB" );  const char* cs2p = "CCC";  cout << "The operand string s2o is: " << s2o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string s1p is: " << s2p << endl;  cout << "The parameter C-string cs2p is: " << cs2p << endl;  result2a = s2o.replace ( 1 , 3 , s2p , 1 , 2 );  cout << "The result of s2o.replace (1, 3, s2p, 1, 2)\n is "   << "the string: " << result2a << "." << endl;  result2b = s2o.replace ( 4 , 3 , cs2p , 1 );  cout << "The result of s2o.replace (4 ,3 ,cs2p)\n is "   << "the string: " << result2b << "." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The fifth member function replaces  // part of the operand string with characters  string result3a;  string s3o ( "AAAAAAAA" );  char ch3p = 'C';  cout << "The operand string s3o is: " << s3o << endl;  cout << "The parameter character c1p is: " << ch3p << endl;  result3a = s3o.replace ( 1 , 3 , 4 , ch3p );  cout << "The result of s3o.replace(1, 3, 4, ch3p)\n is "   << "the string: " << result3a << "." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The sixth & seventh member functions replace  // part of the operand string, delineated with iterators,  // with a parameter string or C-string  string s4o ( "AAAAAAAA" );  string s4p ( "BBB" );  const char* cs4p = "CCC";  cout << "The operand string s4o is: " << s4o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string s4p is: " << s4p << endl;  cout << "The parameter C-string cs4p is: " << cs4p << endl;  basic_string<char>::iterator IterF0, IterL0;  IterF0 = s4o.begin ( );  IterL0 = s4o.begin ( ) + 3;  string result4a, result4b;  result4a = s4o.replace ( IterF0 , IterL0 , s4p );  cout << "The result of s1o.replace (IterF0, IterL0, s4p)\n is "   << "the string: " << result4a << "." << endl;  result4b = s4o.replace ( IterF0 , IterL0 , cs4p );  cout << "The result of s4o.replace (IterF0, IterL0, cs4p)\n is "   << "the string: " << result4b << "." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The 8th member function replaces  // part of the operand string delineated with iterators  // with a number of characters from a parameter C-string  string s5o ( "AAAAAAAF" );  const char* cs5p = "CCCBB";  cout << "The operand string s5o is: " << s5o << endl;  cout << "The parameter C-string cs5p is: " << cs5p << endl;  basic_string<char>::iterator IterF1, IterL1;  IterF1 = s5o.begin ( );  IterL1 = s5o.begin ( ) + 4;  string result5a;  result5a = s5o.replace ( IterF1 , IterL1 , cs5p , 4 );  cout << "The result of s5o.replace (IterF1, IterL1, cs4p ,4)\n is "   << "the string: " << result5a << "." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The 9th member function replaces  // part of the operand string delineated with iterators  // with specified characters  string s6o ( "AAAAAAAG" );  char ch6p = 'q';  cout << "The operand string s6o is: " << s6o << endl;  cout << "The parameter character ch6p is: " << ch6p << endl;  basic_string<char>::iterator IterF2, IterL2;  IterF2 = s6o.begin ( );  IterL2 = s6o.begin ( ) + 3;  string result6a;  result6a = s6o.replace ( IterF2 , IterL2 , 4 , ch6p );  cout << "The result of s6o.replace (IterF1, IterL1, 4, ch6p)\n is "   << "the string: " << result6a << "." << endl;  cout << endl;  // The 10th member function replaces  // part of the operand string delineated with iterators  // with part of a parameter string delineated with iterators  string s7o ( "OOOOOOO" );  string s7p ( "PPPP" );  cout << "The operand string s7o is: " << s7o << endl;  cout << "The parameter string s7p is: " << s7p << endl;  basic_string<char>::iterator IterF3, IterL3, IterF4, IterL4;  IterF3 = s7o.begin ( ) + 1;  IterL3 = s7o.begin ( ) + 3;  IterF4 = s7p.begin ( );  IterL4 = s7p.begin ( ) + 2;  string result7a;  result7a = s7o.replace ( IterF3 , IterL3 , IterF4 , IterL4 );  cout << "The result of s7o.replace (IterF3 ,IterL3 ,IterF4 ,IterL4)\n is "   << "the string: " << result7a << "." << endl;  cout << endl;
}  

void reserve(size_type count = 0);

// basic_string_reserve.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ("Hello world");  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1, sizerStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  basic_string <char>::size_type capStr1, caprStr1;  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  // Compare size & capacity of the original string  cout << "The current size of original string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of original string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  // Compare size & capacity of the string  // with added capacity  str1.reserve ( 40 );  sizerStr1 = str1.size ( );  caprStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  cout << "The string str1with augmented capacity is: "  << str1 << endl;  cout << "The current size of string str1 is: "   << sizerStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The new capacity of string str1 is: "  << caprStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  // Compare size & capacity of the string  // with downsized capacity  str1.reserve ( );  basic_string <char>::size_type sizedStr1;  basic_string <char>::size_type capdStr1;  sizedStr1 = str1.size ( );  capdStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  cout << "The string str1 with downsized capacity is: "  << str1 << endl;  cout << "The current size of string str1 is: "   << sizedStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The reduced capacity of string str1 is: "  << capdStr1 << "." << endl << endl;
}  

void resize(size_type count,);void resize(size_type count,  _Elem _Ch);

// basic_string_resize.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string  str1 ( "Hello world" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  basic_string <char>::size_type capStr1;  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  // Compare size & capacity of the original string  cout << "The current size of original string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of original string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  // Use resize to increase size by 2 elements: exclamations  str1.resize ( str1.size ( ) + 2 , '!' );  cout << "The resized string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  // Compare size & capacity of a string after resizing  cout << "The current size of resized string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of resized string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  // Use resize to increase size by 20 elements:  str1.resize ( str1.size ( ) + 20 );  cout << "The resized string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  // Compare size & capacity of a string after resizing  // note capacity increases automatically as required  cout << "The current size of modified string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of modified string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  // Use resize to downsize by 28 elements:  str1.resize ( str1.size ( ) - 28 );  cout << "The downsized string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size (  );  capStr1 = str1.capacity (  );  // Compare size & capacity of a string after downsizing  cout << "The current size of downsized string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of downsized string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;
}  

typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;  

size_type rfind(value_type _Ch,   size_type _Off = npos) const;size_type rfind(const value_type* ptr,  size_type _Off = npos) const;size_type rfind(const value_type* ptr,   size_type _Off,  size_type count) const;size_type rfind(const basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str,  size_type _Off = npos) const;

// basic_string_rfind.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // The first member function  // searches for a single character in a string  string str1 ( "Hello Everyone" );  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh1a, indexCh1b;  static const basic_string <char>::size_type npos = -1;  indexCh1a = str1.rfind ( "e" , 9 );  if ( indexCh1a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st 'e' found before the 9th"  << " position in str1 is: " << indexCh1a << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'e' was not found in str1 ." << endl;  indexCh1b = str1.rfind ( "x" );  if ( indexCh1b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 'x' found in str1 is: "  << indexCh1b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "The character 'x' was not found in str1."  << endl << endl;  // The second member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str2 ( "Let me make this perfectly clear." );  cout << "The original string str2 is: " << str2 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh2a, indexCh2b;  const char *cstr2 = "perfect";  indexCh2a = str2.rfind ( cstr2 , 30 );  if ( indexCh2a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'perfect' "  << "before\n the 30th position in str2 is: "  << indexCh2a << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'perfect' was not found in str2 ."  << endl;  const char *cstr2b = "imperfectly";  indexCh2b = str2.rfind ( cstr2b , 30 );  if ( indexCh2b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'imperfect' "  << "before\n the 5th position in str3 is: "  << indexCh2b << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'imperfect' was not found in str2 ."  << endl << endl;  // The third member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a C-string  string str3 ( "It is a nice day. I am happy." );  cout << "The original string str3 is: " << str3 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh3a, indexCh3b;  const char *cstr3a = "nice";  indexCh3a = str3.rfind ( cstr3a );  if ( indexCh3a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'nice' "  << "in str3 is: " << indexCh3a << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'nice' was not found in str3 ."  << endl;  const char *cstr3b = "am";  indexCh3b = str3.rfind ( cstr3b , indexCh3a + 25 , 2 );  if ( indexCh3b != npos )  cout << "The index of the next occurrance of 'am' in "  << "str3 begins at: " << indexCh3b << endl << endl;  else  cout << "There is no next occurrence of 'am' in str3 ."  << endl << endl;  // The fourth member function searches a string  // for a substring as specified by a string  string str4 ( "This perfectly unclear." );  cout << "The original string str4 is: " << str4 << endl;  basic_string <char>::size_type indexCh4a, indexCh4b;  string str4a ( "clear" );  indexCh4a = str4.rfind ( str4a , 15 );  if (indexCh4a != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'clear' "  << "before\n the 15th position in str4 is: "  << indexCh4a << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'clear' was not found in str4 "  << "before the 15th position." << endl;  string str4b ( "clear" );  indexCh4b = str4.rfind ( str4b );  if ( indexCh4b != npos )  cout << "The index of the 1st element of 'clear' "  << "in str4 is: "  << indexCh4b << endl;  else  cout << "The substring 'clear' was not found in str4 ."  << endl << endl;
}  

void shrink_to_fit();

size_type size() const;

// basic_string_size.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ("Hello world");  cout << "The original string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  // The size and length member functions differ in name only  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1, lenStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size (  );  lenStr1 = str1.length (  );  basic_string <char>::size_type capStr1, max_sizeStr1;  capStr1 = str1.capacity (  );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size (  );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  cout << "The current size of original string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of original string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of original string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of original string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl << endl;  str1.erase ( 6, 5 );  cout << "The modified string str1 is: " << str1 << endl;  sizeStr1 = str1.size ( );  lenStr1 = str1.length ( );  capStr1 = str1.capacity ( );  max_sizeStr1 = str1.max_size ( );  // Compare size, length, capacity & max_size of a string  // after erasing part of the original string  cout << "The current size of modified string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The current length of modified string str1 is: "   << lenStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of modified string str1 is: "  << capStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The max_size of modified string str1 is: "   << max_sizeStr1 << "." << endl;
}  

typedef typename allocator_type::size_type size_type;  

// basic_string_size_type.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string str1 ( "Hello world" );  basic_string <char>::size_type sizeStr1, capStr1;  sizeStr1 = str1.size (  );  capStr1 = str1.capacity (  );  cout << "The current size of string str1 is: "   << sizeStr1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The capacity of string str1 is: " << capStr1   << "." << endl;
}  

basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator> substr(size_type _Off = 0,  size_type count = npos) const;

// basic_string_substr.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  string  str1 ("Heterological paradoxes are persistent.");  cout << "The original string str1 is: \n " << str1  << endl << endl;  basic_string <char> str2 = str1.substr ( 6 , 7 );  cout << "The substring str1 copied is: " << str2  << endl << endl;  basic_string <char> str3 = str1.substr (  );  cout << "The default substring str3 is: \n " << str3  <<  "\n which is the entire original string." << endl;
}  

void swap(basic_string<CharType, Traits, Allocator>& str);

// basic_string_swap.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  // Declaring an objects of type basic_string<char>  string s1 ( "Tweedledee" );  string s2 ( "Tweedledum" );  cout << "Before swapping string s1 and s2:" << endl;  cout << " The basic_string s1 = " << s1 << "." << endl;  cout << " The basic_string s2 = " << s2 << "." << endl;  s1.swap ( s2 );  cout << "After swapping string s1 and s2:" << endl;  cout << " The basic_string s1 = " << s1 << "." << endl;  cout << " The basic_string s2 = " << s2 << "." << endl;
}  

typedef Traits traits_type;  

typedef typename allocator_type::value_type value_type;  

// basic_string_value_type.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <string>
#include <iostream>  int main( )
{  using namespace std;  basic_string<char>::value_type ch1 = 'G';  char ch2 = 'H';  cout << "The character ch1 is: " << ch1 << "." << endl;  cout << "The character ch2 is: " << ch2 << "." << endl;
}