Git基础教程（二）

　　继续上篇Git基础教程（一），在开篇之前，先回顾一下上篇中的基本命令。

 1 配置命令：git config --global *
 2 版本库初始化：git init
 3 向版本库添加文件：git add *
 4 提交文件：git commit *
 5 查看状态：git status
 6 查看修改详情：git diff *
 7 查看日志：git log  (*)
 8 恢复版本：git reset *
 9 撤销：git checkout -- *
10 删除：git rm *
11
12 配置github：ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "******@163.com"
13 添加远程库：git remote add *
14 调试：ssh -T -v git@github.com
15 查询远程库：git remote -v
16 删除远程库文件：
17 git rm -f gitReadme.md
18 git commit -m "delete file Gitreadme.md"  --先删除本地库
19 git push origin master
20 删除远程库：git remote remove origin
21 克隆远程库：git clone *

　（续）4，分支管理

1）查看当前分支

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git branch
3 * master

2）创建并切换

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git branch dev
3
4 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
5 $ git checkout dev
6 Switched to branch 'dev'

等价语句：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
2 $ git checkout -b working
3 Switched to a new branch 'working'

git branch命令会列出所有分支，当前分支前面会标一个*号。

3）合并分支工作成果

在working分支添加一个readme.md

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (working)
2 $ git add readme.md
3
4 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (working)
5 $ git commit -m 'add readme.md'
6 [working 59dc0fe] add readme.md
7 1 file changed,16 insertions(+)
8 create mode 100644 readme.md
9

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (working)
 2 $ cat readme.md
 3 ----------
 4 # 数据结构学习笔记 #
 5 >**本笔记来自学习《数据结构与算法.严蔚敏（48集）》视频，[数据结构(C语言版)].严蔚敏_吴伟民.扫描版.pdf。**
 6
 7
 8 ----------
 9 # 第01章 绪论 #
10 ## 学习要点 ##
11 1.熟悉各名词、术语的含义，掌握基本概念；
12 2.理解算法五个要素的确切含义；
13 3.掌握计算语句频度和估算算法时间复杂度的方法。
14 ## 代码块 ##
15 -矩阵乘法
16 -选择排序
17 -冒泡排序
18
19 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
20 $ cat readme.md
21 cat: readme.md:No such file or directory

把working上的工作成果合并到master上来：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git merge working
3 Updating b460b3f..59dc0fe
4 Fast-forward
5  readme.md |16++++++++++++++++
6 1 file changed,16 insertions(+)
7  create mode 100644 readme.md

删除分支：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git branch -d dev
3 Deleted branch dev (was b460b3f).

强行删除分支：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git branch -d working
3 error:The branch 'working' is not fully merged.
4 If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D working'.

遇到问题如下：

分析：

任务未完成。解决：

小结：往远程库添加一个文件的步骤如下：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 2 $ git add readme.md
 3
 4 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 5 $ git commit -m "add a reame.md file."
 6 [master b6fc772] add a reame.md file.
 7 1 file changed,17 insertions(+)
 8 create mode 100644 readme.md
 9
10 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
11 $ git pull --rebase origin master
12 remote:Counting objects:2,done.
13 remote:Compressing objects:100%(2/2),done.
14 remote:Total2(delta 1), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 0
15 Unpacking objects:100%(2/2),done.
16 From github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure
17   * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
18   6fb284c..8366817 master -> origin/master
19 First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
20 Applying: add a reame.md file.
21 Applying:数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc
22 Applying: add a reame.md file.
23
24 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
25 $ git push origin master
26 Counting objects:6,done.
27 Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
28 Compressing objects:100%(6/6),done.
29 Writing objects:100%(6/6),604 bytes |0 bytes/s,done.
30 Total6(delta 4), reused 0(delta 0)
31 remote:Resolving deltas:100%(4/4), completed with 2local objects.
32 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git
33   8366817..da420b4 master -> master

4）解决冲突

在分支dev提交gitReadme.md：

zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
$ cat gitReadme.md
# gitReadme #
----------
Creating a new branch is quick and simple.(Dev)zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
$ git add gitReadme.mdzhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
$ git commit -m "Add gitReadme.md"
[dev 366500d]Add gitReadme.md
1 file changed,4 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 gitReadme.md

切换到主分支master上：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
2 $ git checkout master
3 Switched to branch 'master'
4 M readme.md
5 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.
6 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
7
8 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
9 $

在分支master修改并提交gitReadme.md：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 2 $ cat gitReadme.md
 3 # gitReadme #
 4 ----------
 5 Change a main branch of master is quick and simple.(Master)
 6
 7 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 8 $ git add gitReadme.md
 9
10 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
11 $ git commit -m "Add gitReadme.md"
12 [master b466603]Add gitReadme.md
13 1 file changed,4 insertions(+)
14 create mode 100644 gitReadme.md

合并：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git merge dev
3 Auto-merging gitReadme.md
4 CONFLICT (add/add):Merge conflict in gitReadme.md
5 Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

查看文档：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)
 2 $ cat gitReadme.md
 3 # gitReadme #
 4
 5 ----------
 6 <<<<<<< HEAD
 7 Change a main branch of master is quick and simple.(Master)
 8 =======
 9
10 Creating a new branch is quick and simple.(Dev)
11 >>>>>>> dev

手动解决：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)
 2 $ vi gitReadme.md
 3 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)
 4 $ cat gitReadme.md
 5 # gitReadme #
 6 ----------
 7
 8 Change a main branch of master is quick and simple.(Master)
 9 ----------
10 Creating a new branch is quick and simple.(Dev)
11
12 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)
13 $ git add gitReadme.md
14
15 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)
16 $ git commit -m "Add gitReadme.md confict fixed."
17 [master 8e59a4d]Add gitReadme.md confict fixed.
18
19 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
20 $

查看日志：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

5）分支管理策略

通常，合并分支时，如果可能，Git会用Fast forward模式，但这种模式下，删除分支后，会丢掉分支信息。如果要强制禁用Fast forward模式，Git就会在merge时生成一个新的commit，这样，从分支历史上就可以看出分支信息。

创建分支dev并切换，添加文件：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 2 $ git checkout -b dev
 3 Switched to a new branch 'dev'
 4
 5 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
 6 $ cat gitReadme.md
 7 # gitReadme #
 8 ----------
 9 Creating a new branch with --no-ff is quick and simple.(Dev)
10
11 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
12 $ git add gitReadme.md
13
14 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
15 $ git commit -m 'Add merge with --no-ff.'
16 [dev 49afeab]Add merge with --no-ff.
17 1 file changed,1 insertion(+),4 deletions(-)

切换到主分支master上，并合并：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
 2 $ git checkout master
 3 Switched to branch 'master'
 4 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 6 commits.
 5 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
 6
 7 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 8 $ git merge --no-ff -m "Merge with no-ff." dev
 9 Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
10 gitReadme.md |5+----
11 1 file changed,1 insertion(+),4 deletions(-)

查看日志：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

在实际开发中，我们应该按照几个基本原则进行分支管理：

首先，master分支应该是非常稳定的，也就是仅用来发布新版本，平时不能在上面干活；

干活都在dev分支上，也就是说，dev分支是不稳定的，到某个时候，比如1.0版本发布时，再把dev分支合并到master上，在master分支发布1.0版本；

每个人都在dev分支上干活，每个人都有自己的分支，时不时地往dev分支上合并即可。

5，多人协作

1）bug分支

Git还提供了一个stash功能，可以把当前工作现场“储藏”起来，等以后恢复现场后继续工作。

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
 2 $ git branch
 3     * dev
 4     master
 5
 6 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
 7 $ git status
 8 On branch dev
 9 Changes not staged for commit:
10     (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
11     (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
12
13         modified: readme.md
14
15 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
16
17 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
18 $ git stash
19 Saved working directory and index state WIP on dev:49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.
20 HEAD is now at 49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.
21
22 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
23 $ git checkout master
24 Switched to branch 'master'
25 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 10 commits.
26 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
27
28 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
29 $ git checkout -b issue-101
30 Switched to a new branch 'issue-101'
31
32 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (issue-101)
33 $ git add readme.md
34
35 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (issue-101)
36 $ git commit -m "fix bug 101"
37 On branch issue-101
38 nothing to commit, working tree clean
39
40 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (issue-101)
41 $ git checkout master
42 Switched to branch 'master'
43 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 10 commits.
44 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
45
46 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
47 $ git merge --no-ff -m "merge bug fix 101" issue-101
48 Already up-to-date.
49
50 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
51 $ git branch -d issue-101
52 Deleted branch issue-101(was c182956).
53
54 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
55 $ git checkout dev
56 Switched to branch 'dev'
57
58 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
59 $ git status
60 On branch dev
61 nothing to commit, working tree clean
62
63 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
64 $ git stash list
65 stash@{0}: WIP on dev:49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.
66
67 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
68 $ git stash pop
69 On branch dev
70 Changes not staged for commit:
71     (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
72     (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
73
74         modified: readme.md
75
76 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
77 Dropped refs/stash@{0}(ab63aa01e37e908d49ab921656884b29b17aeac1)
78
79 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
80 $ git stash list
81
82 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

2）feature分支

开发一个新feature，最好新建一个分支；如果要丢弃一个没有被合并过的分支，可以通过git branch -D <name>强行删除。

3）多人协作

查看远程库信息：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
2 $ git remote
3 origin
4
5 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
6 $ git remote -v
7 origin git@github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git (fetch)
8 origin git@github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git (push)

推送分支：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
 2 $ git push origin dev
 3 Counting objects:20,done.
 4 Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
 5 Compressing objects:100%(20/20),done.
 6 Writing objects:100%(20/20),1.81KiB|0 bytes/s,done.
 7 Total20(delta 12), reused 0(delta 0)
 8 remote:Resolving deltas:100%(12/12), completed with 2local objects.
 9 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git
10 *[new branch] dev -> dev

推送原则：

(1)master分支是主分支，因此要时刻与远程同步；

(2)dev分支是开发分支，团队所有成员都需要在上面工作，所以也需要与远程同步；

(3)bug分支只用于在本地修复bug；

(4)feature分支是否推到远程，取决于合作开发。

抓取分支：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)
2 $ git clone git@github.com:zhangbc/PythonWorking.git
3 Cloning into 'PythonWorking'...
4 remote:Counting objects:90,done.
5 remote:Compressing objects:100%(2/2),done.
6 remote:Total90(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 88
7 Receiving objects:100%(90/90),18.55KiB|6.00KiB/s,done.
8 Resolving deltas:100%(47/47),done.

6，标签管理

发布一个版本时，我们通常先在版本库中打一个标签（tag），这样，就唯一确定了打标签时刻的版本。将来无论什么时候，取某个标签的版本，就是把那个打标签的时刻的历史版本取出来。所以，标签也是版本库的一个快照。

创建标签：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git tag V1.0

查看标签：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git tag
3 V1.0

补打标签，先查找commit id：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 2 $ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
 3 c182956 merge bug fix 101
 4 2fd9cb4 fix bug 101
 5 ffb5db6 Merge with no-ff.
 6 49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.
 7 8e59a4dAdd gitReadme.md confict fixed.
 8 b466603 Add gitReadme.md
 9 366500dAdd gitReadme.md
10 63b712aMerge branch 'dev'
11 4d28e6d an example
12 6da4fcd an example
13 da420b4 add a reame.md file.
14 cfce135 数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc
15 5433fd9 add a reame.md file.
16 8366817Delete README.md
17 6fb284c数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc
18 ac69d7d 数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc
19 bde6080 add readme.md
20 39013c9Create README.md
21 b460b3f 数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc
22
23 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
24 $ git tag v0.1 da420b4

查看标签详情：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git show V1.0
3 commit c182956d8cf80b393b18027cc6bb010481aeae40
4 Merge: ffb5db6 2fd9cb4
5 Author: zhangbc <zhangbochengcheng189@163.com>
6 Date:MonMar616:47:202017+0800
7
8 merge bug fix 101

创建带有说明的标签：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git tag -a V0.2-m "Version 0.1 released"5433fd9

另外，创建带私钥签名的标签（配置略过）：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git tag -s -a V0.3-m "Version 0.3 released"

删除标签：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git tag -d show
3 Deleted tag 'show'(was c182956)

推送标签：

 1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
 2 $ git push origin V0.2
 3 Counting objects:1,done.
 4 Writing objects:100%(1/1),168 bytes |0 bytes/s,done.
 5 Total1(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0)
 6 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git
 7 *[new tag] V0.2-> V0.2
 8
 9 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
10 $ git push origin --tag
11 Total0(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0)
12 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git
13 *[new tag] V1.0-> V1.0
14 *[new tag] v0.1-> v0.1

删除远程库标签：

1 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git tag -d V0.2
3 Deleted tag 'V0.2'(was 30a96b6)
4
5 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
6 $ git push origin :refs/tags/V0.2
7 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git
8 -[deleted]V0.2

7，自定义Git

让Git显示不同的颜色：

1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)
2 $ git config --global color.ui true

忽略特殊文件：https://github.com/github/gitignore

在Git工作区的根目录下创建一个特殊的.gitignore文件，然后把要忽略的文件名填进去，Git就会自动忽略这些文件。

配置别名：

1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git config --global alias.st status
3
4 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
5 $ git st
6 On branch master
7 nothing to commit, working tree clean

1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
2 $ git config --global alias.lg "log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit"
3
4 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
5 $ git lg
6 *53aad04-(HEAD -> master, origin/master) C++ ignore file.(21 minutes ago)<zhangbc>
7 * c28d67e -本笔记系统说明文件 by zhangbc (35 minutes ago)<zhangbc>
8 * b797aab - delete file readmeBug.md (38 minutes ago)<zhangbc>
9 *20828c2- delete file Gitreadme.md (44 minutes ago)<zhangbc>

配置Git的时候，加上--global是针对当前用户起作用的，如果不加，那只针对当前仓库起作用。

每个仓库的配置文件：

Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
$ cat .git/config
[core]repositoryformatversion =0filemode = falsebare = falselogallrefupdates = truesymlinks = falseignorecase = true
[remote "origin"]url = git@github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.gitfetch =+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*

当前用户的配置文件：

 1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)
 2 $ cat .gitconfig
 3 [user]
 4         name = *****
 5         email = **********@163.com
 6 [color]
 7         ui = true
 8 [alias]
 9         st = status
10         g = log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset'--abbrev-commit

最后，Git基础入门知识，到此已基本完成，欢迎各位拍砖！

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangbc/p/6530010.html

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