Photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash

Markus Spiske 在 Unsplash 上 拍摄的 照片

People today store more of their valuable data digitally than ever before. For school, assignments, research papers, lab data, class notes, and many other important files are stored on computers. Many people have other personal files as well: photos, tax records, valuable messages, or other things. These files are too important to be stored only in one place. To protect them from disaster and catastrophe, backups are critical.

如今，人们以数字方式存储了比以往更多的宝贵数据。 对于学校而言，作业，研究论文，实验室数据，课堂笔记和许多其他重要文件都存储在计算机上。 许多人还拥有其他个人文件：照片，税收记录，有价值的消息或其他东西。 这些文件非常重要，无法仅存储在一个地方。 为了保护他们免受灾难和灾难的影响，备份至关重要。

Too often devices fail at the worst possible time. A hard drive crashes the last week of the semester and a month-long graduate research project is lost. A phone is stolen, and precious photos of young children are lost forever. A laptop is dropped on the ground, and several years of assignments, notes, and a portfolio are lost.

设备经常在最坏的时间发生故障。 一个学期的最后一周硬盘崩溃，一个月的研究生研究项目丢失。 电话被盗，幼小的珍贵照片永远丢失。 一台笔记本电脑掉在地上，丢失了数年的作业，笔记和档案袋。

Bad things can happen to anyone at any time. Data loss can happen to individuals or to large companies, and having a good backup strategy is just as important in both cases. Below are a few examples of times when backups could have saved the day:

任何人随时都可能发生坏事。 数据丢失可能会发生在个人或大公司上，并且拥有良好的备份策略在两种情况下同样重要。 以下是备份可以节省时间的一些示例：

• Pixar’s Toy Story 2 was accidentally deleted from their servers and almost lost.

  皮克斯的《玩具总动员2》被意外地从服务器上删除，几乎丢失了 。

• DJ Skrillex had a laptop stolen that contained the only copy of his yet-to-be-released album.

  DJ Skrillex的一台笔记本电脑被盗，其中包含他尚未发行的专辑的唯一副本 。

• A rapper paid a $1.2 million reward for a lost laptop.

  一名说唱歌手为丢失的笔记本电脑支付了120万美元的奖励 。

• A graduate student in Calgary, Alberta had his laptop and backup hard drive stolen from his car, losing years of work toward a dissertation.

  艾伯塔省卡尔加里的一名研究生从汽车上偷走了他的笔记本电脑和备用硬盘驱动器，丢掉了多年的论文工作 。

• A man’s phone died and he lost three years of photos of his children and wife.

  一个男人的电话死了，他失去了他的孩子和妻子三年的照片 。

Each of these incidents, and many more, could have been prevented if the unfortunate victims had a proper backup of their valuable files.

如果不幸的受害者正确备份了他们的宝贵文件，那么每一次此类事件以及更多其他事件都可以避免。

您将学到什么 (What you will learn)

• The 3–2–1 rule for backups备份的3–2–1规则
• The difference between sync and backup同步和备份之间的区别
• Options for your own personal backups您自己的个人备份的选项

3–2–1规则 (The 3–2–1 Rule)

A good backup strategy is an example of defense in depth. There is no place you can put your data that it will be protected from all types of things that could go wrong. Because of this issue, computer experts — ​including the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team — have long advocated for the 3–2–1 backup rule.

良好的备份策略是深入防御的一个例子。 您没有地方可以放置您的数据，使其免受各种可能出错的情况的影响。 因此，计算机专家-包括美国计算机应急准备小组 -一直提倡使用3–2–1备份规则。

The 3–2–1 rule of backups means having 3 copies of your data (one primary copy, and two backups) stored on 2 different media (e.g., hard drive, USB drive, or tape drive) with 1 copy stored offsite. Below we talk about the reasons for each of these rules, with ideas for how to implement them.

3–2–1备份规则意味着将数据的3个副本(一个主副本和两个备份)存储在2种不同的介质(例如硬盘，USB驱动器或磁带驱动器)上，其中1个副本存储在异地。 下面我们讨论每个规则的原因，以及如何执行这些规则的想法。

3份 (3 Copies)

One backup is better than no backup, but there is still the chance that both backups could fail at once. If your only backup fails, or is stolen along with your main copy, then you’re back to square one with no backup at all.

一次备份总比没有备份要好，但是两个备份都可能一次失败。 如果您唯一的备份失败，或者与主副本一起被盗 ，那么您将回到完全没有备份的状态。

Of course, even with three backups, you might still run into some circumstance where all copies fail at once. For the most critical of your files, you might want to go beyond 3–2–1, but if your current backup strategy is “I don’t have one,” three is a great place to start.

当然，即使有三个备份，您仍可能会遇到所有副本都立即失效的情况。 对于最关键的文件，您可能希望超出3–2–1，但是如果您当前的备份策略是“我没有一个”，那么最好选择三个。

2媒体 (2 Media)

The two-media rule of 3–2–1 refers to what types of device your data are stored on. The reasoning behind the different media is protection against various types of failure. Hard drives in a computer can fail if the computer is bounced around too much during use, but a solid state drive like an SD card or USB Flash drive can survive being jolted a bit.

两种介质的3–2–1规则是指数据存储在哪种设备上。 不同介质背后的原因是防止各种类型的故障。 如果计算机在使用过程中弹跳太多，计算机中的硬盘驱动器可能会发生故障，但是固态驱动器(例如SD卡或USB闪存驱动器)可能会受到一点震动。

The earliest forms of the 3–2–1 rule recommended storing data on hard drives and tape drives. While tape drives are still used in corporate settings (Sony and IBM recently developed a drive that can hold 330 terabytes), you’re probably not going to need one for your personal backup.

3–2-1规则的最早形式建议将数据存储在硬盘驱动器和磁带驱动器上。 尽管磁带驱动器仍在公司环境中使用( Sony和IBM最近开发了一种可容纳330 TB的驱动器 )，但是您可能不需要用它来进行个人备份。

What the two-media rule means now for your personal backup is that you’ll want to have two local copies of your data on different drives. The most common form is to regularly copy important files to a USB Flash drive or removable hard drive. That way you’ll have an extra local copy in case something happens to your computer.

现在，两种介质规则对于您的个人备份意味着什么，就是您希望将数据的两个本地副本存储在不同的驱动器上。 最常见的形式是定期将重要文件复制到USB闪存驱动器或可移动硬盘驱动器。 这样，您将拥有一个额外的本地副本，以防您的计算机发生故障。

Both Windows and macOS include utilities for setting up a local backup. On a Mac, this utility is called Time Machine. Time Machine creates a backup of any files you tell it to back up (by default it backs up all of your files, including videos, photos, and documents). It will automatically back up your files any time the backup disk is connected. On Windows, you can set up your backup under your Update & Security settings in the control panel.It’s important to remember to regularly back up your files to your local backup drive. Keep in mind that if you only do this backup once a month, you could lose up to a month of work if the main drive fails at the wrong time.

Windows和macOS都包含用于设置本地备份的实用程序。 在Mac上，此实用程序称为Time Machine。 Time Machine会创建您要备份的任何文件的备份(默认情况下，它将备份您的所有文件，包括视频，照片和文档)。 每当连接备份磁盘时，它将自动备份您的文件。 在Windows上，您可以在控制面板的“更新和安全性”设置下设置备份。重要的是要记住要定期将文件备份到本地备份驱动器。 请记住，如果您每月仅执行一次备份，则如果主驱动器在错误的时间出现故障，则可能会损失多达一个月的工作量。

1个场外 (1 Offsite)

The final step of the 3–2–1 rule is to have at least one backup copy that is stored in a separate geographical location — ​an offsite backup. The offsite backup protects you in case your computer and local backup get damaged, stolen, or destroyed. If your only backup is a USB flash drive at your house, you’re out of luck if disaster strikes and your house burns down. Similarly, if someone breaks into your house and steals both local copies, your backup would not be much use. To protect yourself from these and other potential disasters, it’s helpful to have an offsite backup stored in another city, state, or even country (we’re not quite advanced enough to put backup personal drives in space, but it’s getting there).

3–2-1规则的最后一步是至少有一个备份副本存储在单独的地理位置- 异地备份 。 异地备份可以保护您的计算机和本地备份，使其免受损坏，被盗或破坏。 如果您唯一的备份是家中的USB闪存驱动器，那么当灾难来袭并且房屋被烧毁时，您将不走运。 同样，如果有人闯入您的房屋并偷走了两个本地副本，则备份将不会有太大用处。 为了保护自己免受这些和其他潜在灾难的影响，将异地备份存储在另一个城市，州甚至国家/地区是有帮助的(我们的先进技术尚不足以将备份的个人驱动器放置在空间中，但是已经到达了目的地)。

In the olden days, an offsite backup meant making a local copy of your data and physically mailing or delivering it to a separate location. Business backups still might work this way, because sometimes it is faster to mail a large hard drive than to send lots of data over the Internet. Amazon will even mail you a huge bundle of hard drives to fill up with data and mail back to put into Amazon’s data center (the Snowball). If your needs are large enough, you can order a full truck to send up to 100 petabytes (that’s 100,000 terabytes, or 100 million gigabytes) at a time (the Snowmobile).

在过去，异地备份意味着对数据进行本地复制，然后以物理方式将其邮寄或传递到单独的位置。 业务备份仍然可以这种方式工作，因为有时邮寄大型硬盘比通过Internet发送大量数据要快。 亚马逊甚至会向您邮寄大量硬盘以填充数据，然后邮寄回亚马逊的数据中心( Snowball )。 如果您的需求足够大，则可以订购一辆完整的卡车，一次最多发送100 PB(即100,000 TB或1亿GB)( Snowmobile )。

Never underestimate the bandwidth of a station wagon full of tapes hurtling down the highway.

永远不要低估装满磁带的旅行车的带宽，它们在高速公路上行驶。

— Andrew Tanenbaum, Computer Networks 3rd ed.

— Andrew Tanenbaum，《计算机网络》第三版。

For a personal offsite backup, though, most people can use the Internet. Several companies offer online backup services that will put a copy of any of your files on their servers where only you can access them. Your files will be stored and protected in a data center far from your home, so if disaster strikes you’ll have a copy of everything important that you can restore from once you get a computer up and running again. These online backup services typically fall into one of two categories: backup and sync.

但是，对于个人异地备份，大多数人都可以使用Internet。 多家公司提供在线备份服务，该服务会将您的任何文件的副本放在其服务器上，只有您可以访问它们。 您的文件将存储在远离家的数据中心中并受到保护，因此，如果发生灾难，您将拥有一份重要的副本，可以在计算机重新启动并运行后从中恢复。 这些在线备份服务通常分为两类之一：备份和同步。

同步与备份 (Sync vs. Backup)

Two different types of service can serve as an offsite backup, depending on your needs, budget, and how important your files are. These two types of service are Sync and Backup.

两种不同类型的服务可以用作异地备份，具体取决于您的需求，预算和文件的重要性。 这两种服务是同步和备份。

Sync services are designed to synchronize files between computers. It could be that you need to work on your files at home or on your work computer, or that you need to share files with other people to collaborate on something. The most popular sync services are Google Drive and Dropbox.

同步服务旨在在计算机之间同步文件。 可能是您需要在家中或在工作计算机上处​​理文件，或者可能需要与其他人共享文件以进行协作。 最受欢迎的同步服务是Google Drive和Dropbox。

Sync services work by creating a folder on your computer. Anything that is inside the folder is sent to the sync folder on a server, and all computers with access to the folder get updated whenever a change is made. The reason a sync service is not a true backup is because every change, including deleted files, is synced between computers. That means any time a file is deleted from one of the computers, it will be deleted from all of them. Some sync services provide the ability to “undelete” files for a certain period of time (a few days or up to 30, depending on the service). As long as you notice the files missing in time, you may be able to recover them.

同步服务通过在计算机上创建一个文件夹来工作。 文件夹中的所有内容都将发送到服务器上的同步文件夹，并且只要进行更改，所有有权访问该文件夹的计算机都会更新。 同步服务不是真正的备份的原因是， 每项更改(包括已删除的文件)都在计算机之间同步。 这意味着，每当从其中一台计算机中删除文件时，该文件都会从所有计算机中删除。 某些同步服务提供了在特定时间段(几天或最多30天，取决于服务)中“删除”文件的功能。 只要您注意到文件丢失及时，就可以恢复它们。

A backup service is able to back up any file on your computer, no matter where it is stored. When configuring backup software, you tell it where to find the files, and what types of files to back up, and the backup begins. During the initial backup, all of the files will be uploaded to the backup servers. The initial backup can take a long time (possibly several days, depending on how much data you are sending). After the initial backup, only files that have changed are uploaded, so later backups will be much faster than the initial one.

备份服务能够备份计算机上的任何文件，无论该文件存储在何处。 配置备份软件时，您告诉它在哪里可以找到文件以及要备份的文件类型，然后开始备份。 在初始备份期间，所有文件都将上传到备份服务器。 初始备份可能需要很长时间(可能需要几天，具体取决于要发送的数据量)。 初始备份后，仅上载已更改的文件，因此以后的备份将比初始备份快得多。

个人备份计划 (Personal Backup Plan)

Now that you understand the value of backups, it’s time to make a personal backup plan. When you’re making your personal backup plan, you have to consider several important points:

现在您已经了解了备份的价值，是时候制定个人备份计划了。 在制定个人备份计划时，必须考虑以下几点：

1. Where is the data stored that you would like to back up? Fifteen years ago this was easy: your computer. Now you might have important files on your computer, your phone, a tablet, or possibly other places.您要备份的数据存储在哪里？ 十五年前，这很容易：您的计算机。 现在，您的计算机，手机，平板电脑或其他地方上可能都有重要文件。
2. How frequent do backups need to be? Would you be okay if you lost a day’s work because you hadn’t backed up? An hour? A week? Think about how much it would cost — ​in terms of time and money — ​to redo your work if your computer failed at the wrong time.备份需要多久进行一次？ 如果因为没有备份而失去了一天的工作，您会好起来吗？ 一小时？ 一周？ 考虑一下如果计算机在错误的时间出现故障，需要花费多少时间和金钱来重做您的工作。
3. How critical is the data, and how much is it worth to protect? Some types of data are more valuable than others.数据有多关键，需要保护多少？ 某些类型的数据比其他类型的数据更有价值。

As an example, I’ll use my own personal situation. You many not need all the components I have, or you may decide that some of your data needs more protection.

例如，我将使用自己的个人情况。 您可能不需要我拥有的所有组件，或者您可能会决定某些数据需要更多保护。

电脑 (Computer)

Most of my files for work and personal use are stored inside of Dropbox (a sync provider). I use the free plan, where I have built up to having 25 gigabytes of free storage. That’s enough for me to store most of my day-to-day work, but I can’t keep all of my files in there. Storing my most commonly used files in Dropbox allows me to have them on my work and home computer when I need them, because I work on anything, anytime, anywhere.

我的大部分用于工作和个人使用的文件都存储在Dropbox(同步提供程序)内部。 我使用免费计划，在那里我已经建立了25 GB的免费存储空间。 这足以存储我的大部分日常工作，但是我无法将所有文件都保存在其中。 将我最常用的文件存储在Dropbox中后，我可以在需要它们时将它们放在工作和家庭计算机上，因为我可以随时随地进行任何工作。

On my home computer, I also have an external hard drive plugged in all the time for backups. Daily backups from my computer to the hard drive provide a level of redundancy if my computer’s hard drive fails.

在我的家用计算机上，我一直都插有外部硬盘驱动器以进行备份。 如果计算机的硬盘驱动器发生故障，则从计算机到硬盘驱动器的每日备份将提供一定程度的冗余。

Since I’m not able to store everything in Dropbox, and I want to be able to recover anything, even if it gets deleted (I have kids who sometimes like to randomly press buttons on my keyboard), I pay monthly for an online backup. Currently I use Crashplan, but their consumer plan is ending so I’ll need to switch to somebody else soon.

由于我无法将所有内容存储在Dropbox中，并且我希望能够恢复任何内容，即使它被删除了(我的孩子有时喜欢随机按下键盘上的按钮)，所以我每月为在线备份付费。 目前，我使用的是Crashplan，但是他们的消费者计划即将结束，因此我需要尽快切换到其他人。

And that gets me to 3–2–1 on my computer. You might even call it 3–2–2, since I have both Dropbox and a real backup for my most important files.

这样一来，我的计算机便达到了3–2–1。 您甚至可以将其称为3–2–2，因为我同时拥有Dropbox和最重要文件的真实备份。

移动 (Mobile)

I also have a backup plan for my phone. I don’t do a lot of work from my phone, but I want to make sure that I don’t lose any valuable pictures if something happens to it. I use Dropbox Camera Upload and Google Photos to make redundant copies of my pictures as soon as I take them (as long as I’m connected to WiFi). Dropbox puts them into a folder in my Dropbox that is then synced to all my computers. Then my backup service backs it up yet another time, so I have redundant copies of all my pictures and videos of my kids.

我也有手机备份计划。 我不会通过手机做很多工作，但是我想确保如果发生任何事情，我不会丢失任何有价值的照片。 拍下照片后，我就会使用Dropbox Camera Upload和Google相册来制作照片的冗余副本(只要我已连接到WiFi)。 Dropbox将它们放入我Dropbox的文件夹中，然后将其同步到我的所有计算机。 然后，我的备份服务又将其备份一次，因此我拥有我所有孩子的所有图片和视频的冗余副本。

服务供应商 (Service Providers)

Below is a list of service providers you may want to investigate depending on your needs. There are many others, and the ones included in this list are here only because I’ve heard of them. I haven’t used them all, and no nothing about their quality, so do some research before you pick a backup service to rely on.

以下是您可能需要根据需要调查的服务提供商的列表。 还有很多其他内容，而此列表中包含的内容仅是因为我听说过它们。 我还没有全部使用它们，而且它们的质量也没有，所以在选择要依赖的备份服务之前要做一些研究。

Local

本地

• Flash Drive随身碟
• USB Hard driveUSB硬盘
• Apple Airport time capsule苹果机场时间胶囊
• Network Attached Storage drive网络附加存储驱动器

Online Backup

在线备份

• Backblaze烈火
• Carbonite碳酸盐岩
• iDrive我开车

Sync

同步

• Box框
• Dropbox投寄箱
• Google DriveGoogle云端硬碟

反思问题 (Reflection questions)

1. Why is it important to have more than one backup copy of your files?为什么拥有多个文件备份很重要？
2. Describe a situation where you would need to restore from an offsite backup.描述您需要从异地备份还原的情况。

活动项目 (Activities)

Write down your personal backup plan. How will you follow the 3–2–1 rule?

写下您的个人备份计划。 您将如何遵循3–2–1规则？

1. Make a list of what electronic data you need to protect, including where it is stored.列出需要保护的电子数据，包括存储位置。
2. Describe how frequently backups need to happen to protect this data. You might have some data that needs to be backed up more frequently than others. Think about how much it would cost to replace the data (money, time, etc.)描述保护数据需要多久进行一次备份。 您可能有一些数据需要比其他数据更频繁地备份。 考虑替换数据要花费多少钱(金钱，时间等)。
3. Make a backup plan that follows the 3–2–1 rule. Include specifics of how much it will cost to back up appropriately. Decide if you will use a sync or a backup service, or both. Explain your choices.制定遵循3–2–1规则的备份计划。 包括适当备份所需费用的详细信息。 确定是使用同步服务还是备份服务，或同时使用两者。 解释您的选择。

Originally published at awesome.schuetzler.net.

最初发布在 awesome.schuetzler.net上 。