Web框架 Bottle 、Flask 、Tornado

Bottle

Flask

Tornado

Python的WEB框架

Bottle

Bottle是一个快速、简洁、轻量级的基于WSIG的微型Web框架，此框架只由一个 .py 文件，除了Python的标准库外，其不依赖任何其他模块。

pip install bottle
easy_install bottle
apt-get install python-bottle
wget http://bottlepy.org/bottle.py

Bottle框架大致可以分为以下部分：

路由系统，将不同请求交由指定函数处理
模板系统，将模板中的特殊语法渲染成字符串，值得一说的是Bottle的模板引擎可以任意指定：Bottle内置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
公共组件，用于提供处理请求相关的信息，如：表单数据、cookies、请求头等

服务，Bottle默认支持多种基于WSGI的服务，如：

server_names = {'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern' : BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer,
}

框架的基本使用

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/')
def index():return "Hello World"# return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

一、路由系统

路由系统是的url对应指定函数，当用户请求某个url时，就由指定函数处理当前请求，对于Bottle的路由系统可以分为一下几类：

静态路由
动态路由
请求方法路由
二级路由

1、静态路由

@root.route('/hello/')
def index():return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")

2、动态路由

@root.route('/wiki/<pagename>')
def callback(pagename):...@root.route('/object/<id:int>')
def callback(id):...@root.route('/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>')
def callback(name):...@root.route('/static/<path:path>')
def callback(path):return static_file(path, root='static')

3、请求方法路由

@root.route('/hello/', method='POST')
def index():...@root.get('/hello/')
def index():...@root.post('/hello/')
def index():...@root.put('/hello/')
def index():...@root.delete('/hello/')
def index():...

4、二级路由

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottleapp01 = Bottle()@app01.route('/hello/', method='GET')
def index():return template('<b>App01</b>!')

app01.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottleapp02 = Bottle()@app02.route('/hello/', method='GET')
def index():return template('<b>App02</b>!')

app02.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
from bottle import static_file
root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/')
def index():return template('<b>Root {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")from framwork_bottle import app01
from framwork_bottle import app02root.mount('app01', app01.app01)
root.mount('app02', app02.app02)root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

二、模板系统

模板系统用于将Html和自定的值两者进行渲染，从而得到字符串，然后将该字符串返回给客户端。我们知道在Bottle中可以使用内置模板系统、mako、jinja2、cheetah等，以内置模板系统为例：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title>
</head>
<body><h1>{{name}}</h1>
</body>
</html>

hello_template.tpl

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/')
def index():# 默认情况下去目录：['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中return template('hello_template.tpl', name='alex')root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

1、语法

单值
单行Python代码
Python代码快
Python、Html混合

    <h1>1、单值</h1>{{name}}<h1>2、单行Python代码</h1>% s1 = "hello"<h1>3、Python代码块</h1><%# A block of python codename = name.title().strip()if name == "Alex":name="seven"%><h1>4、Python、Html混合</h1>% if True:<span>{{name}}</span>% end<ul>% for item in name:<li>{{item}}</li>% end</ul>

2、函数

include(sub_template, **variables)

# 导入其他模板文件% include('header.tpl', title='Page Title')
Page Content
% include('footer.tpl')

rebase(name, **variables)

<html>
<head><title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title>
</head>
<body>{{!base}}
</body>
</html>

base.tpl

# 导入母版% rebase('base.tpl', title='Page Title')
<p>Page Content ...</p>

defined(name)

# 检查当前变量是否已经被定义，已定义True，未定义False

get(name, default=None)

# 获取某个变量的值，不存在时可设置默认值

setdefault(name, default)

# 如果变量不存在时，为变量设置默认值

扩展：自定义函数

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title>
</head>
<body><h1>自定义函数</h1>{{ wupeiqi() }}</body>
</html>

hello_template.tpl

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate
root = Bottle()def custom():return '123123'@root.route('/hello/')
def index():# 默认情况下去目录：['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom)root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

main.py

注：变量或函数前添加【 ! 】，则会关闭转义的功能

三、公共组件

由于Web框架就是用来【接收用户请求】-> 【处理用户请求】-> 【响应相关内容】，对于具体如何处理用户请求，开发人员根据用户请求来进行处理，而对于接收用户请求和相应相关的内容均交给框架本身来处理，其处理完成之后将产出交给开发人员和用户。

【接收用户请求】

当框架接收到用户请求之后，将请求信息封装在Bottle的request中，以供开发人员使用

【响应相关内容】

当开发人员的代码处理完用户请求之后，会将其执行内容相应给用户，相应的内容会封装在Bottle的response中，然后再由框架将内容返回给用户

所以，公共组件本质其实就是为开发人员提供接口，使其能够获取用户信息并配置响应内容。

1、request

Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalReqeust对象，其中封装了用户请求的相关信息：

request.headers请求头信息request.queryget请求信息request.formspost请求信息request.files上传文件信息request.paramsget和post请求信息request.GETget请求信息request.POSTpost和上传信息request.cookiescookie信息request.environ环境相关相关

2、response

Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalResponse对象，其中框架即将返回给用户的相关信息：

responseresponse.status_line状态行response.status_code状态码response.headers响应头response.charset编码response.set_cookie在浏览器上设置cookieresponse.delete_cookie在浏览器上删除cookie

实例：

from bottle import route, request@route('/login')
def login():return '''<form action="/login" method="post">Username: <input name="username" type="text" />Password: <input name="password" type="password" /><input value="Login" type="submit" /></form>'''@route('/login', method='POST')
def do_login():username = request.forms.get('username')password = request.forms.get('password')if check_login(username, password):return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>"else:return "<p>Login failed.</p>"

基本Form请求

<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">Category:      <input type="text" name="category" />Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /><input type="submit" value="Start upload" />
</form>@route('/upload', method='POST')
def do_upload():category   = request.forms.get('category')upload     = request.files.get('upload')name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename)if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'):return 'File extension not allowed.'save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category)upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automaticallyreturn 'OK'

上传文件

四、服务

对于Bottle框架其本身未实现类似于Tornado自己基于socket实现Web服务，所以必须依赖WSGI，默认Bottle已经实现并且支持的WSGI有：

server_names = {'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern' : BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer,
}

WSGI

使用时，只需在主app执行run方法时指定参数即可：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import Bottle
root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/')
def index():return "Hello World"
# 默认server ＝'wsgiref'
root.run(host='localhost', port=8080, server='wsgiref')

默认server＝"wsgiref"，即：使用Python内置模块wsgiref，如果想要使用其他时，则需要首先安装相关类库，然后才能使用。如：

# 如果使用Tornado的服务，则需要首先安装tornado才能使用class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):""" The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover# 导入Tornado相关模块import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloopcontainer = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

bottle.py源码

PS：以上WSGI中提供了19种，如果想要使期支持其他服务，则需要扩展Bottle源码来自定义一个ServerAdapter

更多参见：http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html

Flask

Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架，对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端，其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理，然后触发Flask框架，开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理，并返回给用户，如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时，需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理，即：将模板和数据进行渲染，将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。

“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件（虽然确实可以），也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。

默认情况下，Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证，或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能，如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的，但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。

安装

pip install Flask

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response@Request.application
def hello(request):return Response('Hello World!')if __name__ == '__main__':from werkzeug.serving import run_simplerun_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)

werkzeug

一、第一次

from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)@app.route("/")
def hello():return "Hello World!"if __name__ == "__main__":app.run()

二、路由系统

@app.route('/user/<username>')
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

常用路由系统有以上五种，所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理：

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {'default':          UnicodeConverter,'string':           UnicodeConverter,'any':              AnyConverter,'path':             PathConverter,'int':              IntegerConverter,'float':            FloatConverter,'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
}

注：对于Flask默认不支持直接写正则表达式的路由，不过可以通过自定义来实现，见：https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259

三、模板

1、模板的使用

Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其语法和Django无差别

2、自定义模板方法

Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template，如：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title>
</head>
<body><h1>自定义函数</h1>{{ww()|safe}}</body>
</html>

index.html

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)def wupeiqi():return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)app.run()

四、公共组件

1、请求

对于Http请求，Flask会讲请求信息封装在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest)，提供的如下常用方法和字段以供使用：

    request.methodrequest.argsrequest.formrequest.valuesrequest.filesrequest.cookiesrequest.headersrequest.pathrequest.full_pathrequest.script_rootrequest.urlrequest.base_urlrequest.url_rootrequest.host_urlrequest.host

@app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
def login():error = Noneif request.method == 'POST':if valid_login(request.form['username'],request.form['password']):return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])else:error = 'Invalid username/password'# the code below is executed if the request method# was GET or the credentials were invalidreturn render_template('login.html', error=error)

表单处理Demo

from flask import request
from werkzeug import secure_filename@app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def upload_file():if request.method == 'POST':f = request.files['the_file']f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))...

上传文件Demo

from flask import request@app.route('/setcookie/')
def index():username = request.cookies.get('username')# use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a# KeyError if the cookie is missing.from flask import make_response@app.route('/getcookie')
def index():resp = make_response(render_template(...))resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username')return resp

Cookie操作

2、响应

当用户请求被开发人员的逻辑处理完成之后，会将结果发送给用户浏览器，那么就需要对请求做出相应的响应。

a.字符串

@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():return "index"

b.模板引擎

from flask import Flask,render_template,request
app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():return render_template("index.html")app.run()

c.重定向

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():# return redirect('/login/')return redirect(url_for('login'))@app.route('/login/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():return "LOGIN"app.run()

d.错误页面

from flask import Flask, abort, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():abort(404, 'Nothing')
app.run()

指定URL，简单错误

from flask import Flask, abort, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():return "OK"@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):return render_template('page_not_found.html'), 404app.run()

e.设置相应信息

使用make_response可以对相应的内容进行操作

from flask import Flask, abort, render_template,make_response
app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型# response.delete_cookie# response.set_cookie# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'return responseapp.run()

3、Session

除请求对象之外，还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的，并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话，你需要设置一个密钥。

设置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'
删除：session.pop('username', None)

from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, requestapp = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/')
def index():if 'username' in session:return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])return 'You are not logged in'@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():if request.method == 'POST':session['username'] = request.form['username']return redirect(url_for('index'))return '''<form action="" method="post"><p><input type=text name=username><p><input type=submit value=Login></form>'''@app.route('/logout')
def logout():# remove the username from the session if it's theresession.pop('username', None)return redirect(url_for('index'))# set the secret key.  keep this really secret:
app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'

4.message

message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合，其特点是：使用一次就删除

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title>
</head>
<body>{% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}{% if messages %}<ul class=flashes>{% for message in messages %}<li>{{ message }}</li>{% endfor %}</ul>{% endif %}{% endwith %}
</body>
</html>

index.html

from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, requestapp = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'some_secret'@app.route('/')
def index1():return render_template('index.html')@app.route('/set')
def index2():v = request.args.get('p')flash(v)return 'ok'if __name__ == "__main__":app.run()

5.中间件

from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, requestapp = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'some_secret'@app.route('/')
def index1():return render_template('index.html')@app.route('/set')
def index2():v = request.args.get('p')flash(v)return 'ok'class MiddleWare:def __init__(self,wsgi_app):self.wsgi_app = wsgi_appdef __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)if __name__ == "__main__":app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)app.run(port=9999)

Flask还有众多其他功能，更多参见：
http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
http://flask.pocoo.org/

Tornado

Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp，不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境，这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具和优化。

Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架（包括大多数 Python 的框架）有着明显的区别：它是非阻塞式服务器，而且速度相当快。得利于其非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用，Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接，这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说，Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。（关于如何扩容服务器，以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题，请参阅 C10K problem。）

pip install tornado
源码安装https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz

一、快速上手

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world") ＃返回字符串　　　　　self.render(s0.html，参数)　　#返回文件application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

第一步：执行脚本，监听 8888 端口

第二步：浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index

第三步：服务器接受请求，并交由对应的类处理该请求

第四步：类接受到请求之后，根据请求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不同调用并执行相应的方法

第五步：方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado import httpclient
from tornado.web import asynchronous
from tornado import genimport uimodules as md
import uimethods as mtclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):@asynchronous@gen.coroutinedef get(self):print 'start get 'http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)self.write('end')def callback(self, response):print response.bodysettings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','ui_methods': mt,'ui_modules': md,
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8009)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

异步非阻塞实例

'template_path': 'template', 设置模版路径（html）
'static_path': 'static',（设置静态文件路径，js，css）
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

二、路由系统

路由系统其实就是 url 和类的对应关系，这里不同于其他框架，其他很多框架均是 url 对应函数，Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world")class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self, story_id):self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
])application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [(r'/index',BuyHandler),
])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

三、模板

Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似，模板引擎将模板文件载入内存，然后将数据嵌入其中，最终获取到一个完整的字符串，再将字符串返回给请求者。

Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”，控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的，例如 {{ items[0] }}。

控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if、for、while 和 try，这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块的代码文档中有着详细的描述。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><title>老男孩</title><link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />{% block CSS %}{% end %}
</head>
<body><div class="pg-header"></div>{% block RenderBody %}{% end %}<script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>{% block JavaScript %}{% end %}
</body>
</html>

layout.html

{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block CSS %}<link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% end %}{% block RenderBody %}<h1>Index</h1><ul>{%  for item in li %}<li>{{item}}</li>{% end %}</ul>{% end %}{% block JavaScript %}{% end %}

index.html

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('home/index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template',
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用：

escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组
handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象
request: handler.request 的別名
current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
locale: handler.locale 的別名
_: handler.locale.translate 的別名
static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名

Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule，我们也可以自定义从而实现类似于Django的simple_tag的功能：
1、定义

# uimethods.pydef tab(self):return 'UIMethod'

uimethods.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escapeclass custom(UIModule):def render(self, *args, **kwargs):return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')#return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')

uimodules.py

2、注册

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado.escape import linkify
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mtclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','ui_methods': mt,'ui_modules': md,
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8009)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

main.py

3、使用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body><h1>hello</h1>{% module custom(123) %}{{ tab() }}
</body>

index.html

四、实用功能

1、静态文件

对于静态文件，可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀，并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('home/index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/',
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

main.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body><h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>

index.html

备注：静态文件缓存的实现

    def get_content_version(cls, abspath):"""Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.This class method may be overridden by subclasses.  Thedefault implementation is a hash of the file's contents... versionadded:: 3.1"""data = cls.get_content(abspath)hasher = hashlib.md5()if isinstance(data, bytes):hasher.update(data)else:for chunk in data:hasher.update(chunk)return hasher.hexdigest()

静态文件缓存源码

2、csrf

Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似，跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)

settings = {"xsrf_cookies": True,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)

配置

<form action="/new_message" method="post">{{ xsrf_form_html() }}<input type="text" name="message"/><input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>

普通表单使用

function getCookie(name) {var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");return r ? r[1] : undefined;
}jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");$.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",success: function(response) {callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));}});
};

Ajax使用

注：Ajax使用时，本质上就是去获取本地的cookie，携带cookie再来发送请求

3、cookie

Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作，并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。

a、基本操作

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")else:self.write("Your cookie was set!")

Code

b、签名

Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息，你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。要使用这些方法，你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥，名字为 cookie_secret。你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中：

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")else:self.write("Your cookie was set!")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler),
], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")

Code

def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)for part in parts:hash.update(utf8(part))return utf8(hash.hexdigest())def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)hash.update(utf8(s))return utf8(hash.hexdigest())

内部算法

def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,key_version=None):if version is None:version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSIONif clock is None:clock = time.timetimestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))if version == 1:signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])return valueelif version == 2:# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a# signature, all separated by pipes.  All numbers are in# decimal format with no leading zeros.  The signature is an# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including# the final pipe.#
        # The fields are:# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)# - key version (integer, default is 0)# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)# - value (base64-encoded)# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)def format_field(s):return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)to_sign = b"|".join([b"2",format_field(str(key_version or 0)),format_field(timestamp),format_field(name),format_field(value),b''])if isinstance(secret, dict):assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'secret = secret[key_version]signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)return to_sign + signatureelse:raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)

内部算法-加密

def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")if len(parts) != 3:return Nonesignature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)return Nonetimestamp = int(parts[1])if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)return Noneif timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the# signature.  For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",value)return Noneif parts[1].startswith(b"0"):gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)return Nonetry:return base64.b64decode(parts[0])except Exception:return Nonedef _decode_fields_v2(value):def _consume_field(s):length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')n = int(length)field_value = rest[:n]# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")rest = rest[n + 1:]return field_value, restrest = value[2:]  # remove version numberkey_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sigdef _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):try:key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)except ValueError:return Nonesigned_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]if isinstance(secret, dict):try:secret = secret[key_version]except KeyError:return Noneexpected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):return Noneif name_field != utf8(name):return Nonetimestamp = int(timestamp)if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:# The signature has expired.return Nonetry:return base64.b64decode(value_field)except Exception:return Nonedef get_signature_key_version(value):value = utf8(value)version = _get_version(value)if version < 2:return Nonetry:key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)except ValueError:return Nonereturn key_version

内部算法-解密

签名Cookie的本质是：

写cookie过程：

将值进行base64加密

对除值以外的内容进行签名，哈希算法（无法逆向解析）

拼接签名 + 加密值

读cookie过程：

读取签名 + 加密值

对签名进行验证

base64解密，获取值内容

注：许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)if login_user:self.write(login_user)else:self.redirect('/login')class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.current_user()self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐')self.redirect('/')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Demo-基于cookie进行用户验证

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get_current_user(self):return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user")class MainHandler(BaseHandler):@tornado.web.authenticateddef get(self):login_user = self.current_userself.write(login_user)class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.current_user()self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐')self.redirect('/')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login'
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Demo-Toando内部提供基于cookie进行用户验证

4、Ajax上传文件

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title>
</head>
<body><input type="file" id="img" /><input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /><script>function UploadFile(){var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];var form = new FormData();form.append("k1", "v1");form.append("fff", fileObj);var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();xhr.open("post", '/index', true);xhr.send(form);}</script>
</body>
</html>

Html

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]# print(file_metas)for meta in file_metas:file_name = meta['filename']with open(file_name,'wb') as up:up.write(meta['body'])settings = {'template_path': 'template',
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8000)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Python

var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);$.ajax({type:'POST',url: '/index',data: form,processData: false,  // tell jQuery not to process the datacontentType: false,  // tell jQuery not to set contentTypesuccess: function(arg){console.log(arg);}
})

jQuery Ajax Upload

五、扩展功能

1、自定义Session

a.知识储备

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-class Foo(object):def __getitem__(self, key):print  '__getitem__',keydef __setitem__(self, key, value):print '__setitem__',key,valuedef __delitem__(self, key):print '__delitem__',keyobj = Foo()
result = obj['k1']
#obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi'
#del obj['k1']

b.session实现机制

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, timesession_container = {}create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()class Session(object):session_id = "__sessionId__"def __init__(self, request):session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)if not session_value:self._id = create_session_id()else:self._id = session_valuerequest.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)def __getitem__(self, key):return session_container[self._id][key]def __setitem__(self, key, value):if session_container.has_key(self._id):session_container[self._id][key] = valueelse:session_container[self._id] = {key: value}def __delitem__(self, key):del session_container[self._id][key]class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def initialize(self):# my_session['k1']访问 __getitem__ 方法self.my_session = Session(self)class MainHandler(BaseHandler):def get(self):print self.my_session['c_user']print self.my_session['c_card']self.write('index')class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):def get(self):self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.my_session['c_user'] = 'wupeiqi'self.my_session['c_card'] = '12312312309823012'self.redirect('/index')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login'
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

c. Session框架

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8import sys
import math
from bisect import bisectif sys.version_info >= (2, 5):import hashlibmd5_constructor = hashlib.md5
else:import md5md5_constructor = md5.newclass HashRing(object):"""一致性哈希"""def __init__(self,nodes):'''初始化nodes : 初始化的节点，其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点对于权重，通过多创建虚拟节点来实现如：nodes = [{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},]'''self.ring = dict()self._sorted_keys = []self.total_weight = 0self.__generate_circle(nodes)def __generate_circle(self,nodes):for node_info in nodes:self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1)for node_info in nodes:weight = node_info.get('weight',1)node = node_info.get('host',None)virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight)for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):raise Exception('该节点已经存在.')self.ring[key] = nodeself._sorted_keys.append(key)def add_node(self,node):''' 新建节点node : 要添加的节点，格式为：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一个元素表示节点，第二个元素表示该节点的权重。'''node = node.get('host',None)if not node:raise Exception('节点的地址不能为空.')weight = node.get('weight',1)self.total_weight += weightnodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight)for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):raise Exception('该节点已经存在.')self.ring[key] = nodeself._sorted_keys.append(key)def remove_node(self,node):''' 移除节点node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000''''for key,value in self.ring.items():if value == node:del self.ring[key]self._sorted_keys.remove(key)def get_node(self,string_key):'''获取 string_key 所在的节点'''pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)if pos is None:return Nonereturn self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':')def get_node_pos(self,string_key):'''获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引'''if not self.ring:return Nonekey = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)nodes = self._sorted_keyspos = bisect(nodes, key)return posdef gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):m = md5_constructor()m.update(key)return long(m.hexdigest(), 16)def gen_key_sixteen(self,key):b_key = self.__hash_digest(key)return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )def __hash_digest(self, key):m = md5_constructor()m.update(key)return map(ord, m.digest())"""
nodes = [{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},
]ring = HashRing(nodes)
result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087')
print result"""

一致性哈希

from hashlib import sha1
import os, timecreate_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()class Session(object):session_id = "__sessionId__"def __init__(self, request):session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)if not session_value:self._id = create_session_id()else:self._id = session_valuerequest.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)def __getitem__(self, key):# 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP# 找到相对应的redis服务器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)# 使用python redis api 链接# 获取数据，即：# return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)def __setitem__(self, key, value):# 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP# 使用python redis api 链接# 设置session# self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)def __delitem__(self, key):# 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器# 使用python redis api 链接# 删除，即：return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)

Session

2、自定义模型版定

模型绑定有两个主要功能：

自动生成html表单
用户输入验证

在之前学习的Django中为程序员提供了非常便捷的模型绑定功能，但是在Tornado中，一切需要自己动手！！！

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body><h1>hello</h1><form action="/index" method="post"><p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p><p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p><p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p><p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p><input type="submit" /></form>
</body>
</html>

html

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
import reclass MainForm(object):def __init__(self):self.host = "(.*)"self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"self.port = '(\d+)'self.phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'def check_valid(self, request):form_dict = self.__dict__for key, regular in form_dict.items():post_value = request.get_argument(key)# 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配ret = re.match(regular, post_value)print key,ret,post_valueclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):obj = MainForm()result = obj.check_valid(self)self.write('ok')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login'
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

由于请求的验证时，需要考虑是否可以为空以及正则表达式的复用，所以：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
import reclass Field(object):def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required):self.id_valid = Falseself.value = Noneself.error = Noneself.name = Noneself.error_msg = error_msg_dictself.required = requireddef match(self, name, value):self.name = nameif not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)if ret:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = ret.group()else:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % nameclass IPField(Field):REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)class IntegerField(Field):REGULAR = "^\d+$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)class CheckBoxField(Field):def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)def match(self, name, value):self.name = nameif not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:if isinstance(name, list):self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % nameclass FileField(Field):REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {}  # {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)def match(self, name, value):self.name = nameself.value = []if not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:m = re.compile(self.REGULAR)if isinstance(value, list):for file_name in value:r = m.match(file_name)if r:self.value.append(r.group())self.id_valid = Trueelse:self.id_valid = Falseif self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % namebreakelse:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % namedef save(self, request, upload_path=""):file_metas = request.files[self.name]for meta in file_metas:file_name = meta['filename']with open(file_name,'wb') as up:up.write(meta['body'])class Form(object):def __init__(self):self.value_dict = {}self.error_dict = {}self.valid_status = Truedef validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""):self.initialize()self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key)def initialize(self):passdef __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):"""验证用户表单请求的数据:param form_obj: Form对象（Form派生类的对象）:param request: Http请求上下文（用于从请求中获取用户提交的值）:param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持:param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀（多层Form时，内部递归时设置，无需理会）:return: 是否验证通过，True：验证成功；False：验证失败"""depth -= 1if depth < 0:return Noneform_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items():print key,field_objif isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field):if isinstance(field_obj, Form):# 获取以key开头的所有的值，以参数的形式传至self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key)continueif pre_key:key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key)if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None)elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField):post_value = []file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None)for file_item in file_list:post_value.append(file_item['filename'])else:post_value = request.get_argument(key, None)print post_value# 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
                field_obj.match(key, post_value)if field_obj.id_valid:self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.valueelse:self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.errorself.valid_status = Falseclass ListForm(object):def __init__(self, form_type):self.form_type = form_typeself.valid_status = Trueself.value_dict = {}self.error_dict = {}def validate(self, request):name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys()index = 0flag = Falsewhile True:pre_key = "[%d]" % indexfor name in name_list:if name.startswith(pre_key):flag = Truebreakif flag:form_obj = self.form_type()form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index)if form_obj.valid_status:self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dictelse:self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dictself.valid_status = Falseelse:breakindex += 1flag = Falseclass MainForm(Form):def __init__(self):# self.ip = IPField(required=True)# self.port = IntegerField(required=True)# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)# self.second = SecondForm()self.fff = FileField(required=True)super(MainForm, self).__init__()#
# class SecondForm(Form):
#
#     def __init__(self):
#         self.ip = IPField(required=True)
#         self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
#
#         super(SecondForm, self).__init__()class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):# for i in  dir(self.request):#     print i# print self.request.arguments# print self.request.files# print self.request.query# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()# print name_list# list_form = ListForm(MainForm)# list_form.validate(self)#
        # print list_form.valid_status# print list_form.value_dict# print list_form.error_dict# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)#
        # print "验证结果：", obj.valid_status# print "符合验证结果：", obj.value_dict# print "错误信息:"# for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():#     print key,item# print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor'))# print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor'))# print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff')# print self.request.files# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# print obj.valid_status# print obj.value_dict# print obj.error_dict# print self.request,type(self.request)# obj.fff.save(self.request)# from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()# print name_list# print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)# print len(self.request.files.get('fff'))# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# print obj.valid_status# print obj.value_dict# print obj.error_dict# obj.fff.save(self.request)self.write('ok')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login'
}application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Form验证框架

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/maskice/p/6533362.html