Oracle常用命令

第一章:日志管理

1.forcing log switches

sql> alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints

sql> alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups

sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]

sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members

sql> alter database add logfile member

sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile

sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups

sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members

sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files

sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '

b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');

c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',

sql> dbms_logmnr.new);

d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',

sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);

e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');

f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters

sql> v$logmnr_logs);

g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

第二章:表空间管理

1.create tablespaces

sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,

sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]

sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace

sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'

sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace

sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'

sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting

sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;

sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online

sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;

sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace

sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespace

sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files

sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m

sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually

sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace

sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database

sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

第三章:表

1.create a table

sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)

sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table

sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table

sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size

pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter

sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k

sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents

sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace

sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space

sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table

sql> truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table

sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column

sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;

alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused

sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章:索引

1.creating -based indexes

sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index

sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace

sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0

sql> maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes

sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k

sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index

sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k

sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index

sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space

sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

第五章:约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred

sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;

set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints

sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table

sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints

sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints

sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章:LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert

sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

sql> select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert

sql> alter session enable parallel dml;

sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

sql> select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader

sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \

sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \

sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章:数据整理

1.using expoty

$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import

$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace

sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts

triggers=n constraints=n

$copy datafile

$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/sles02.dbf)

sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set

sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);

在表transport_set_violations 中查看

sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

一、ORACLE的启动和关闭

1、在单机环境下

要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到ORACLE用户，如下

su - oracle

a、启动ORACLE系统

oracle>svrmgrl

SVRMGR>connect internal

SVRMGR>startup

SVRMGR>quit

b、关闭ORACLE系统

oracle>svrmgrl

SVRMGR>connect internal

SVRMGR>shutdown

SVRMGR>quit

启动oracle9i数据库命令：

$ sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Oct 31 13:53:53 2003

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

SQL> connect / as sysdba

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL> startup^C

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.

2、在双机环境下

要想启动或关闭ORACLE系统必须首先切换到root用户，如下

su － root

a、启动ORACLE系统

hareg －y oracle

b、关闭ORACLE系统

hareg －n oracle

Oracle数据库有哪几种启动方式

说明：

有以下几种启动方式：

1、startup nomount

非安装启动，这种方式启动下可执行：重建控制文件、重建数据库

读取init.ora文件，启动instance，即启动SGA和后台进程，这种启动只需要init.ora文件。

2、startup mount dbname

安装启动，这种方式启动下可执行：

数据库日志归档、

数据库介质恢复、

使数据文件联机或脱机，

重新定位数据文件、重做日志文件。

执行“nomount”，然后打开控制文件，确认数据文件和联机日志文件的位置，

但此时不对数据文件和日志文件进行校验检查。

3、startup open dbname

先执行“nomount”，然后执行“mount”，再打开包括Redo log文件在内的所有数据库文件，

这种方式下可访问数据库中的数据。

4、startup，等于以下三个命令

startup nomount

alter database mount

alter database open

5、startup restrict

约束方式启动

这种方式能够启动数据库，但只允许具有一定特权的用户访问

非特权用户访问时，会出现以下提示：

ERROR：

ORA-01035: ORACLE 只允许具有 RESTRICTED SESSION 权限的用户使用

6、startup force

强制启动方式

当不能关闭数据库时，可以用startup force来完成数据库的关闭

先关闭数据库，再执行正常启动数据库命令

7、startup pfile=参数文件名

带初始化参数文件的启动方式

先读取参数文件，再按参数文件中的设置启动数据库

例：startup pfile=E:Oracleadminoradbpfileinit.ora

8、startup EXCLUSIVE