计算机英语（1-30）

每日更新：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41880352/article/details/94288895

1、3G

2、404 Error

3、4G

4、4K

5、802.11a

6、3D Printer

7、802.11ac

8、802.11b

9、802.11g

10、802.11n

11、Abend

12、Access

13、Access Point

14、ACL

15、Active Cell

16、Active-Matrix

17、ActiveX

18、Ad Hoc Network

19、Adapter

20、Adaptive Content

21、ADC

22、Add-on

23、Address Bar

24、ADF

25、ADSL

26、Adware

27、Affiliate

28、AGP

29、AIFF

30、AIX

1、3G

3G is a collection of third generation cellular data technologies. The first generation (1G) was introduced in 1982, while the second generation of cellular data technologies (2G) became standardized in the early 1990s. 3G technologies were introduced as early as 2001, but did not gain widespread use until 2007.In order to be labeled "3G," a cellular data transfer standard must meet a set of specifications defined by the International Telecommunications Union, known as IMT-2000. For example, all 3G standards must provide a peak data transfer rate of at least 2 Mbps. Most 3G standards, however, provide much faster transfer rates of up to 14.4 Mbps.

While many cell phone companies market phones with "3G technology," there is no single 3G standard. Rather, different companies use their own technologies to achieve similar data transfer rates. For example, AT&T uses a 3G technology based on GSM, while Verizon uses a technology based on CDMA. Additionally, cell phone networks outside the United States use different IMT-2000 compliant standards to achieve 3G data transfer speeds.

3G precedes 4G, the fourth generation of cellular data technologies.

cellular data 蜂窝数据

labeled 标记

peak 峰

compliant 兼容的

precede 之前

3G是第三代蜂窝数据技术的集合。第一代(1G)于1982年引入，而第二代蜂窝数据技术(2G)在1990年代早期标准化。3G技术早在2001年就被引进，但直到2007年才得到广泛应用。为了被标记为“3G”，蜂窝数据传输标准必须符合国际电信联盟定义的一套规范，称为IMT-2000。例如，所有3G标准必须提供至少2mbps的峰值数据传输速率。然而，大多数3G标准提供高达14.4 Mbps的更快传输速率。

虽然许多手机公司销售带有“3G技术”的手机，但并没有单一的3G标准。相反，不同的公司使用自己的技术来实现类似的数据传输速率。例如，AT&T使用基于GSM的3G技术，而Verizon使用基于CDMA的技术。此外，美国以外的手机网络使用不同的IMT-2000兼容标准来实现3G数据传输速度。

3G先于第四代移动数据技术4G。

2、404 Error

A 404 error is a common website error message that indicates awebpagecannot be found. It may be produced when a user clicks an outdated (or "broken")linkor when aURLis typed incorrectly in a Web browser's address field. Some websites display custom 404 error pages, which may look similar to other pages on the site. Other websites simply display the Web server's default error message text, which typically begins with "Not Found." Regardless of the appearance, a 404 error means the server is up and running, but the webpage orpathto the webpage is not valid.So why call it a "404 error" instead of simply a "Missing Webpage Error?" The reason is that 404 is an error code produced by the Web server when it cannot find a webpage. This error code is recognized by search engines, which helps prevent search engine crawlers from indexing bad URLs. 404 errors can also be read by Web scripts and websitemonitoring tools, which can help webmasters locate and fix broken links.

Other common Web server codes are 200, which means a webpage has been found, and 301, which indicates a file moved to a new location. Like 404 errors, these status messages are not seen directly by users, but they are used by search engines and website monitoring software.

indicates 表明

field 域

crawlers 爬虫

404错误是一种常见的网站错误消息，表示无法找到网页。当用户单击过期(或“断开”)链接时，或者当URL在Web浏览器的地址字段中键入错误时，可能会产生此错误。一些网站显示自定义404错误页面，这可能看起来与网站上的其他页面类似。其他网站只显示Web服务器的默认错误消息文本，通常以“Not Found”开头。无论外观如何，404错误都意味着服务器已经启动并运行，但是页面或到页面的路径无效。那么，为什么称它为“404错误”而不是简单的“缺少网页错误”呢?原因是404是Web服务器在找不到网页时产生的错误代码。此错误代码可被搜索引擎识别，这有助于防止搜索引擎爬行器索引错误url。404错误也可以通过Web脚本和websitemonitoring tools来读取

3、4G

4G is a collection of fourth generation cellular data technologies. It succeeds3Gand is also called "IMT-Advanced," or "International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced." 4G was made available as early as 2005 in South Korea under the nameWiMAXand was rolled out in several European countries over the next few years. It became available in the United States in 2009, with Sprint being the first carrier to offer a 4G cellular network.All 4G standards must conform to a set of specifications created by the International Telecommunications Union. For example, all 4G technologies are required to provide peak data transfer rates of at least 100 Mbps. While actual download and upload speeds may vary based on signal strength and wireless interference, 4G data transfer rates can actually surpass those of cable modemand DSL connections.

Like 3G, there is no single 4G standard. Instead, different cellular providers use different technologies that conform to the 4G requirements. For example, WiMAX is a popular 4G technology used in Asia and Eastern Europe, while LTE (Long Term Evolution) is more popular in Scandinavia and the United states.

IMT-Advanced 国际移动通信标准

roll out 实行，推出

Sprint 冲刺；斯普林特(美国的一家通信公司)

peak 峰值；山顶

wireless 无线的

interference 干扰

supass 超越

cable 电缆

4G是第四代蜂窝数据技术的集合。它继3Gand之后又被称为“IMT-Advanced”或“International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced”。4G早在2005年就以WiMAX的名义在韩国推出，并在接下来的几年里在几个欧洲国家推出。2009年，随着Sprint成为第一家提供4G手机网络的运营商，这款手机在美国上市。所有4G标准都必须符合国际电信联盟制定的一套规范。例如，所有4G技术都需要提供至少100mbps的峰值数据传输速率。虽然实际的下载和上传速度可能会根据信号强度和无线干扰而变化，但4G数据传输速率实际上可以超过有线modemand DSL连接。

和3G一样，4G也没有单一的标准。相反，不同的手机运营商使用不同的技术来满足4G的要求。例如，WiMAX是在亚洲和东欧流行的4G技术，而LTE (Long Term Evolution)在斯堪的纳维亚和美国更受欢迎。

4、4K

4K is a display standard that includes televisions, monitors, and other video equipment that supports a horizontal resolution of roughly 4,000 pixels. The most common 4K standard is Ultra HD (or UHD), which has a resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels (3,840 pixels wide by 2,160 pixels tall). It is exactly twice the resolution of HDTV (1920 x 1080) and has an identical 16 x 9 aspect ratio.

Mass production of 4K televisions began in 2013. Sony, Panasonic, Samsung, LG, Sharp, and other manufacturers now offer 4K televisions alongside their HDTV lineups. Several companies released high-resolution video capture devices prior to 2013 so that 4K video content would be available for the new TVs. For example, Canon, JVC, and other companies released 4K digital video cameras in 2012. RED released the RED ONE in 2007, which paved the way for the 4K devices that followed in the next few years.

While 4K is often used in reference to television, it can also refer to high-resolution computer monitors. For example, several hardware manufacturers now offer 4K displays, which may also be called Hi-DPI monitors or retina displays. The most popular Hi-DPI monitors resolution is 3840 x 2160, though some displays have a wider aspect ratio and a resolution of 4096 x 2160.

NOTE: 4K televisions may also be called UHDTVs (as opposed to HDTVs). However, the phrase "4K television" is more commonly used in marketing.

pixels 像素

utral 超级的，极端的

UHD 超高清的

resolution 分辨率；解决，决心

identical 同一的，完全相同的

Panasonic 松下

LG 乐金

Sharp 夏普

alongside 与此同时，和...一起

lineup 阵容

HDTV 高清晰度电视

prior 优先的

JVC 日本胜利公司

pave 铺设，安排

retina 视网膜

4K是一种显示标准，包括电视、显示器和其他支持大约4,000像素水平分辨率的视频设备。最常见的4K标准是超高清，分辨率为3840 x 2160像素(3840像素宽，2160像素高)。它的分辨率正好是高清电视的两倍(1920 x 1080)，并具有相同的16 x 9纵横比。

4K电视的大规模生产始于2013年。索尼(Sony)、松下(Panasonic)、三星(Samsung)、LG、夏普(Sharp)等制造商现在在推出高清电视系列的同时，还提供4K电视。几家公司在2013年之前发布了高分辨率视频捕捉设备，这样4K视频内容就可以用于新电视。例如，佳能、JVC等公司在2012年推出了4K数码摄像机。RED在2007年发布了RED ONE，为随后几年推出的4K设备铺平了道路。

4K通常指电视，也可以指高分辨率的电脑显示器。例如，一些硬件制造商现在提供4K显示器，也可以称为高分辨率显示器或视网膜显示器。最流行的Hi-DPI显示器分辨率是3840 x 2160，尽管有些显示器具有更宽的宽高比和4096 x 2160的分辨率。

注:4K电视也可以称为超高清电视(与高清电视相对)。然而，“4K电视”一词在营销中更常用。

5、802.11a

802.11a is an IEEE standard for transmitting data over a wireless network. It uses a 5 GHz frequency band and supports data transfer rates of 54 Mbps, or 6.75 megabytes per second.

The 802.11a standard was released in 1999, around the same time as 802.11b. While 802.11b only supported a data transfer rate of 11 Mbps, most routers and wireless cards at that time were manufactured using the 802.11b standard. Therefore, 802.11b remained more popular than 802.11a for several years. In 2003, the 802.11a standard was superseded by 802.11g, which uses the same 2.4 GHz band as 802.11a, but supports transfer rates of up to 54 Mbps.

NOTE: In order for a an 802.11a connection to take place, each device on the wireless network must support the 802.11a standard. For example, if a base station broadcasts an 802.11a signal, only computers with Wi-Ficards that support 802.11a will be able to recognize the base station. While many routers are backwards compatible with older standards, it may be necessary to manually configure some routers to work with older 802.11a and 802.11b devices.

IEEE 电气与电子工程师协会

wirelesswireless 无线的

megabyte 兆字节

supersed 代替

manually 手动地

802.11a是通过无线网络传输数据的IEEE标准。它使用5 GHz频段，支持54 Mbps(或6.75 mb / s)的数据传输速率。

802.11a标准于1999年发布，大约与802.11b同时发布。虽然802.11b只支持1mbps的数据传输速率，但当时大多数路由器和无线网卡都是使用802.11b标准制造的。因此，802.11b多年来一直比802.11a更受欢迎。在2003年，802.11a标准被802.11g取代，802.11g使用与802.11a相同的2.4 GHz频段，但支持高达54 Mbps的传输速率。

注意:为了实现802.11a连接，无线网络上的每个设备都必须支持802.11a标准。例如，如果基站广播802.11a信号，那么只有支持802.11a的wi - ficard计算机才能识别基站。虽然许多路由器向后兼容较旧的标准，但可能需要手动配置一些路由器来使用较旧的802.11a和802.11b设备。

6、3D Printer

A 3D printer is a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) device that creates three-dimensional objects. Like a traditionalprinter, a 3D printer receivesdigitaldata from a computer asinput. However, instead of printing theoutputon paper, a 3D printer builds a three-dimensional model out of a custom material.3D printers use a process called additive manufacturing to form (or "print") physical objects layer by layer until the model is complete. This is different than subtractive manufacturing, in which a machine reshapes or removes material from an existing mold. Since 3D printers create models from scratch, they are more efficient and produce less waste than subtractive manufacturing devices.

The process of printing a 3D model varies depending on the material used to create the object. For example, when building a plastic model, a 3D printer may heat and fuse the layers of plastic together using a process called fused deposition modeling (FDM). When creating a metallic object, a 3D printer may use a process called direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). This method forms thins layers of metal from metallic powder using a high powered laser.

While 3D printing has been possible since the 1980s, it has been primarily used for large scale industrial purposes. However, in recent years, 3D printers have become much cheaper and are now available to the consumer market. As the technology becomes more widespread, 3D printers may become a viable means for people to create their own home products and replacement parts.

aided 辅助的，半自动的

manufacturing 制造的

CAM 计算机辅助制造

dimensional 空间，维度

custom material (定制)自定义材料

form 表格；构造

layer 层

substrative 根基(从零开始)

scratch 由MIT设计的一款简易编程工具

varies 变化

fuse 融化

deposition 沉积

FDM 熔融沉积成型

DMLS 直接金属激光熔接

thins 薄

3D打印机是一种计算机辅助制造(CAM)设备，它可以创建三维对象。与传统打印机一样，3D打印机从计算机接收数字数据作为输入。然而，3D打印机不是将输出打印在纸上，而是用定制的材料构建一个三维模型。3D打印机使用一种称为“加法制造”的过程，一层一层地形成(或“打印”)物理对象，直到模型完成。这与减法制造不同，减法制造是机器对现有模具进行改造或去除材料。由于3D打印机从零开始创建模型，它们比减法制造设备更高效，产生的浪费更少。

打印3D模型的过程因用于创建对象的材料而异。例如，当构建一个塑料模型时，3D打印机可以使用一个称为熔融沉积建模(FDM)的过程将塑料层加热并融合在一起。当创建一个金属物体时，3D打印机可以使用一个称为直接金属激光烧结(DMLS)的过程。这种方法利用高能激光从金属粉末中形成金属薄层。

虽然3D打印自20世纪80年代以来已经成为可能，但它主要用于大规模工业用途。然而，近年来，3D打印机变得越来越便宜，现在可以在消费市场上买到。随着这项技术越来越普及，3D打印机可能成为人们创造自己的家庭产品和替换部件的可行手段。

7、802.11ac

802.11ac (also called 5G Wi-Fi) is the fifth generation of Wi-Fi technology, standardized by the IEEE. It is an evolution of the previous standard, 802.11n, that provides greater bandwidth and more simultaneous spatial streams. This allows 802.11ac devices to support data transfer rates that are several times faster than those of 802.11n devices.

Unlike previous Wi-Fi standards, which operated at a 2.4 GHz frequency, 802.11ac operates exclusively on a 5 GHz frequency band. This prevents interference with common 2.4 GHz devices, such as cordless phones, baby monitors, and older wireless routers. Computers and mobile devices that support 802.11ac will benefit from the 5 GHz bandwidth, but older wireless devices can still communicate with with an 802.11ac router at a slower speed.

The initial draft of the 802.11ac standard was approved in 2012, but 802.11ac hardware was not released until 2013. The initial 802.11ac standard (wave 1) supports a maximum data transfer rate of 1300 Mbps, or 1.3 Gbps, using 3 spatial streams. This is significantly faster than 802.11n's maximum speed of 450 Mbps. It also means 802.11ac is the first Wi-Fi standard that has the potential to be faster than Gigabit Ethernet. The second 802.11ac standard (wave 2) will support twice the bandwidth of wave 1 devices and offer data transfer rates of up to 3470 Mbps.

band 波段；乐队

simultaneous 同时的

spatial 空间

exclusively 仅仅的，唯一的

cordless 无线的

draft 起草

significantly 显著地

Gigabit Ethernet 吉比特以太网

802.11ac(也称为5G Wi-Fi)是IEEE标准的第五代Wi-Fi技术。它是以前的802.11n标准的改进，提供了更大的带宽和更多的同时空间流。这允许802.11ac设备支持比802.11n设备快几倍的数据传输速率。

与之前2.4 GHz频率的Wi-Fi标准不同，802.11ac只在5 GHz频段运行。这可以防止干扰常见的2.4 GHz设备，如无绳电话、婴儿监视器和较老的无线路由器。支持802.11ac的计算机和移动设备将受益于5 GHz带宽，但较老的无线设备仍然可以用802.11ac路由器以较慢的速度进行通信。

802.11ac标准的初稿于2012年获得批准，但802.11ac硬件直到2013年才发布。最初的802.11ac标准(wave 1)支持使用3个空间流，最大数据传输速率为1300 Mbps或1.3 Gbps。这明显快于802.11n的最大速度450 Mbps。这也意味着802.11ac是第一个有潜力比千兆以太网更快的Wi-Fi标准。第二个802.11ac标准(wave 2)将支持两倍于wave 1设备的带宽，并提供高达3470mbps的数据传输速率。

8、802.11b

802.11b is a Wi-Fi standard developed by the IEEE for transmitting data over a wireless network. It operates on a 2.4 GHz band and allows for wireless data transfers up to 11 Mbps. A faster standard, called 802.11g, was introduced a few years after 802.11b and supports data transfer rates up to 54 Mbps. This can make a difference in the speed of data transfers within a local network, but since broadband Internet access is limited to around 5 Mbps, a 802.11b wireless connection will not be a bottleneck for Internet access. Most wireless networks are based on either 802.11b or 802.11g.

bottleneck 瓶颈

802.11b是IEEE为无线网络传输数据而开发的一种Wi-Fi标准。它运行在2.4 GHz频段，允许无线数据传输高达11mbps。在802.11b之后的几年引入了一个更快的标准802.11g，支持高达54 Mbps的数据传输速率。这可以在本地网络中改变数据传输的速度，但是由于宽带Internet访问被限制在5mbps左右，802.11b无线连接将不会成为Internet访问的瓶颈。大多数无线网络基于802.11b或802.11g。

9、802.11g

802.11g is a Wi-Fi standard developed by the IEEE for transmitting data over a wireless network. It operates on a 2.4 GHz bandwidth and supports data transfer rates up to 54 Mbps. 802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b hardware, but if there are any 802.11b-based computers on the network, the entire network will have to run at 11 Mbps (the max speed that 802.11b supports). However, you can configure your 802.11g wireless router to only accept 802.11g devices, which will ensure your network runs at its top speed.

802.11g是IEEE为无线网络传输数据而开发的一种Wi-Fi标准。802.11g向后兼容802.11b硬件，但如果网络上有任何基于802.11b的计算机，整个网络必须以11mbps的速度运行(802.11b supp的最大速度)

10、802.11n

802.11n is a wireless (Wi-Fi) standard that was introduced in 2007. It supports a longer range and higher wireless transfer rates than the previous standard, 802.11g.

802.11n devices support MIMO (multiple in, multiple out) data transfers, which can transmit multiple streams of data at once. This technology effectively doubles the range of a wireless device. Therefore, a wireless router that uses 802.11n may have twice the radius of coverage as an 802.11g router. This means a single 802.11n router may cover an entire household, whereas an 802.11g router might require additional routers to bridge the signal.

The previous 802.11g standard supported transfer rates of up to 54 Mbps. Devices that use 802.11n can transfer data over 100 Mbps. With an optimized configuration, the 802.11n standard can theoretically support transfer rates of up to 500 Mbps. That is five times faster than a standard 100Base-T wired Ethernet network.

So if your residence is not wired with an Ethernet network, it's not a big deal. Wireless technology can finally keep pace with the wired network. Of course, with the faster speeds and larger range that 802.11n provides, it is more important than ever to password protect your wireless network.

radius 身份认证拨入用户服务

optimize 使优化，使完善

wired 有线的

ethernet 以太网

residence 住宅

802.11n是2007年引入的一种无线(Wi-Fi)标准。与之前的802.11g标准相比，它支持更长的距离和更高的无线传输速率。

802.11n设备支持MIMO(多入多出)数据传输，可以同时传输多个数据流。这项技术有效地将无线设备的范围扩大了一倍。因此，使用802.11n的无线路由器的覆盖半径可能是802.11g路由器的两倍。这意味着一个802.11n路由器可以覆盖整个家庭，而一个802.11g路由器可能需要额外的路由器来连接信号。

之前的802.11g标准支持高达54 Mbps的传输速率。使用802.11n的设备可以传输超过100mbps的数据。通过优化配置，802.11n标准理论上可以支持高达500mbps的传输速率。这比标准的100Base-T有线以太网快5倍。

所以，如果你的住宅没有连接以太网，那也没什么大不了的。无线技术终于可以跟上有线网络的步伐了。当然，随着802.11n提供的更快的速度和更大的范围，密码保护您的无线网络比以往任何时候都更重要。

11、Abend

Short for "Abnormal end." An abend is an unexpected or abnormal end to a process. In computer software, it typically refers to a software crash when a programunexpectedly quits. For example, an error in a program's code may cause it to freeze or crash while running a certain command. The result is an unexpected (and often inconvenient) end to the program.

The term "ABEND" was initially used by IBM OS/360 systems as an error message. It is now used by Novell Netware systems and also as a general programming term.

“非正常结束”的缩写。abend是进程的意外或异常结束。在计算机软件中，它通常指程序意外退出时发生的软件崩溃。例如，程序代码中的一个错误可能导致它在运行某个命令时冻结或崩溃。结果是程序意外地(而且常常不方便地)结束。

术语“ABEND”最初被IBM OS/360系统用作错误消息。它现在被Novell Netware系统使用，也是一个通用的编程术语。

12、Access

Microsoft Access, often abbreviated "MS Access," is a popular database application for Windows. Access allows users to create custom databases that store information in an organized structure. The program also provides a visual interface for creating custom forms, tables, and SQL queries. Data can be entered into an Access database using either visual forms or a basic spreadsheet interface. The information stored within an Access database can be browsed, searched, and accessed from other programs, including Web services.

While Access is a proprietary database management system (DBMS), it is compatible with other database programs since it supports Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). This allows data to be sent to and from other database programs, such as MS SQL, FoxPro, Filemaker Pro, and Oracle databases. This compatibility also enables Access to serve as the back end for a database-driven website. In fact, Microsoft FrontPage and Expression Web, as well as ASP.NET have built-in support for Access databases. For this reason, websites hosted on Microsoft Windows servers often use Access databases for generating dynamic content.

Microsoft Access 数据库

Accesss也翻译为数据库

abbreviated 缩写

spreadsheet 电子表格

browsed 浏览

propritory 所有权，所有者

DBMS 数据库管理系统

ODBC 数据源，开放式数据库链接

dynamic 动态的

Microsoft Access，通常缩写为“MS Access”，是一种流行的Windows数据库应用程序。Access允许用户创建以组织结构存储信息的自定义数据库。该程序还提供了用于创建自定义表单、表和SQL查询的可视化接口。数据可以使用可视化表单或基本的电子表格接口输入Access数据库。可以从其他程序(包括Web服务)浏览、搜索和访问存储在Access数据库中的信息。

Access是一个专有的数据库管理系统(DBMS)，但它支持开放数据库连接(ODBC)，因此与其他数据库程序兼容。这允许向其他数据库程序(如MS SQL、FoxPro、Filemaker Pro和Oracle数据库)发送和发送数据。这种兼容性还允许访问作为数据库驱动的网站的后端。事实上，微软的FrontPage和Expression Web，以及ASP。NET内置了对访问数据库的支持。因此，驻留在Microsoft Windows服务器上的网站常常使用Access数据库来生成动态内容。

. mdb文件扩展名:

13、Access Point

An access point is a device, such as a wireless router, that allows wireless devices to connect to a network. Most access points have built-in routers, while others must be connected to a router in order to provide network access. In either case, access points are typically hardwired to other devices, such as network switches or broadband modems.

Access points can be found in many places, including houses, businesses, and public locations. In most houses, the access point is a wireless router, which is connected to a DSL or cable modem. However, some modems may include wireless capabilities, making the modem itself the access point. Large businesses often provide several access points, which allows employees to wirelessly connect to a central network from a wide range of locations. Public access points can be found in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, libraries, and other locations. Some cities provide public access points in the form of wireless transmitters that are connected to streetlights, signs, and other public objects.

While access points typically provide wireless access to the Internet, some are intended only to provide access to a closed network. For example, a business may provide secure access points to its employees so they can wirelessly access files from a network server. Also, most access points provide Wi-Fi access, but it is possible for an access point to refer to a Bluetooth device or other type of wireless connection. However, the purpose of most access points is to provide Internet access to connected users.

The term "access point" is often used synonymously with base station, though base stations are technically only Wi-Fi devices. It may also be abbreviated AP or WAP (for wireless access point). However, WAP is not as commonly used as AP since WAP is the standard acronym for Wireless Access Protocol.

Access Point 网络接入点

hardwired 电路的

modem 调制解调器

DSL 数字用户线路

capabilities 能力

in the form of 以....的形式

synonymously 和...同义

acronym 缩写

接入点是一种设备，例如无线路由器，它允许无线设备连接到网络。大多数接入点都有内置路由器，而其他接入点必须连接到路由器才能提供网络访问。在这两种情况下，接入点通常硬连接到其他设备，如网络交换机或宽带调制解调器。

在许多地方都可以找到接入点，包括房屋、企业和公共场所。在大多数家庭中，接入点是一个无线路由器，它连接到DSL或电缆调制解调器。然而，一些调制解调器可能包括无线功能，使调制解调器本身成为接入点。大型企业通常提供几个接入点，允许员工从广泛的位置无线连接到一个中央网络。公共接入点可以在商店、咖啡馆、餐馆、图书馆和其他地方找到。一些城市以无线发射器的形式提供公共接入点，这些接入点与街灯、标志和其他公共物品相连接。

虽然接入点通常提供对Internet的无线访问，但有些接入点只打算提供对封闭网络的访问。例如，企业可以为其员工提供安全的访问点，以便他们可以从网络服务器无线访问文件。此外，大多数接入点提供Wi-Fi接入，但接入点也可以指蓝牙设备或其他类型的无线连接。然而，大多数接入点的目的是为已连接的用户提供Internet访问。

“接入点”一词通常与基站同义，尽管基站在技术上只是Wi-Fi设备。它也可以缩写为AP或WAP(无线接入点)。然而，WAP不像AP那么常用，因为WAP是无线访问协议的标准缩写。

14、ACL

Stands for "Access Control List." An ACL is a list of user permissions for a file, folder, or other object. It defines what users and groups can access the object and what operations they can perform. These operations typically include read, write, and execute. For example, if an ACL specifies read-only access for a specific user of a file, that user will be able open the file, but cannot write to it or run the file.

Access control lists provide a straightforward method of managing file and folder permissions. They are used by most operating systems, including Windows, Mac, and Unix systems. While ACLs are typically hidden from the user, they can often be modified using a graphical interface. For example, in Mac OS X 10.5, ACL settings can be edited by selecting a file or folder and choosing "Get Info." The access control settings can be modified within the "Sharing and Permissions" section of the window. On Unix systems, ACLs can be edited using the chmod() command.

ACL 访问控制列表

folder 文件夹

“访问控制列表”标志。ACL是文件、文件夹或其他对象的用户权限列表。它定义了哪些用户和组可以访问对象以及它们可以执行哪些操作。这些操作通常包括读、写和执行。例如，如果ACL为文件的特定用户指定只读访问权限，该用户将能够打开该文件，但不能写入或运行该文件。

访问控制列表提供了一种管理文件和文件夹权限的简单方法。大多数操作系统都使用它们，包括Windows、Mac和Unix系统。虽然acl通常对用户隐藏，但通常可以使用图形界面修改它们。例如，在Mac OS 10.5中，可以通过选择文件或文件夹并选择“Get Info”来编辑ACL设置。访问控制设置可以在窗口的“共享和权限”部分中修改。在Unix系统上，可以使用chmod()命令编辑acl。

15、Active Cell

An active cell refers to the currently selected cell in a spreadsheet. It can be identified by a bold (typically blue) outline that surrounds the cell. The standard way to reference the location of an active cell is with a column/row combination, such as A2 (first column, second row) or B5 (second column, fifth row).

Whenever you click on a specific cell within a spreadsheet, it becomes the active cell. Once a cell is selected, you can enter values or a function into the cell. Most spreadsheet programs will display the value of the active cell both inside the cell itself and within a long text field in the spreadsheet toolbar. The text field is helpful for viewing or modifying functions and for editing long text strings that don't fit in the active cell.

Most spreadsheet applications allow you to define a specific data type for individual cells. Therefore, you can use the cell formatting option in the toolbar or select Format → Cells… from the menu bar to choose the data type for the active cell. For example, if the active cell contains the price of an item, you may want to select "Currency" as the data type. You can also format the appearance of an active cell by selecting the font, text color, background color, and text styles.

In most cases, a spreadsheet only has one active cell at a time. However, it is possible to select multiple cells by dragging the cursor over a group of cells. In this case, all of the selected cells may be considered active cells. If you change the cell formatting options while multiple cells are selected, the changes will affect all of the active cells.

NOTE: When writing a function in Microsoft Excel, the ActiveCell property can be used to reference the active cell. The value of the active cell can be accessed using ActiveCell.Value.

active cell 活动单元格

spreadsheet 电子表格

bold 大胆的；粗体

toolbar 工具栏

multiple 多重的

drag 拖拉

cursor 箭头

活动单元格是指电子表格中当前选定的单元格。它可以通过围绕单元格的粗体(通常是蓝色)轮廓来标识。引用活动单元格位置的标准方法是使用列/行组合，例如A2(第一列，第二行)或B5(第二列，第五行)。

每当单击电子表格中的特定单元格时，它就成为活动单元格。一旦选择了单元格，就可以在单元格中输入值或函数。大多数电子表格程序都将在电子表格工具栏的单元格内部和长文本字段中显示活动单元格的值。文本字段有助于查看或修改函数以及编辑不适合活动单元格的长文本字符串。

大多数电子表格应用程序允许您为单个单元格定义特定的数据类型。因此，您可以使用工具栏中的单元格格式选项，或者从菜单栏中选择Format→Cells…来选择活动单元格的数据类型。例如，如果活动单元格包含项目的价格，您可能希望选择“Currency”作为数据类型。您还可以通过选择字体、文本颜色、背景颜色和文本样式来格式化活动单元格的外观。

在大多数情况下，电子表格一次只有一个活动单元格。但是，可以通过将光标拖动到一组单元格上来选择多个单元格。在这种情况下，所有选中的细胞都可以被认为是活动细胞。如果在选择多个单元格时更改单元格格式选项，则更改将影响所有活动单元格。

注意:在Microsoft Excel中编写函数时，可以使用ActiveCell属性引用活动单元格。可以使用ActiveCell.Value访问活动单元格的值。

16、Active-Matrix

Active-matrix is a technology used in LCDdisplays, such as laptop screens, and flat screen monitors. It uses a matrix of thin film transistors (TFTs) and capacitors to control the image produced by the display. The brightness of each pixel is controlled by modifying the electrical charge of the corresponding capacitors. Each pixel's color is controlled by altering the charge of individual capacitors that emit red, green, and blue (RGB) light.

The term "active-matrix" refers to the active nature of the capacitors in the display. Unlike a passive-matrix display, which must charge full rows of wires to alter individual pixels, an active-matrix display can control each pixel directly. This results in a significantly faster response time, meaning the pixels can change state much more rapidly. In practical terms, an active-matrix monitor can display motion and fast-moving images more clearly than a passive-matrix display can. The fast switching of TFTs also prevents the "ghosting" of the cursor that is common on passive-matrix screens.

Since active-matrix technology provides individual control of each pixel, active-matrix screens typically exhibit more even brightness and color across the screen than passive-matrix displays. Because of the multiple advantages of active-matrix technology, most modern computer monitors, laptop screens, and LCD televisions use active-matrix screens.

matrix 矩阵

Active-matrix (电子)有源矩阵；(计算机)主动矩阵:可以主动队屏幕上独立的像素进行控制

laptop 笔记本电脑

film 薄膜

transistor 晶体管

TFTs 薄膜晶体管

capacitors 电容

brightness 亮度

pixel

emit 发射

ghosting 重影

exhibit 展现，显示

Active-matrix是一种用于lcd设备的技术，如笔记本电脑屏幕和平板显示器。它使用一个由薄膜晶体管(tft)和电容组成的矩阵来控制显示器产生的图像。每个像素的亮度是通过改变相应电容的电荷来控制的。每个像素的颜色是通过改变发射红、绿、蓝(RGB)光的单个电容的电荷来控制的。

“有源矩阵”是指显示器中电容器的有源特性。不像无源矩阵显示器，它必须充满整行电线来改变单个像素，有源矩阵显示器可以直接控制每个像素。这大大加快了响应时间，意味着像素可以更快地改变状态。在实际应用中，有源矩阵显示器可以比无源矩阵显示器更清晰地显示运动和快速移动的图像。tft的快速切换还可以防止在无源矩阵屏幕上常见的光标“重影”。

由于有源矩阵技术提供了对每个像素的单独控制，因此有源矩阵屏幕通常比无源矩阵屏幕在屏幕上显示更均匀的亮度和颜色。由于有源矩阵技术的多重优势，大多数现代计算机显示器、笔记本电脑屏幕和液晶电视都使用有源矩阵屏幕。

17、ActiveX

ActiveX is a technology introduced by Microsoft in 1996 as part of the OLEframework. It includes a collection of prewritten software components that developers can implement within an application or webpage. This provides a simple way for programmers to add extra functionality to their software or website without needing to write code from scratch.

Software add-ons created with ActiveX are called ActiveX controls. These controls can be implemented in all types of programs, but they are most commonly distributed as small Web applications. For example, a basic ActiveX control might display a clock on a webpage. Advanced ActiveX controls can be used for creating stock tickers, interactive presentations, or even Web-based games.

ActiveX controls are similar to Java applets, but run through the ActiveX framework rather than the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). This means you must have ActiveX installed on your computer in order to view ActiveX controls in your Web browser. Additionally, when loading a custom ActiveX control within a webpage, you may be prompted to install it. If this happens, you should only accept the download if it is from a trusted source.

While ActiveX provide a convenient way for Web developers to add interactive content to their websites, the technology is not supported by all browsers. In fact, ActiveX is only officially supported by Internet Explorer for Windows. Therefore, ActiveX controls are rarely used in today's websites. Instead, most interactive content is published using Flash, JavaScript, or embedded media.

ActiveX 控件，插件。微软倡导的网络化多媒体技术

OLE 对象连接与嵌入

component 构成的，组成的

scratch 一款编程工具

add-ons 附件，插件

stock tickers 证券报价机

intercactions presentations 互动演示

applets 小程序

embed 嵌入式

ActiveX是微软在1996年作为OLEframework的一部分引入的技术。它包括一组预先编写的软件组件，开发人员可以在应用程序或网页中实现这些组件。这为程序员提供了一种简单的方法，使他们可以向软件或网站添加额外的功能，而不需要从头开始编写代码。

用ActiveX创建的软件插件称为ActiveX控件。这些控件可以在所有类型的程序中实现，但它们通常作为小型Web应用程序分发。例如，一个基本的ActiveX控件可能在网页上显示一个时钟。高级ActiveX控件可用于创建股票报价器、交互式演示，甚至基于web的游戏。

ActiveX控件类似于Java applet，但运行在ActiveX框架而不是Java运行时环境(JRE)中。这意味着必须在计算机上安装ActiveX，才能在Web浏览器中查看ActiveX控件。此外，当在网页中加载自定义ActiveX控件时，可能会提示您安装它。如果发生这种情况,你应该只接受下载如果是来自可靠的来源。

虽然ActiveX为Web开发人员提供了一种方便的方法来将交互式内容添加到他们的网站中，但并非所有浏览器都支持这项技术。事实上，ActiveX只被Windows的Internet Explorer官方支持。因此，ActiveX控件在今天的网站中很少使用。相反，大多数交互式内容是使用Flash、JavaScript或嵌入式媒体发布的。

18、Ad Hoc Network

"Ad Hoc" is actually a Latin phrase that means "for this purpose." It is often used to describe solutions that are developed on-the-fly for a specific purpose. In computer networking, an ad hoc network refers to a network connection established for a single session and does not require a router or a wireless base station.

For example, if you need to transfer a file to your friend's laptop, you might create an ad hoc network between your computer and his laptop to transfer the file. This may be done using an Ethernet crossover cable, or the computers' wireless cards to communicate with each other. If you need to share files with more than one computer, you could set up a mutli-hop ad hoc network, which can transfer data over multiple nodes.

Basically, an ad hoc network is a temporary network connection created for a specific purpose (such as transferring data from one computer to another). If the network is set up for a longer period of time, it is just a plain old local area network (LAN).

Ad Hoc （点对点）模式

Ad Hoc实际上是一个拉丁语短语，意思是“为了这个目的”。它通常用于描述为特定目的而动态开发的解决方案。在计算机网络中，ad hoc网络是指为单个会话建立的网络连接，不需要路由器或无线基站。

例如，如果您需要将文件传输到您朋友的笔记本电脑，您可以在您的电脑和他的笔记本之间创建一个临时网络来传输文件。这可以通过以太网交叉电缆或计算机的无线网卡来实现。如果需要与多台计算机共享文件，可以设置一个多跳ad hoc网络，它可以在多个节点上传输数据。

基本上，ad hoc网络是为特定目的(例如将数据从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机)而创建的临时网络连接。如果网络设置的时间较长，那么它只是一个普通的旧局域网(LAN)。

19、Adapter

An adapter is a device that allows a specific type of hardware to work with another device that would otherwise be incompatible. Examples of adapters include electrical adapters, video adapters, audio adapters, and network adapters.

An electrical adapter, for instance, may convert the incoming voltage from 120V to 12V, which is suitable for a radio or other small electronic device. Without regulating voltage through an adapter, the incoming electrical surge could literally fry the internal components of the device. Most consumer electronics have adapters attached to the plug at the end of the electrical cord. Whenever you see an plug surrounded by a large box, it is most likely an electrical adapter. You can typically find the input and output voltage printed directly on the adapter. A device that does not have an adapter on the end of its electrical cable typically has a built-in voltage adapter. For example, desktop computers typically have the adapter built into the internal power supply.

Video adapters and audio adapters adapt one type of interface to another type of connector. For example, a DVI to VGA adapter allows you to connect theDVI output of a laptop to the VGA input of a projector. Most professional audio devices use 1/4" audio jacks, while most computers have 1/8" "minijacks" for audio input and output. Therefore, 1/4" to 1/8" audio adapters are often used to import audio into computers. Likewise, an 1/8" to 1/4" adapter can used to output audio from a computer to a professional audio system. Since a large number of audio and video interfaces exist, there are hundreds of audio and video adapters available.

Network cards, or NICs, are also called network adapters. These include Ethernetcards, internal Wi-Fi chips, and external wireless transmitters. While these devices don't convert connections like audio or video adapters, they enable computers to connect to network. Since the network card makes it possible to connect to an otherwise incompatible network, the card serves as an adapter. Similarly, video cards are sometimes called video adapters because they convert a video signal to an image that can be displayed on a monitor.

audio 声音的，音频的

for instance 例如

surge 浪涌；电涌

literally 字面的；真正的，确实的

cord 细绳；电线

projector 投影仪

jacks 插口

适配器是允许特定类型的硬件与另一个不兼容的设备一起工作的设备。适配器的示例包括电子适配器，视频适配器，音频适配器和网络适配器。

例如，电气适配器可以将输入电压从120V转换为12V，这适用于无线电或其他小型电子设备。在没有通过适配器调节电压的情况下，输入的电涌可以完全煎炸设备的内部组件。大多数消费类电子产品的适配器连接到电线末端的插头。每当你看到一个大盒子包围的插头时，它很可能是一个电源适配器。您通常可以找到直接在适配器上打印的输入和输出电压。在其电缆末端没有适配器的设备通常具有内置电压适配器。例如，台式计算机通常具有内置在内部电源中的适配器。

视频适配器和音频适配器使一种类型的接口适应另一种类型的连接器。例如，DVI到VGA适配器允许您将笔记本电脑的DVI输出连接到投影仪的VGA输入。大多数专业音频设备使用1/4“音频插孔，而大多数计算机使用1/8”“迷你插孔”用于音频输入和输出。因此，通常使用1/4“至1/8”音频适配器将音频导入计算机。同样，1/8“至1/4”适配器可用于将音频从计算机输出到专业音频系统。由于存在大量音频和视频接口，因此有数百种音频和视频适配器可用。

网卡或NIC也称为网络适配器。这些包括以太网卡，内部Wi-Fi芯片和外部无线发射器。虽然这些设备不转换音频或视频适配器等连接，但它们使计算机能够连接到网络。由于网卡可以连接到其他不兼容的网络，因此该卡可用作适配器。类似地，视频卡有时被称为视频适配器，因为它们将视频信号转换为可以在监视器上显示的图像。

20、Adaptive Content

Adaptive content is digital content that is optimized for multiple devices. It may include text, images, video, and other types of multimedia. The content may simply adapt to your screen size or may appear differently depending on the device on which it is accessed.

The most popular way to display adaptive content on the web is through responsive web design. By using CSS media queries and fluid layouts, web developers can create websites that adjust to the size of your browser window. When you load a responsive webpage, a media query detects your window size and your browser displays the corresponding layout. Media queries are often used in combination with fluid layouts, which define sections of a page in percentages rather than fixed pixels. This allows the content to fill different screen sizes more evenly.

Another way to display adaptive web content is to detect what device a person is using. For example, when you access a website on your mobile phone, it may direct you to a separate mobile site that is designed specifically for smartphones. The layout may include larger text, more simple navigation, and larger buttons to make it easily accessible with a touchscreen. Mobile sites often use unique URLs, such as m.example.com.

While websites are the most common example of adaptive content, they are not the only kind. Software, for instance, can be adapted to multiple devices and screen sizes. Many productivity programs, such as Microsoft Office and Apple's iWork applications are now developed as mobile apps alongside the traditional desktop versions. Many games that used to only run on desktop computers are now available for mobile devices as well. Some programs now come in three different versions – for desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

Adaptive content extends other mediums as well. For example, a smart home thermostat may have a digital interface that displays temperature and humidity information as well as outside weather data downloadedfrom the Internet. You might be able to access this data by logging into your account thorough the web or an app. Similarly, the information displayed on your automobile's LCD panel might also be accessible through the web or a mobile app interface. In each case, developers must create adaptive content that displays the information correctly on each device.

optimized 充分利用；最佳的

fluid 流动的

layout 布局

detect 检测，发现

evenly 均匀地

navigation 导航栏

tablets 平板电脑

medium 媒介

thermostat 恒温器

humidity 湿度，湿气

panel 仪表盘

自适应内容是针对多个设备进行优化的数字内容。它可以包括文本，图像，视频和其他类型的多媒体。内容可能只是适应您的屏幕大小，或者可能会以不同的方式显示，具体取决于访问它的设备。

在网络上显示自适应内容的最流行方式是通过响应式网页设计。通过使用CSS媒体查询和流畅的布局，Web开发人员可以创建适应浏览器窗口大小的网站。加载响应式网页时，媒体查询会检测您的窗口大小，浏览器会显示相应的布局。媒体查询通常与流体布局结合使用，流体布局以百分比而非固定像素定义页面的各个部分。这允许内容更均匀地填充不同的屏幕尺寸。

显示自适应网络内容的另一种方法是检测一个人正在使用什么设备。例如，当您访问手机上的网站时，它可能会将您引导至专为智能手机设计的单独移动网站。布局可能包括更大的文本，更简单的导航和更大的按钮，以便通过触摸屏轻松访问。移动网站通常使用唯一的网址，例如m.example.com。

虽然网站是自适应内容最常见的例子，但它们并不是唯一的一种。例如，软件可以适应多种设备和屏幕尺寸。现在，许多生产力计划（如Microsoft Office和Apple的iWork应用程序）与传统桌面版本一起开发为移动应用程序。过去仅在台式计算机上运行的许多游戏现在也可用于移动设备。有些程序现在有三种不同的版本 - 适用于台式机，平板电脑和智能手机。

自适应内容也扩展了其他媒介。例如，智能家用恒温器可具有数字接口，其显示温度和湿度信息以及从因特网下载的外部天气数据。您可以通过网络或应用登录您的帐户来访问此数据。同样，汽车LCD面板上显示的信息也可通过网络或移动应用界面访问。在每种情况下，开发人员都必须创建自适应内容，以在每个设备上正确显示信息。

21、ADC

Stands for "Analog-to-Digital Converter." Since computers only process digitalinformation, they require digital input. Therefore, if an analog input is sent to a computer, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is required. This device can take an analog signal, such as an electrical current, and digitize it into a binary format that the computer can understand.

A common use for an ADC is to convert analog video to a digital format. For example, video recorded on 8mm film or a VHS tape is stored in an analog format. In order to transfer the video to a computer, the video must be converted to a digital format. This can be done using an ADC video conversion box, which typically has composite video inputs and a Firewire output. Some digital camcorders that have analog inputs can also be used to convert video from analog to digital.

ADCs may also be used to convert analog audio streams. For example, if you want to record sounds from a microphone, the audio must be converted from the microphone's analog signal into a digital signal that the computer can understand. This is why all sound cards that have an analog audio input also require an ADC that converts the incoming audio signal to a digital format. The accuracy of the audio conversion depends on the sampling rate used in the conversion process. Higher sampling rates provide a better estimation of the analog signal, and therefore produce a higher-quality sound.

While ADCs convert analog inputs into a digital format that computers can recognize, sometimes a computer must output an analog signal. For this type of conversion, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is used.

NOTE: ADC can also stand for "Apple Display Connector," which was a proprietary video connector developed by Apple. It combined DVI, USB, and AC power into a single cable. Apple stopped producing computers with ADC ports in 2004 in favor of the standard DVI connection.

ADC 模拟数字转换器

Anolog 模拟

electrical cruunt 电流

VHS 家用视频系统

composite 合成的，复合的

firewire 火线

camcorder 便携式摄像机

estimation 估计

代表“模数转换器”。由于计算机只处理数字信息，因此需要数字输入。因此，如果将模拟输入发送到计算机，则需要模数转换器（ADC）。该设备可以采集模拟信号，例如电流，并将其数字化为计算机可以理解的二进制格式。

ADC的常见用途是将模拟视频转换为数字格式。例如，记录在8mm胶片或VHS磁带上的视频以模拟格式存储。为了将视频传输到计算机，必须将视频转换为数字格式。这可以使用ADC视频转换盒来完成，该盒通常具有复合视频输入和Firewire输出。一些具有模拟输入的数码摄像机也可用于将视频从模拟转换为数字。

ADC还可用于转换模拟音频流。例如，如果要录制麦克风的声音，则必须将音频从麦克风的模拟信号转换为计算机可以理解的数字信号。这就是为什么所有具有模拟音频输入的声卡都需要ADC才能将输入音频信号转换为数字格式。音频转换的准确性取决于转换过程中使用的采样率。更高的采样率可以更好地估计模拟信号，从而产生更高质量的声音。

虽然ADC将模拟输入转换为计算机可识别的数字格式，但有时计算机必须输出模拟信号。对于这种类型的转换，使用数模转换器（DAC）。

注意：ADC也可以代表“Apple Display Connector”，这是Apple开发的专有视频连接器。它将DVI，USB和AC电源组合到一根电缆中。 Apple于2004年停止生产带有ADC端口的计算机，转而采用标准的DVI连接。

22、Add-on

An add-on is a software extension that adds extra features to a program. It may extend certain functions within the program, add new items to the program's interface, or give the program additional capabilities. For example, Mozilla Firefox, a popular Web browser, supports add-ons such as the Google toolbar, ad blockers, and Web developer tools. Some computer games support add-ons that provide extra maps, new characters, or give the player game-editing capabilities.

Most add-ons are available as self-installing packages. This means the user can simply double-click the add-on package to install the files for the corresponding program. Other add-ons may require the user to manually move files into specific directories. While not all programs support add-ons, many programs are now developed with add-on support, since it provides a simple way for other developers to extend the functions of the program.

However, not all software programs refer to these extra features as "add-ons." For example, Dreamweaver supports "extensions," which add extra Web development features, while Excel can import "Add-Ins" that provide the user with extra spreadsheet tools. Many programs also support plug-ins, which may be considered a type of add-on.

附加组件是一种软件扩展，可为程序添加额外功能。它可以扩展程序中的某些功能，将新项添加到程序的界面，或为程序提供附加功能。例如，流行的Web浏览器Mozilla Firefox支持诸如Google工具栏，广告拦截器和Web开发人员工具等附加组件。一些计算机游戏支持附加组件，这些附加组件提供额外的地图，新角色或赋予玩家游戏编辑功能。

大多数附加组件都可以作为自安装包使用。这意味着用户只需双击附加软件包即可安装相应程序的文件。其他附加组件可能要求用户手动将文件移动到特定目录中。虽然并非所有程序都支持附加组件，但现在许多程序都是通过附加支持开发的，因为它为其他开发人员提供了一种扩展程序功能的简单方法。

但是，并非所有软件程序都将这些额外功能称为“附加组件”。例如，Dreamweaver支持“扩展”，它可以添加额外的Web开发功能，而Excel可以导入“加载项”，为用户提供额外的电子表格工具。许多程序还支持插件，插件可以被认为是一种插件。

23、Address Bar

An address bar is a text field near the top of a Web browser window that displays the URLof the current webpage. The URL, or web address, reflects the address of the current page and automatically changes whenever you visit a new webpage. Therefore, you can always check the location of the webpage you are currently viewing with the browser's address bar.

While the URL in the address bar updates automatically when you visit a new page, you can also manually enter a web address. Therefore, if you know the URL of a websiteor specific page you want to visit, you can type the URL in the address bar and press Enter to open the location in your browser.

NOTE: The URL typically begins with "http://", but most browsers will automatically add the HTTP prefix to the beginning of the address if you don't type it in.

The appearance of the address bar varies slightly between browsers, but most browsers display a small 16x16 pixel icondirectly to the left of the URL. This icon is called a "favicon" and provides a visual identifier for the current website. Some browsers also display an RSS feed button on the right side of the address bar when you visit a website that offers RSS feeds. In the Safari web browser, the address bar also doubles as a progress bar when pages are loading and includes a refresh button on the right side. Firefox includes a favorites icon on the right side of the address bar that lets you add or edit a bookmark for the current page.

The address bar is sometimes also called an "address field." However, it should not be confused with a browser toolbar, such as the Google or Yahoo! Toolbar. These toolbars typically appear underneath the address bar and may include a search field and several icons.

bar 酒吧；障碍；条，棒

Address Bar 地址栏

icon 图像

favicon 网站图标

RSS 聚合内容

地址栏是Web浏览器窗口顶部附近的文本字段，用于显示当前网页的URL。 URL或网址反映当前页面的地址，并在您访问新网页时自动更改。因此，您始终可以使用浏览器的地址栏检查您当前正在查看的网页的位置。

当您访问新页面时，地址栏中的URL会自动更新，您也可以手动输入网址。因此，如果您知道要访问的特定于网站的页面的URL，则可以在地址栏中键入URL，然后按Enter键以在浏览器中打开该位置。

注意：URL通常以“http：//”开头，但如果您不输入，大多数浏览器会自动将HTTP前缀添加到地址的开头。

地址栏的外观在浏览器之间略有不同，但大多数浏览器在URL的左侧显示小的16x16像素。此图标称为“favicon”，并为当前网站提供可视标识符。当您访问提供RSS源的网站时，某些浏览器还会在地址栏的右侧显示RSS提要按钮。在Safari Web浏览器中，地址栏在加载页面时也会作为进度条加倍，并在右侧包含刷新按钮。 Firefox在地址栏的右侧包含一个收藏夹图标，可让您添加或编辑当前页面的书签。

地址栏有时也称为“地址栏”。但是，不应将其与浏览器工具栏混淆，例如Google或Yahoo!工具栏。这些工具栏通常显示在地址栏下方，可能包含搜索字段和多个图标。

24、ADF

Stands for "Automatic Document Feeder." An ADF is used in copiers and scanners to feed pages into the machine. It allows multiple pages to be copied or scanned at one time without the need to place each individual page in the copier or scanner.

A flatbed scanner, on the other hand, requires each page to be individually placed on the scanning surface. While this is convenient for single pages, copying 80 pages would require a lot of manual page-loading! Some copy machines include both an automatic document feeder and a flatbed scanning surface so that either method can be used.

feeder 送料机

flatbed 平板的

manual 手工的；手册

代表“自动文档进纸器”。复印机和扫描仪中使用ADF将页面送入机器。它允许一次复印或扫描多个页面，而无需将每个页面放在复印机或扫描仪中。

另一方面，平板扫描仪要求每页都单独放置在扫描表面上。虽然这对单页很方便，但复制80页需要大量的手动页面加载！一些复印机包括自动文档进纸器和平板扫描表面，因此可以使用任何一种方法。

25、ADSL

Stands for "Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line." ADSL is a type of DSL, which is a method of transferring data over copper telephone lines. While symmetrical DSL (SDSL) uploads and downloads data at the same speed, ADSL has different maximum data transfer rates for uploading and downloading data.

For example, an ADSL connection may allow download rates of 1.5Mbps, while upload speeds may only reach 256Kbps. Since most users download much more data than they upload, this difference usually does not make a noticeable impact on Internet access speeds. However, for Web servers or other computers that send a lot of data upstream, ADSL would be an inefficient choice.

asymmetric 不对称的

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 非对称数字用户线路）

copper 铜线，铜币

SDSL (Symmetric digital subscriber line 对称数字用户线路）

impact 影响

代表“非对称数字用户线”。 ADSL是一种DSL，它是一种通过铜质电话线传输数据的方法。虽然对称DSL（SDSL）以相同的速度上传和下载数据，但ADSL具有不同的上传和下载数据的最大数据传输速率。

例如，ADSL连接可允许1.5Mbps的下载速率，而上载速度可能仅达到256Kbps。由于大多数用户下载的数据比上传的数据多得多，因此这种差异通常不会对Internet访问速度产生明显影响。但是，对于向上游发送大量数据的Web服务器或其他计算机，ADSL将是一种低效的选择。

26、Adware

Adware is free software that is supported by advertisements. Common adware programs are toolbars that sit on your desktop or work in conjunction with your Web browser. They include features like advanced searching of the Web or your hard drive and better organization of your bookmarks and shortcuts. Adware can also be more advanced programs such as games or utilities. They are free to use, but require you to watch advertisements as long as the programs are open. Since the ads often allow you to click to a Web site, adware typically requires an active Internet connection to run.

Most adware is safe to use, but some can serve as spyware, gathering information about you from your hard drive, the Web sites you visit, or your keystrokes. Spyware programs can then send the information over the Internet to another computer. So be careful what adware you install on your computer. Make sure it is from a reputable company and read the privacy agreement that comes with it.

conjunction 结合；同时发生

utilities 实用程序；实用工具

keystrokes 击键

reputable 声誉好的；受尊敬的

privacy 隐私，隐秘

广告软件是广告支持的免费软件。常见的广告软件程序是位于桌面上或与Web浏览器配合使用的工具栏。它们包括高级搜索Web或硬盘驱动器等功能，以及更好地组织书签和快捷方式。广告软件也可以是更高级的程序，如游戏或实用程序。它们是免费使用的，但只要程序是开放的，您就需要观看广告。由于广告通常允许您点击网站，因此广告软件通常需要运行活动的Internet连接。

大多数广告软件都可以安全使用，但有些广告软件可以充当间谍软件，从您的硬盘驱动器，您访问的网站或按键中收集有关您的信息。然后，间谍软件程序可以通过Internet将信息发送到另一台计算机。因此，请注意您在计算机上安装的广告软件。确保它来自信誉良好的公司并阅读随附的隐私协议。

27、Affiliate

An Internet affiliate is a company, organization, or individual that markets another company's products through their website. In exchange for marketing their products, companies pay affiliates a commission for each sale they generate.

Affiliate programs exist for many different industries, such as travel, clothing, technology, and online services. This allows web publishers to promote specific products or services related to the content of their websites. For example, the webmaster of a fashion website may publish affiliate banners for a clothing store. The owner of a software review website may include affiliate links to different software programs.

Affiliate marketing is a type of PPS advertising, since affiliates are only paid for sales they produce (unlike PPC advertising). Therefore, merchants must offer affiliates high enough commissions to make it worthwhile for the publishers to run their ads. Affiliate commissions vary widely between industries and also depend on average sale amounts. Low-margin products, such as consumer electronics, may offer commissions as low as 2%, while high-margin products, such as computer software, may offer commissions as high as 75%. Most affiliate commissions fall in the range of 5 to 20%.

Affiliate programs provide free marketing for merchants and an extra source of revenue for web publishers. While it is a win-win partnership, setting up an affiliate system to track sales and generate payments is a complex process. Therefore, many companies run their affiliate programs through a third party e-commerce platform, such as Commission Junction or DirectTrack.

affiliate 分支，子公司；加盟

commission 佣金

banners 横幅、广告

PPC advertising 点击付费系统

merechant 商人，店主

low-margin 低利润

互联网子公司是通过其网站销售其他公司产品的公司，组织或个人。作为对其产品进行营销的交换，公司向其关联公司支付其产生的每笔销售的佣金。

联盟计划适用于许多不同的行业，例如旅行，服装，技术和在线服务。这允许网络发布者宣传与其网站内容相关的特定产品或服务。例如，时尚网站的网站管理员可以发布服装店的会员横幅。软件评论网站的所有者可以包括到不同软件程序的会员链接。

联盟营销是一种PPS广告，因为联盟会员只为其生产的销售付费（与PPC广告不同）。因此，商家必须为关联企业提供足够高的佣金，以使发布商能够投放广告。联盟佣金在不同行业之间差异很大，也取决于平均销售额。低利润产品（如消费电子产品）可能会提供低至2％的佣金，而高利润产品（如计算机软件）可能会提供高达75％的佣金。大多数联盟佣金都在5％到20％之间。

联盟计划为商家提供免费营销，并为网络发布商提供额外的收入来源。虽然这是一个双赢的合作伙伴关系，但建立联盟系统来跟踪销售和生成付款是一个复杂的过程。因此，许多公司通过第三方电子商务平台运行其联盟计划，例如Commission Junction或DirectTrack。

28、AGP

Stands for "Accelerated Graphics Port." AGP is a type of expansion slot designed specifically for graphics cards. It was developed in 1996 as an alternative to the PCI standard. Since the AGP interface provides a dedicated bus for graphics data, AGP cards are able to render graphics faster than comparable PCI graphics cards.

Like PCI slots, AGP slots are built into a computer's motherboard. They have a similar form factor to PCI slots, but can only be used for graphics cards. Additionally, several AGP specifications exist, including AGP 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, which each use a different voltage. Therefore, AGP cards must be compatible with the specification of the AGP slot they are installed in.

Since AGP cards require an expansion slot, they can only be used in desktop computers. While AGP was popular for about a decade, the technology has been superseded by PCI Express, which was introduced in 2004. For a few years, many desktop computers included both AGP and PCI Express slots, but eventually AGP slots were removed completely. Therefore, most desktop computers manufactured after 2006 do not include an AGP slot.

graphics 显卡；图形

slot 槽

dedicate 致力于，专用

render 提供

PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外设部件互连标准，是个人电脑使用最广泛的接口

代表“加速显卡形端口”。 AGP是一种专为显卡设计的扩展槽。它是在1996年开发的，作为PCI标准的替代品。由于AGP接口为图形数据提供专用总线，因此AGP卡能够比同类PCI图形卡更快地渲染图形。

与PCI插槽一样，AGP插槽内置于计算机主板中。它们具有与PCI插槽类似的外形，但只能用于显卡。此外，还存在若干AGP规范，包括AGP 1.0,2.0和3.0，它们各自使用不同的电压。因此，AGP卡必须与它们所安装的AGP插槽的规格兼容。

由于AGP卡需要扩展槽，因此它们只能用于台式计算机。虽然AGP流行了大约十年，但该技术已被2004年推出的PCI Express所取代。几年来，许多台式机都包括AGP和PCI Express插槽，但最终AGP插槽完全被删除。因此，2006年以后制造的大多数台式计算机不包括AGP插槽。

29、AIFF

Stands for "Audio Interchange File Format." AIFF is a file format designed to store audio data. It was developed by Apple Computer, but is based on Electronic Arts' IFF (Interchange File Format), a container format originally used on Amiga systems.

A standard AIFF file contains 2 channels of uncompressed stereo audio with a sample size of 16 bits, recorded at a sampling rate of 44.1 kilohertz. This is also known as "CD-quality audio," since CDs use the same audio specifications. AIFF audio takes up just over 10MB per minute of audio, which means a 4 minute song saved as an AIFF will require just over 40MB of disk space. This is nearly identical to a .WAV file (which uses the same sample size and sampling rate as an AIFF file. However, it is about ten times the size of a similar MP3 file recorded at 128 kbps, or five times the size of an MP3 file recorded at 256 kbps.

Since compressed and uncompressed audio files sound nearly the same, most digital audio distributed over the Internet is saved in a compressed format, such as an .MP3 or .M4A file. This makes downloading audio from websites or the iTunes Store much faster and more efficient. However, AIFF files are still commonly used for audio recording, since it is important to save the original audio data in an uncompressed format. By working AIFF files, audio engineers can ensure that the sound quality is maintained throughout the mixing and mastering process. Once the final version of a song or other audio project is saved, it can then be exported in a compressed format.

NOTE: While the standard AIFF format does not support compressed audio data, Apple developed a variation of the AIFF format, called AIFF-C, which supports audio compression. This format is also based on the original IFF format, but includes extra space in the file structure to define the type of the compression. Therefore, the AIFF-C format can store audio generated from multiple compression algorithms.

File extensions: .AIF, .AIFF, .AIFC

AIFF 音频交换格式

algorithm 算法

代表“音频交换文件格式”。 AIFF是一种用于存储音频数据的文件格式。它由Apple Computer开发，但基于Electronic Arts的IFF（交换文件格式），这是一种最初用于Amiga系统的容器格式。

标准AIFF文件包含2个未压缩立体声音频通道，采样率为16位，采样率为44.1千赫兹。这也称为“CD质量音频”，因为CD使用相同的音频规格。 AIFF音频每分钟只占用10MB以上的音频，这意味着作为AIFF保存的4分钟歌曲将需要超过40MB的磁盘空间。这几乎与.WAV文件相同（使用与AIFF文件相同的样本大小和采样率。但是，它大约是以128 kbps记录的类似MP3文件大小的十倍，或者是一个大小的五倍。 MP3文件以256 kbps记录。

由于压缩和未压缩的音频文件听起来几乎相同，因此通过Internet分发的大多数数字音频以压缩格式保存，例如.MP3或.M4A文件。这使得从网站或iTunes Store下载音频的速度更快，效率更高。但是，AIFF文件仍然常用于录音，因为以非压缩格式保存原始音频数据非常重要。通过处理AIFF文件，音频工程师可以确保在整个混音和母带制作过程中保持音质。保存歌曲或其他音频项目的最终版本后，可以以压缩格式导出。

注意：虽然标准AIFF格式不支持压缩音频数据，但Apple开发了AIFF格式的变体，称为AIFF-C，支持音频压缩。此格式也基于原始IFF格式，但在文件结构中包含额外空间以定义压缩类型。因此，AIFF-C格式可以存储从多种压缩算法生成的音频。

文件扩展名：.AIF，.AIFF，.AIFC

30、AIX

Stands for "Advanced Interactive Executive," though some Linux fans have been known to refer to it as "Ain't UNIX." AIX is an operating system developed by IBM and is in fact Unix-based. It is typically used for enterprise servers and comes with a robust set of security options such as Kerberos V5 network authentication and dynamic secure tunnel authentication. AIX allows the system administrator to divide memory, CPU, and disk access between various jobs. The system supports IBM's 64-bit POWER processor and is backwards-compatible with 32-bit applications. It also runs most Linux applications (after recompiling them) and has full support for Java 2. If all that jargon makes no sense to you, relax -- AIX is not your typical consumer operating system. It is mainly used for servers in large businesses where IT geeks get to work with it.

Ain’t 没有相当于“ am not ；are not”

robust 强壮的

Kerberos 一种计算机网络授权协议

tunnel 安全加密链路；隧道

jargon 专业术语

make no sense 毫无意义

geek 极客

代表“高级交互式执行”，尽管一些Linux粉丝已经将其称为“不是UNIX”。 AIX是由IBM开发的操作系统，实际上是基于Unix的。它通常用于企业服务器，并附带一组强大的安全选项，如Kerberos V5网络身份验证和动态安全链路身份验证。 AIX允许系统管理员在各种作业之间划分内存，CPU和磁盘访问。该系统支持IBM的64位POWER处理器，并向后兼容32位应用程序。它还运行大多数Linux应用程序（在重新编译它们之后）并且完全支持Java 2.如果所有这些术语对你没有意义，请放松 - AIX不是典型的消费者操作系统。它主要用于IT极客使用它的大型企业中的服务器。

警报框（有时称为消息框）是一个小窗口，在您的屏幕上弹出，警告您计算机即将执行具有潜在破坏性后果的操作。例如，当您选择清空计算机上的“废纸篓”或“回收站”时，可能会弹出一个警告框，上面写着“您确定要永久删除这些项目吗？”然后，您可以选择“确定”，删除项目，或“取消”，以防止删除项目。

警报框可以为用户提供安全保护，阻止我们做我们希望不做的事情。也许最常见的警报框是当您尝试关闭文档而不保存文档时弹出的警告框。您很可能会看到一个警告框，其中包含“在关闭之前保存对此文档的更改？”的消息。您可以选择“不保存”，放弃更改，“保存”，在关闭文档前保存更改，或“取消”，取消关闭文档并继续处理。

大多数警报框包括标准警报图标 - 中间有感叹号的三角形 - 以引起您的注意。但是，并非所有警报框都有多个选项，例如“取消”和“确定”。例如，警告框可能会显示在屏幕上，表示程序执行了非法操作并意外退出。当发生这种情况时，您唯一的选择是选择“确定”，然后在您有机会保存工作之前启动计算机以退出程序。