C++ debug和release版本运行结果不一致浅析
2024-05-11 04:44:17
问题
最近在写 AVL 树的问题，其中涉及到大量的指针操作。但由于出现了 bug ，在没有修复时出现了单步调试和直接编译运行的结果不一样的情况。大致情况是：单步调试能够根据逻辑把结果运行出来，但是编译运行会出现程序异常中断的情况。
问题代码
#include<iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;template<class K,class V>
struct AVLTreeNode{AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _left;AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _right;AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;K _key;V _value;int _bf; //平衡因子AVLTreeNode(const K& key,const V& value):_key(key), _value(value), _left(NULL), _right(NULL), _parent(NULL), _bf(0){}
};template<class K,class V>
class AVLTree{typedef AVLTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:AVLTree():_root(NULL){}bool Insert(const K& key, const V& value){if (_root == NULL){_root = new Node(key,value);return true;}Node* cur = _root;Node* parent = NULL;while (cur){if (cur->_key > key){parent = cur;cur = cur->_left;}else if (cur->_key < key){parent = cur;cur = cur->_right;}else{return false;}}cur = new Node(key,value);if (parent->_key > key){parent->_left = cur;cur->_parent = parent;}else{parent->_right = cur;cur->_parent = parent;}//更新平衡因子//不平衡，则进行旋转while (parent){if (parent->_right==cur)parent->_bf++;elseparent->_bf--;//父节点平衡因子为0时，退出（说明父节点的两边高度一样，算路径长度的话都一样，没有影响）if (parent->_bf == 0)break;//父节点平衡因子为1或-1的时候（说明是从0+1或0-1得来的），父节点两边高度不同，故需要继续更新平衡因子else if (parent->_bf == 1 || parent->_bf == -1){cur = parent;parent = cur->_parent;}//父节点平衡因子为2或-2时，旋转else //(parent->_bf==2||parent->_bf==-2) 旋转{if (parent->_bf == -2){if (cur->_bf == -1)//右单旋{_RotateR(parent);}else //(cur->_bf==1) 左右单旋{_RotateLR(parent);}}else //(parent->_bf==2){if (cur->_bf == 1) //左单旋{_RotateL(parent);}else //(cur->_bf==-1)右左单旋{_RotateRL(parent);}}break;}}}Node* Find(const K& key){if (_root == NULL)return NULL;Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (cur->_key > key)cur = cur->_left;else if (cur->_key < key)cur = cur->_right;elsereturn cur;}return NULL;}bool Remove(const K& key){if (_root == NULL)return false;Node* parent = NULL;Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (cur->_key > key){parent = cur;cur = cur->_left;}else if (cur->_key < key){parent = cur;cur = cur->_right;}else{Node* del;if (cur->_right == NULL){del = cur;if (parent == NULL){_root = cur->_left;//_root->_bf = 0;}else{if (parent->_left == cur){parent->_left = cur->_left;parent->_bf++;}else{parent->_right = cur->_left;parent->_bf--;}}delete del;}else if (cur->_left == NULL){del = cur;if (parent == NULL){_root = cur->_right;_root->_bf = 0;cout << "cur : " << cur->_key << endl;}else{if (parent->_left == cur){parent->_left = cur->_right;parent->_bf++;}else{parent->_right = cur->_right;parent->_bf--;}}delete del;}else{parent = cur;Node* left = cur->_right;while (left->_left){parent = left;left = left->_left;}del = left;cur->_key = left->_key;cur->_value = left->_value;if (parent->_left == left){parent->_left = left->_right;parent->_bf++;}else{parent->_right = left->_right;parent->_bf--;}delete del;}break;}}if (cur == NULL){return false;}while (parent){if (parent->_bf == 0){break;}else if (parent->_bf == 1 || parent->_bf == -1){break;}else //parent->_bf=2||parent->_bf=-2{if (parent->_bf == -2){if (cur->_bf == -1)_RotateR(parent);else //cur->_bf=1_RotateLR(parent);}else{if (cur->_bf == 1)_RotateL(parent);else_RotateRL(parent);}break;}}return true;}void InOrder(){_InOrder(_root);cout << endl;}//判断这棵树是否是平衡搜索树bool IsBlance(){return _IsBlance(_root);}
protected:void _RotateR(Node* parent){Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR=subL->_right;parent->_left = subLR;if (subLR != NULL){subLR->_parent = parent;}subL->_right = parent;Node* ppNode = parent->_parent;parent->_parent = subL;if (ppNode == NULL){_root = subL;subL->_parent = NULL;}else{if (ppNode->_left == parent){ppNode->_left = subL;subL->_parent = ppNode;}else{ppNode->_right = subL;subL->_parent = ppNode;}}subL->_bf = parent->_bf = 0;}void _RotateL(Node* parent){Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL= subR->_left;parent->_right = subRL;if (subRL != NULL){subRL->_parent = parent;}subR->_left = parent;Node* ppNode = parent->_parent;parent->_parent = subR;if (ppNode == NULL){_root = subR;subR->_parent = NULL;}else{if (ppNode->_left == parent){ppNode->_left = subR;subR->_parent = ppNode;}else{ppNode->_right = subR;subR->_parent = ppNode;}}subR->_bf = parent->_bf = 0;}void _RotateRL(Node* parent){Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL= subR->_left;int bf = subRL->_bf;_RotateR(parent->_right);_RotateL(parent);if (bf == 1) //从subRL的右边插入{parent->_bf = -1;subR->_bf = 0;}else if (bf == -1) //从subRL的左边插入{parent->_bf = 0;subR->_bf = 1;}else //(bf=0){parent->_bf = 0;subR->_bf = 0;}subRL->_bf = 0;}void _RotateLR(Node* parent){Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR = subL->_right;int bf = subLR->_bf;_RotateL(parent->_left);_RotateR(parent);if (bf == 1){parent->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = -1;}else if (bf == -1){parent->_bf = 1;subL->_bf = 0;}else //bf=0{parent->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = 0;}subLR->_bf = 0;}bool _IsBlance(Node* root){if (root == NULL)return true;int right = _Height(root->_right);int left = _Height(root->_left);if (right - left != root->_bf || abs(right - left) >= 2){cout << "平衡因子异常" << root->_key << endl;return false;}return _IsBlance(root->_left) && _IsBlance(root->_right);}int _Height(Node* root){if (root == NULL)return 0;int right = _Height(root->_right);int left = _Height(root->_left);if (right > left)return (right + 1);elsereturn (left + 1);}void _InOrder(Node* root){if (root == NULL){return;}else{_InOrder(root->_left);cout << root->_key << " ";_InOrder(root->_right);}}
protected:Node* _root;
};void Test1()
{cout << "Test1 : " << endl;int a[9] = { 16, 3, 7, 11, 9, 26, 18, 14, 15 };AVLTree<int, int> avl;for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]); ++i){avl.Insert(a[i],i);}avl.InOrder();cout<<avl.IsBlance()<<endl;AVLTreeNode<int, int>* ret1 = avl.Find(18);if (ret1)cout << ret1->_key << ":" << ret1->_value << endl;elsecout << "不存在ret1" << endl;AVLTreeNode<int, int>* ret2 = avl.Find(1);if (ret2)cout << ret2->_key << ":" << ret2->_value << endl;elsecout << "不存在ret2" << endl;avl.Remove(26);avl.Remove(18);avl.Remove(15);avl.InOrder();avl.Remove(3);cout << avl.Remove(7) << endl;cout << avl.Remove(7) << endl;cout << avl.Remove(9) << endl;cout << avl.Remove(11) << endl;avl.InOrder();cout << avl.IsBlance() << endl;avl.InOrder();cout << avl.Remove(14) << endl;cout << avl.Remove(15) << endl;avl.Remove(9);avl.Remove(11);avl.Remove(14);avl.Remove(15);cout << avl.Remove(100) << endl;avl.Remove(16);avl.Remove(18);avl.Remove(26);avl.InOrder();
}void Test2()
{cout << "Test2 : " << endl;int a[10] = { 4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 15, 7, 16, 14 };AVLTree<int, int> avl;for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]); ++i){avl.Insert(a[i], i);}avl.InOrder();cout << avl.IsBlance() << endl;AVLTreeNode<int, int>* ret1 = avl.Find(5);if (ret1)cout << ret1->_key << ":" << ret1->_value << endl;elsecout << "不存在ret1" << endl;AVLTreeNode<int, int>* ret2 = avl.Find(88);if (ret2)cout << ret2->_key << ":" << ret2->_value << endl;elsecout << "不存在ret2" << endl;avl.Remove(14);avl.Remove(16);avl.Remove(7);avl.InOrder();avl.Remove(15);avl.Remove(6);avl.Remove(5);cout << avl.Remove(4) << endl;avl.Remove(4);avl.Remove(3);avl.Remove(2);avl.Remove(1);cout << avl.Remove(100) << endl;avl.Remove(7);avl.Remove(16);avl.InOrder();
}int main()
{Test1();cout << endl;cout << endl;Test2();return 0;
}
分析
问题中阐述的两种运行方式分别对应着 debug 和 release 版本的结果，区别在于 release 版本会进行一定的编译优化。
说点题外话，我们再来回顾一个 C/C++ 程序从 .c 文件到 .exe的可执行文件的流程：
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预处理,把宏替换
编译,转成汇编代码
汇编,转成二进制代码
链接,生成可执行文件
.c 文件
.i 文件
.s 文件
.o 文件
.exe 文件
其中，编译优化就是在汇编代码中优化一些不必要的操作。例如本代码的问题是出现了访问到已经被 delete 的内存，对于 debug 版本，在访问内存的指针中会通过 ebp 寄存器，而这种方式会允许少量数组越界或者访问非法内存的情况，进而能让程序继续运行；而对于 release 却会优化会省略 ebp 栈基址指针，这样通过一个全局指针访问栈就会造成返回地址错误是程序崩溃，这种指针又称 帧指针。
解决
问题的关键是程序中，被删除的子节点的孩子节点的父亲指针没有正确设置，以及删除后其祖先节点的平衡因子没有调整导致，所修改 Remove 部分代码即可。
参考
- C++ debug和release版本的区别及调试技巧
- esp和ebp详解
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