founder of girton college

Sarah Emily Davies (22 April 1830 – 13 July 1921)[1][2] was an English feminist and suffragist, and a pioneering campaigner for women’s rights to university access. She is remembered above all as a co-founder and an early Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge University, the first university college in England to educate women.

Contents
1 Life
2 Women’s rights
3 Girton College
4 Quotes
5 Recognition
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links and references
Life
Davies was born in Carlton Crescent, Southampton, England to an evangelical clergyman and a teacher,[1][3] although she spent most of her youth in Gateshead, where her father, John D. Davies, was Rector.[4]

Davies had been tempted to train in medicine. She wrote the article “Female Physicians” for the feminist English Woman’s Journal in May 1860,[5] and “Medicine as a Profession for Women” in 1862.[6] Furthermore, she “greatly encouraged” her friend Elizabeth Garrett in her medical studies.[7]

Women’s rights
After the death of her father, Davies moved in 1862 to London, where she edited the English Woman’s Journal and became friends with the women’s rights advocates Barbara Bodichon, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and her younger sister Millicent Fawcett. Davies became a founding member of a women’s discussion group, the Kensington Society, along with Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Barbara Bodichon, Dorothea Beale and Frances Mary Buss, who together unsuccessfully petitioned Parliament to grant women voting rights.[8]

Davies began campaigning for women’s rights to education and to degrees and teaching qualifications. She was active on the London School Board and in the Schools Inquiry Commission and instrumental in obtaining the admission of girls to official secondary-school examinations. Davies went on to advocate the admission of women to the Universities of London, Oxford and Cambridge. These were exclusively male domains, like all universities at the time.[9]

Davies also became involved in the suffrage movement, which centred on a woman’s right to vote. She was involved in organising for John Stuart Mill’s 1866 petition to the British Parliament), which was signed by Paulina Irby,[10] Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and 15,000 others,[1] and the first to press for women’s suffrage. That same year she wrote the book entitled The Higher Education of Women.[9]

Girton College
In 1869, Davies led the campaign to found Britain’s first women’s college,[11] with the support of Frances Buss, Dorothea Beale and Barbara Bodichon.[12] Girton College was initially located in Hitchin, Hertfordshire, with Charlotte Manning as the first Mistress. The college then moved in 1873 to the outskirts of Cambridge.

Davies strongly advocated a quality of curriculum equivalent to those offered to men of the time.[12] Despite the Senate rejecting her proposal to let women officially sit for the papers, Davies continued to train students for the Cambridge Tripos exams on an unofficial basis.[12]

Davies served as Mistress of the College in 1873–1875. In 1877, Caroline Croom Robertson joined the management as secretary to reduce the load on Davies.[13] The College and the rest of Cambridge University only began to grant full university degrees to women in 1940.[9]

Davies persistent fight for equal education for women was instrumental also in the founding in 1875 of Newnham College, which would be led by Anne Jemima Clough.[12] In June 1901, Davies received an honorary Doctor of Laws (DLL) from the University of Glasgow.[14]

Davies also continued her suffrage work. In 1906, she headed a delegation to Parliament. She was known for opposing the militant and violent methods used by the Suffragette part of the women’s suffrage movement, led by the Pankhursts.[9] In 1910, Davies published Thoughts on Some Questions Relating to Women (OCLC 788783).

Emily Davies died at home in Belsize Park, Hampstead, London, on 13 July 1921.[2]

Quotes
Many persons will reply, without hesitation, that the one object to be aimed at, the ideal to be striven after, in the education of women, is to make good wives and mothers. And the answer is a reasonable one, so far as it goes, and with explanations. Clearly, no education would be good which did not tend to make good wives and mothers; and that which produces the best wives and mothers is likely to be the best possible education. But having made this admission, it is necessary to point out that an education of which the aim is thus limited, is likely to fail in that aim.

— Emily Davies, The Higher Education of Women, pp. 10–11.[15]
What is really wanted in a woman is, that she should be a permanently pleasant companion. So far as education can give or enhance pleasantness, it does so by making the view of life wide, the wit ready, the faculty of comprehension vivid.[16]

Recognition
In 2016, the Council of the University of Cambridge approved the use of Davies’s name to mark a physical feature within the North West Cambridge Development.[17]

On 30 June 2019, a Blue Plaque jointly commemorating founders Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon was unveiled at Girton College, Cambridge by Baroness Hale, President of the Supreme Court, and a graduate of Girton, as part of the college’s 150th anniversary celebrations. The plaque is sited on the main tower at the entrance to Girton off Huntingdon Road.[18]

萨拉-艾米莉-戴维斯（Sarah Emily Davies）（1830年4月22日-1921年7月13日）[1][2]是英国女权主义者和女权主义者，是争取妇女上大学权利的先锋运动者。她作为剑桥大学吉尔顿学院的共同创始人和早期女主人而被人们记住，吉尔顿学院是英国第一所教育女性的大学。

内容
1 生活
2 妇女的权利
3 吉顿学院
4 名言
5 认可
6 另见
7 参考文献
8 进一步阅读
9 外部链接和参考资料
生平
戴维斯出生于英国南安普敦的卡尔顿新月，父亲是一位福音派牧师和一位教师，[1][3]不过她的大部分青年时期是在盖茨黑德度过的，她的父亲约翰-D-戴维斯是那里的校长[4] 。

戴维斯曾被诱惑去接受医学培训。她在1860年5月为女权主义的《英国妇女杂志》撰写了 "女医生 "一文，[5] 并在1862年撰写了 "医学是妇女的职业 "一文。[6] 此外，她 "极大地鼓励 "她的朋友伊丽莎白-加勒特学习医学。

妇女的权利
父亲去世后，戴维斯于1862年搬到了伦敦，在那里她编辑了《英国妇女杂志》，并与女权倡导者芭芭拉-博迪洪、伊丽莎白-加勒特-安德森和她的妹妹米利森特-福赛特成为朋友。戴维斯与伊丽莎白-加勒特-安德森、芭芭拉-博迪琼、多萝西娅-比尔和弗朗西斯-玛丽-布斯一起成为妇女讨论小组肯辛顿协会的创始成员，他们一起向议会请愿，要求给予妇女投票权，但没有成功。

戴维斯开始为妇女的受教育权、学位和教师资格开展活动。她积极参加伦敦学校委员会和学校调查委员会的工作，并在争取女孩参加官方中学考试方面发挥了作用。戴维斯继续倡导伦敦大学、牛津大学和剑桥大学接纳女性。这些大学和当时的所有大学一样，都是纯男性的领域。

戴维斯还参与了选举权运动，该运动以妇女的投票权为中心。她参与了约翰-斯图尔特-米尔1866年向英国议会提交的请愿书的组织工作，该请愿书由保利娜-伊尔比、[10] 伊丽莎白-加勒特-安德森和其他15,000人签署，[1] 是第一个要求妇女选举权的请愿书。同年，她写了一本名为《妇女的高等教育》的书[9]。

吉尔顿学院
1869年，戴维斯领导了创建英国第一所女子学院的运动，[11] 并得到了弗朗西斯-布斯、多萝西娅-比尔和芭芭拉-博迪琼的支持。[12] 吉尔顿学院最初位于赫特福德郡的希钦，由夏洛特-曼宁担任第一任院长。之后，学院于1873年迁至剑桥郊区。

戴维斯极力主张课程质量要与当时提供给男性的课程质量相当。[12] 尽管参议院拒绝了她提出的让女性正式参加考试的建议，但戴维斯继续以非官方的方式培训学生参加剑桥大学的Tripos考试[12] 。

戴维斯在1873-1875年担任学院的女主人。1877年，卡罗琳-克罗姆-罗伯逊（Caroline Croom Robertson）作为秘书加入管理层，以减轻戴维斯的负担。[13] 学院和剑桥大学的其他部门直到1940年才开始向女性授予正式的大学学位。

戴维斯坚持为妇女争取平等教育，这对1875年纽汉姆学院的成立也起到了重要作用，该学院将由安妮-杰米玛-克拉夫领导。 1901年6月，戴维斯获得了格拉斯哥大学的荣誉法学博士（DLL）。

戴维斯还继续她的选举权工作。1906年，她率领一个代表团前往议会。她因反对由潘克赫斯特夫妇领导的妇女选举权运动中的女权运动部分所使用的激进和暴力方法而闻名。

1921年7月13日，艾米莉-戴维斯在伦敦汉普斯特德的贝尔赛公园的家中去世[2] 。

引文
许多人都会毫不犹豫地回答说，在妇女教育中，需要瞄准的一个目标，需要争取的一个理想，就是成为好妻子和好母亲。这个答案是合理的，就其本身而言，也是有解释的。显然，任何教育如果不倾向于培养好妻子和好母亲，那就不是好教育；而培养好妻子和好母亲的教育可能是最好的教育。但在承认了这一点之后，有必要指出，目标如此有限的教育很可能无法实现这一目标。

艾米莉-戴维斯，《妇女的高等教育》，第10-11页[15] 。
在一个女人身上真正需要的是，她应该是一个永久的愉快的伴侣。只要教育能给予或提高愉悦感，它就能通过使生活视野开阔、机智敏捷、理解能力生动来做到这一点[16] 。

认可
2016年，剑桥大学理事会批准使用戴维斯的名字来标记西北剑桥大学发展区的一个物理特征。

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