文章目录

传送门
前言
`句子成分`
- `主语 Subject`
- - `[名词/代词]做主语`
  - `动名词做主语`
  - 不定式做主语
  - 数词做主语
  - `形式主语`
- `谓语`
- - 谓语的种类
  - - 简单谓语
    - 复合谓语
  - `主谓一致 Subject Verb Agreement`
  - `实义动词做独立谓语`
  - `系动词做独立谓语`
  - 情态动词做部分谓语
  - 助动词做部分谓语
- `宾语`
- - `[名词/代词]做宾语`
  - [动名词/现在分词]做宾语
  - 不定式做宾语
  - 数词做宾语
- `表语`
- - `形容词做表语`
  - `名词做表语`
  - 不定式做表语
  - `[介词短语/介宾短语]做表语`
  - 数词做表语
- `定语`
- - 前置定语
  - - `形容词做前置定语`
    - 名词做定语
    - 数词做定语
  - `后置定语`
  - - `形容词做后置定语`
    - - 修饰不定代词
      - 形容词短语
    - 不定式做定语
    - `[介词短语/介宾短语]做定语`
    - `分词做定语`
    - - 现在分词做定语
      - 过去分词做定语
- 状语
- - `副词做程度状语`
  - 分词做结果状语
  - [介词短语/介宾短语]做[地点/时间]状语
  - 不定式做目的状语
  - 条件状语
  - 让步状语
  - `方式状语`
  - 原因状语
  - 名词做状语
  - 形容词做状语
  - 数词做状语
- 补语（宾语补足语）
- - 名词作宾补
  - `形容词作宾补`
- 同位语
- - 名词作同位语
  - 形容词做同位语
  - 数词做同位语
- 插入语
按句子结构分类的句型
- `简单句`
- - `主谓`
  - `主谓宾`
  - `主系表`
  - - `there be`
    - - 就近原则
      - there be与[have/has] got
  - 主谓双宾
  - 主谓宾补
- 并列句
- `[复杂句/复合句/从句]`
- - 主语从句
  - - `由that引导`
    - 由whether引导
    - 由特殊疑问词引导
  - `宾语从句`
  - - 由that引导
    - 由[if/whether]引导
    - 由特殊疑问词引导
  - 表语从句
  - - 由[that/whether]引导
    - 由特殊疑问词引导
  - 同位语从句
  - `定语从句`
  - - `关系词`
    - `由关系代词引导`
    - - `由[who/whom/that/which]引导`
      - `由that引导`
        
        由[who/whom]引导
        
        由which引导
      - 由whose引导
      - `由介词+关系代词引导`
      - 做地点状语
        
        做时间状语
        
        做宾语
    - `由关系副词引导`
    - - 由when引导
      - 由where引导
      - 由why引导
    - 限定性定语从句
    - `非限定性定语从句`
    - 区分定语从句与同位语从句
  - `状语从句`
  - - `条件状语从句`
    - - `由if引导`
      - 真实条件
        
        [不真实/虚拟条件]
      - 由as long as引导
      - 由unless引导
    - 让步状语从句
    - - 由although引导
      - 由[despite/in spite of]引导
      - 比较状语从句
    - 结果状语从句
    - - 由so...that...引导
      - 由such...that...引导
    - 原因状语从句
    - 目的状语从句
    - - 由so that引导
      - 由[in order to/that]引导
    - `时间状语从句`
    - 地点状语从句
  - 从句练习
  - - 造句题
    - 选择题
    - 改错题
按句子用途分类的句型
- 陈述句
- - 肯定句
  - 否定句
- 疑问句
- - 一般疑问句
  - 特殊疑问句
  - - 选择疑问句
    - `反义疑问句`
- `祈使句`
- 感叹句
- 倒装句
总结

传送门

明翰英语教学系列之方法篇
明翰英语教学系列之音标篇
明翰英语教学系列之名词篇
明翰英语教学系列之动词篇
明翰英语教学系列之形容词与副词篇
明翰英语教学系列之冠词篇
明翰英语教学系列之代词篇
明翰英语教学系列之介词篇
明翰英语教学系列之连词篇
明翰英语教学系列之数词篇
明翰英语教学系列之时态与语态篇
明翰英语教学系列之句法篇
明翰英语教学系列之语料篇
明翰英语教学系列之雅思篇
明翰英语教学系列之雅思听力篇
明翰英语教学系列之雅思阅读篇
明翰英语教学系列之雅思写作篇
明翰英语教学系列之雅思口语篇
明翰英语教学系列之雅思词汇篇
明翰英语教学系列之PTE与多邻国篇
明翰全日制英国硕士留学攻略篇
明翰全日制英国硕士词汇篇

前言

句子的类型可以按两个维度进行分类。
本文的知识点非常重要，
是英语学习进阶所必不可少的一环。

知识是一环套一环的，
我们需要什么样词性的词做什么样的句子结构，
如果词性没有学好，那么句子结构肯定学不好。

很多人爱说Chinglish，
例如把"好久不见"说成long time no see.

把思维转变成：
找出核心词汇，我、看、你，构成主谓宾结构，
之后再给句子加上时态、语态、状语，变成：
I have not seen you for a long time.
除了主谓宾之外，我们还用了完成时+否定句+时间状语。

英语句子开头第一个字母要大写，
句子末尾要用句号、问好或感叹号结束。

`句子成分`

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
英语句子成分有：
主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语，同位语等。

我们可以把定语、状语这些成分统称为修饰语，
因为主要起修饰作用。
我们把句子中的修饰语去掉，
句子的主干意思也能表达出来。

句子包含有主要成分和次要成分。
主要成分是主语，谓语，宾语，表语；
次要成分是定语，壮语，补语，同位语；

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，
而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

名词在句中作用十分广泛，
除谓语外，它几乎可以充当句中任何成分。

`主语 Subject`

主语是句子中最重要的部分，
是句子中的主体和中心，是动作的[发出者/发起者]。
如果把句子当成是一个人的话，那么主语就是头。

主语一般表示句子主要说明的人、事、物，能做主语的元素比较多。
一般由：
名词，代词，动名词，数词，不定式等充当。

注意：动词原形、副词不能做主语。

`[名词/代词]做主语`

The book is very interesting.

The young woman played an important part in the matter.
The bag is in the desk.

Tom has arrived.

The life is changing day by day.

Beijing is the capital of China.

Some boys are playing basketball over there.

My father goes to the gym to keep healthy.

The corgi dog costs me 8000 yuan.

The figure remains stable at 15.

He always buys shoes online.

He likes watching TV.

All doctors and nurses should get vaccinated against the H1N1 flu.

`动名词做主语`

通常表示一种抽象，泛指的动作，而不是一次性具体的动作。
动名词做主语，一般表示动作发生过。
动名词做主语时，一般都是单数形式。

在口语中动名词做主语很常见。

Skating on the thin ice is dangerous.
Skating主语，is系动词，dangerous表语，
on the thin ice地点状语。

Watching films is my favourtie activity.
Watching films主语，因为watch在这里是不及物动词，不能单独做主语。
films虽然是复数，但watching films做联合主语，所以谓语动词用is。

Sending some flowers to her makes her happy.
to her相当于是主语的间接宾语，makes是谓语，her是直接宾语，happy是宾语补主语。（不是很确定哈）

Being physically active can reduce stress levels and lower blood pressure.

不定式做主语

不定式做主语，一般表示还没完成还没发生的动作。

To become an athlete is not an easy thing.
要成为一个运动员不是一件简单的事情。

To finish the assignment requires teamwork.
要完成任务需要团队合作。

To make a good TV programme is not an easy thing.

数词做主语

Two twos are four.
基数词作主语

The first is better than the second.
序数词作主语

The two happily opened the box.
两个人高兴地打开了盒子

`形式主语`

因为有时真正的主语太长了，
如果把主语放到句首的话，句子会失去平衡。
因此我们把主语后置，用it来当形式主语。

It is + adj + (for sb) + to do sth.
(对某人来讲)，做什么事是怎么怎么样的。

这种句式适用于：

主系表结构的简单句；
doing或to do做主语的句子；

Doing sport is important. =
It’s important to do sport.

`谓语`

谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征，一般放在主语的后面，
谓语只能由[动词/动词词组/动词短语]来构成，
但并不是所有的动词都能做谓语。
在一个简单句中，谓语只能有一个。

非谓语动词不能单独做谓语，非谓语动词包括：

动词不定式（to+动词）
动名词（动词+ing）
分词（现在分词+过去分词）

The sports industry develops rapidly.

We decided to join a voluntary organization.

Betty likes her new bike.

谓语的种类

有些语法书里把系动词也当成一种特殊的谓语。

There are pencils on the desk.

简单谓语

由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
We study for the people.
我们为人民学习

In this day and age, an increasing number of people agree that gambling is an unwholesome hobby.

复合谓语

[情态动词/系动词] ＋非谓语动词

I can speak a little English.

I like watching TV.

Regular sports can improve confidence.
助动词、情态动词与实义动词一起做组合谓语

`主谓一致 Subject Verb Agreement`

句子中谓语动词需要跟随主语名词的变化而变化，
保持主谓一致。

主语是三单，谓语动词需要变成三单形式。
The computer is a great invention.
The water in the glass is very cold.

主语是复数，谓语动词需要变成复数形式。
They have a golden opportunity to earn more money.

表示时间、金钱、距离的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
"a pair of+名词复数"作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。"the number of+名词复数"作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.
主语中含有[with/except/as well as]的介词短语时，谓语单复数由介词之前的名词决定。A woman with four children was standing at the side of the road.
as well as和名词连用时，谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。He as well as I is responsible for it.
[either…or…/neither…nor…/not only…but also…]连接两个东西做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则。Either you or he is right.Neither you nor I am going there.
表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Two months is not a short time.Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.
主语中含有[half of… / (three quarters) of… / all (of) the]等词语时，谓语的单复数由名词确定。Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.A third of the students were playing near the lake. All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.但是,population一词又有特殊情况：What’s the population of China?(单数)Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.(复数)

`实义动词做独立谓语`

谓语也可以由2个词的动词词组构成。

He visited four countries.

He awalys leaves his bag at school.
及物动词做谓语

He always drink at night.
不及物动词做谓语

Students often swim in the pool in the early morning.

`系动词做独立谓语`

系动词也可以做为谓语性动词，有助于我们理解句子结构。

He looks very tired today.

I become a doctor after graduating from school.

The cake tastes very sweet.

情态动词做部分谓语

The government can help the poor to reduce financial burden.

情态动词can与实义动词help构成组合谓语，2个词放在一起构成谓语。

Student must book seats in advance.

You mustn’t make any noise in the library.

助动词做部分谓语

I don’t go for holidays in winter.
助动词don’t与实意动词go一起组合谓语。
We don't attend the meeting today.

`宾语`

宾语作为句子中动作的[承受者/接受者]，
谓语提及到的人、事、物，一般在谓语的后面。

跟在及物动词之后，一般能作宾语的有：
名词，代词，动名词，不定式，数词等。
一般情况下，能做主语的句子结构也可以做宾语。

We like English.

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，
往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

He gave me some ink.

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，
宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
We make him our monitor.
我们选他当班长。

`[名词/代词]做宾语`

I love you.

Cats catch mice.

They enjoy the play.

I met John in the street yesterday.

He knows those people.

I ordered my meal.

Her husband loves her.

He wears a life jacket.

The musician creates music.

We study English.

He lost the game.

Do you like the film?

I saw Tom yesterday.

I washed my clothes yesterday.

I met your elder brother in the street.

He had chosen a new jacket, but he hadn’t paid for it!

She teaches English in the school.

I find him in the classroom.

Some people change jobs once a year.

Did you see her in the library?

He found nothing in the room.

We saw him in the classroom.

Junk food undermines people's health.

He seldom reads newspapers in the morning.

Books can give people knowledge.
主谓双宾，knowledge是直接宾语，people是间接宾语。

You can put the books in your bag.
你可以把书放在书包里。

Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.
我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。

[动名词/现在分词]做宾语

I like standing.

We enjoy watching horror moives at night.

I prefer drinking chilled water in summer.

I enjoy staying at home in leisure time.

I can’t imagine lying like this.
我无法想象像这样躺着。
主语：I；
谓语：can’t imagine；
宾语：lying；
方式状语：like this；

不定式做宾语

He wants to buy some vegetables.
主语：he；
谓语：wants；
宾语：to buy；
补语：some vegetables；

I plan to set up my own business in the future.

We decided to join a voluntary organization.

He likes to watch comedies at leisure time.

Someone is asking to see you.

We didn’t plan to go there.

I didn’t expect to find you here.

He promised to lend me some books.

You must try to improve.

I prefer to make web pages.

数词做宾语

I need three altogether.
我总共需要三个

`表语`

表语相当于是一种特殊的宾语，用于主系表句型中。
它一般位于系动词之后，
说明主语的性质，身份，地位，特征，属性或状态。

一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，[介词短语/介宾短语]，数词等充当。

`形容词做表语`

Animal experiments are inhumane.

She looks terrible today.

The experiment is extremely dull.

It sounds nice.

He remained silent at the meeting.

The old man remained alive after the accident.

`名词做表语`

This is a good book.

She is an engineer.

Tom is a taxi-driver.

Heavy traffic is the biggest problem in Beijing.

Thomas Edison was a great American inventor.

My sister is a nurse in local hospital.

He became a cook after graduating from school.

She was looking after her younger sister this time yesterday.

不定式做表语

My dream is to travel around the world.
我的梦想是环游世界。
不定式to travel做表语，around the world做地点状语。

Our aim is to finish assignments on time.

His duty is to sweep the floor every single day.

What we should do is to tell children how to think instead of how to memorize things.

`[介词短语/介宾短语]做表语`

由介词+[名词/数词]构成:
from New Zealand，in developed countries。
所谓介宾短语，可以理解成介词后面的成分做这个介词的宾语。
这种结构很容易出现在复杂句中，并且不是正常的语序，不是很好翻译。

The girl was at home.

My coins are in the box.

They are from Scotland.

His birthday is in 2000.

We are in a dark room.

My little brother is at school now.

His new teacher is from America.

He’ll speak at the meeting.

Do you still ask your parents for money?

数词做表语

She was the third to arrive.
序数词作表语

We are sixteen.
我们是16个人，基数词作表语

`定语`

定语是修饰语的一种，
定语一般用于[限定/修饰]名词、名词性短语或代词。

用作定语的主要是形容词或形容词性的短语，
此外还有：
代词、数词、名词、副词、不定式、
[介词短语/介宾短语]、动名词&现在分词等。

用句子来修饰名词或代词则称为定语从句。

前置定语

形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，
一般放在被修饰的词前面，称为前置定语。

`形容词做前置定语`

形容词在句子中既可以作前置定语也可以做后置定语。

He is a new student.

He is suffering from severe illness.

Governments provide citizens with financial support.

It is a beautiful flower.

He is the greatest scientist alive.

In recent years, the Internet has been gaining in popularity at an amazing rate.

名词做定语

The winter vocation is coming.

She is a Party member.

We are discussing the population problem.

名词作定语单数形式，例如：
winter vocation
寒假

evening paper
晚报

night club
夜总会

room temperature
室温

milk bottle
奶瓶

family tree
[家谱/族谱]

fire wall
防火墙

名词作定语复数形式，例如：
sports car
跑车

goods train
货车

sales tax
营业税

sports meet
运动会

savings bank
储蓄银行

数词做定语

Four students are playing volleyball outside. 四个学生在外面打排球

`后置定语`

当副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，
则放在被修饰的词之后，称为后置定语。

后置定语翻译的时候需要放在前面翻译，语序的问题会造成一些困扰。

`形容词做后置定语`

修饰不定代词

This isn’t anything important.

There’s nothing wrong with the machine.

形容词短语

I think he is a man suitable for the job.

不定式做定语

She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.

`[介词短语/介宾短语]做定语`

翻译的时候要把介词短语翻译成什么什么的，
例如把“什么在中国”翻译成“中国的什么”。
Frank is a doctor from America.

The bike in the room is mine.

People in developed countries have a variety of job opportunities.

The water consumption in 2001 is higher.

Those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places, have a broader view of life.

`分词做定语`

如果分词与被修饰的词是主动关系则用现在分词，如果是被动关系则用过去分词。

现在分词做定语

I have two students taking the exam this week.
主动关系，行动上是主动去考试。

The building facing the sea is my house.
建筑物被拟人化，主动面朝大海。

过去分词做定语

动词的过去分词如果单独使用没有前面加be动词的话，
那么一般是起修饰作用的。

The little boy (which is) found in the room is crying.
被动关系，小男孩是被发现的。

The book (which is) wirtten by George is about history.
被动关系，书是被乔治写的。

The building (which is) built beside the sea is my house.
被动关系，别墅是被建在海边的。

状语

状语是修饰语的一种，在句子中做修饰成分，状语一般用来表示：
方式、程度、原因、结果、目的、条件、时间、地点、方向、让步等。

状语一般修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。
用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，[分词/分词短语]，不定式，分词。
一个简单句中可以同时包含多个状语。

状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。
副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
这叫状语提前，是一种高级语法现象。

`副词做程度状语`

He works hard.

He speaks English very well.

Students can learn effectively.

The immigrant population grows rapidly.

Outdoor activities can grealty improve our health.

分词做结果状语

He went to study abroad, leaving his son at home.

Today, Erebus is belching out stream and gases, making flying extremely risky.

[介词短语/介宾短语]做[地点/时间]状语

He is working in China.
地点状语

He lives in London.
地点状语

She usually gets up at seven in the morning.
时间状语

He worked as a teacher in 2010.
in 2010做时间状语，
as a teacher做条件状语，
2个状语可以连起来一起用。

不定式做目的状语

目的状语：修饰谓语动词，说明动作的目的。

I got up early this morning to catch the bus.

She wants to go there to visit her friend.
主语：she；
谓语：wants；
宾语：to go there；
目的状语：to visit her friend；

I come here to borrow some reference books.

I will go abroad to study economics.

条件状语

If I have enough money I will travel all around the world.

让步状语

虽然怎么怎么样，不是主要想表达的意思，
但是怎么怎么样才是主要想表达的地方，
就是先客气客气，再一针见血的指出问题。

`方式状语`

I go to Japan by ship.

原因状语

I didn’t pass the exam because of the bad weather.

他踢了玻璃一脚，玻璃碎了。

The boy was praised for his bravery.

名词做状语

He stayed there five days.

I go to school every day.

The car runs 40 kilometers an hour.
这车每小时行驶40千米

形容词做状语

未完待续

数词做状语

I hate riding two on a bike.
基数词作状语

When did you first meet him?
序数词作状语

补语（宾语补足语）

补语有很多种类，包括宾语补足语，
表语补足语等等，这里只说宾补。
补语主要用于作为句子的补充和说明，
用于主谓宾补句型中。

形容词、名词、介词短语、不定式。

名词作宾补

We call him Jack.

We made her monitor of the class.

We consider him a good teacher.

We selected him our monitor.

She found him a very good pupil.

I found him a very funny guy.
注意，这句话很容易写错成：
I found him is a very funny guy.

`形容词作宾补`

一般使用形容词都是放在名词代词前面，
这里要注意，形容词也有往后放的情况。

The news made [her/him] [sad/happy].

The room was found empty.

You should keep your classroom clean.

The graduates find the job market frustrating because of the economic recession.

Some individuals are concerned the Internet will make international tourism obsolete.

同位语

如果两个同等句子成分（如主语，宾语，表语）在句子中指同一事物或人，
而一个是用来进一步说明或解释另一个的，
则这个用来说明或解释的句子成分就叫做同位语，
同位语通常放在被说明的[名词/代词]之后。

同位语一般是一个名词后面跟一个短语，
用来解释说明这个名词。

两个单词或者一句话和一个单词，
它们俩的地位是一样的，做一样的句子成分。

那什么是地位不一样呢？
像a beautiful girl，beautiful和girl的地位就不一样，
girl比beautiful的地位更高一些，
因为beautiful是用来修饰girl的，
把beautiful删掉也不会影响句子大意。

可以用做同位语的有：
名词，代词，数词，of短语等。

Shopping,a necessary part of daily life, is increasingly time-consuming due to the multiplied options available to consumers.

其中a necessary part of daily life就是shopping的同位语。

名词作同位语

He, a famous writer, is easy to get along with.
He = a famous writer

Mr.Wang, our English teacher, is very knowledgeable.
我们的英语老师王先生非常有学问

形容词做同位语

All countries, big or small, are equal.

数词做同位语

We three failed the English exam.
基数词作同位语

They three tried to finish the task before sunset．他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务

插入语

未完待续

按句子结构分类的句型

`简单句`

简单句一般不会超过10个单词，
只包含一个主语和一个谓语的句子（只有一套主谓结构），
但可以有多个定语、状语，
句子中的其他成分都是由单词或短语组成，没有从句。

简单句的5大基本句型：
主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾、主谓宾补。

这些是最最基本的句子结构，
再复杂的长难句也只是往这个基本结构里面添加丰富性修饰性的内容去演变，
像定语（修饰名词），状语（修饰形容词和动词）。

别的一些像什么祈使句、倒装句、强调句、各种从句，
都是在这个基本结构上稍稍变化而来，
先把这个句子的基本结构掌握透彻，别的问题自然迎刃而解的。

学习句型与句子成分、词性的搭配，
有助于写出没有语法错误的句子，
不同的词性做不同的句子成分，
不同的句子成分构成不同的句型，
一个单词在扮演不同的句子成分时，词性会发生变化。

`主谓`

句型：主语+谓语。
谓语为不及物动词，主谓结构是最简单的句型。

常见的不及物动词有：
appear、 apologize、arrive、come、die、
disappear、exist、fall、happen、rise等等。

I know.
我知道。

He left.
他走了。

The sun rises.
太阳升起来了。

I win.
我赢了。

Fires were burning.

Water flows.

Dolphins swim.

My tooth aches.
我牙疼了。

The engine broke down.
发动机坏了。
broke down是动词词组。

She often dreams.
她经常做梦。

He drives fast.
他开车很快。
副词fast修饰动词drive，是状语，不能做宾语。

It is raining heavily.
正在下大雨。
副词heavily修饰动词rain，是状语，不能做宾语。

we work very hard.
我们工作很努力。
very hard修饰动词work，不能做宾语。

An earthquake has happened.
发生地震了。

The accident happened yesterday evening.
事故是昨天晚上发生的。
yesterday evening是时间状语，不能做宾语。

She apologized to me again.
她再次向我道歉。
apologize是不及物动词，只能是主谓结构。
to me 相当于是apologize的补足语。

I really have to apologize.
我确实必须道歉。
have to相当于情态动词，与apologize做联合谓语。

The population increased rapidly.
The population是主语，increased是谓语，rapidly是状语。

The demand for water raised dramatically.

The little eagle grew up.

`主谓宾`

句型：主语+谓语+宾语。
谓语为及物动词。
注意：不及物动词也可以接宾语，主语+谓语（不及物动词）+ 介词 + 宾语。

“我踢球”，
简单句里首先要有一个主人翁，
这个句子是围绕在这个主人翁身上发生的。

这个主人翁可以是人，是动物，是任何一个东西，
就叫主语。比如，例句中，"我"就是主语。

这个主人翁把一种动作，
一种效果施加到另一个人或者东西上，
这个人或者东西叫宾语。

比如，例句中"球"是受力的东西，也就是宾语。
这种动作，行为，效果，就叫谓语，比如例句中的"踢"。

The government helps students.
The government是主语，helps是谓语，students是宾语。

This attitude causes disappointment.
This attitude是主语，causes是谓语，disappointment是宾语。

Using lights requires more energy.
Using lights是主语，requires是谓语，more energy是宾语。

Modern water system benefits humans.

Sports improve their confidence.

Citizens have the free health care.

名词可以做主语和宾语，
非谓语动词+ing和to do也可以做主语和宾语。

例如：
Learning a foreign language is not easy.
等于
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
等于
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.

正确：
I like to go shopping.
I like going shopping.

错误：
I like go shopping.
I prefer eat at home.

`主系表`

句型：主语+系动词+表语。

例句1：“他是个学生”。
例句2：“衣服很漂亮”。

这2句话中"他"和"衣服"分别是两句话的主语，
但是后面跟的"学生"或者"漂亮"都是一种状态，
叫做表语，表达主人翁是在一种什么状态下，
例如他很渴，很饿，很好，很高，他是个学生，警察等。
而用来连接主语和表语的这个部分就被称为"系动词"，
就是专门用来表达状态的动词，
例句1中的"是"就是个系动词，
例句2中，也应该有个"是"的，“衣服是很漂亮”，
只不过汉语中没有这个说法。

常见系动词：
be、look、seem、appear、smell、taste、
sound、keep、remain、feel、seem、keep、
become、get、grow、turn、get、go、come、prove。

He is out.

I’m fine.

Jenny is fine.

I am a student.

You are a student.

Her face turned red.

It looks like rain soon.

Elvis Presley was a world-famous pop star.

He become a truck driver.

Going jogging becomes popular.
动名词Going jogging是主语，becomes是系动词，popular是表语。

You look quite happy today.

You look pale, Do you feel unwell?

That sounds a good idea.

The plan sounds perfect.

The flower smells nice.

Silk feels soft.

This soup tastes delicious.

Things seem smaller in the distance.

Several players lay flat on the playground.
几个队员平躺在操场上。
lay即是系动词又是实义动词。

We should remain modest and prudent any time.
我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。

This kind of food tastes terrible.
这种食物吃起来很糟糕。

The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.
这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。

It is getting warmer and warmer.
天气变得越来越暖和。

Don’t have the food. It has gone bad.
不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。

The facts prove true.
事实证明是正确的。

`there be`

there be句型相当于是主系表的的一种倒装，
系表(there be)+主语+其他，
真正的主语在be动词的后面，
系表提到了主语的前面，变疑问句时，
be不与主语交换位置，而是与there交换位置，
there是引导词，不解释成“那里”。

千万不要写成:there [has/have]，这是极其错误的，中式英语。

be动词后面的单复数由后面的主语决定，
there be句型只有there [is/was/are/were]，
主语是单数或不可数名词，用there [is/was]，
主语是复数名词，用there [are/were]。

在口语中，native speaker经常会把主语是复数的地方使用there is，这是错误的，但已经习惯了。

倒装语序：
There are many public schools.

正常语序：
Many public schools are there.

There are many interview opportunities in big cities.

判断正误：
There isn’t any eggs in the fridge.
There aren’t any eggs in the fridge.

There’re a lot of work to be done.
There is a lot of work to be done.

There aren’t much traffic.
There isn’t much traffic.

There is an apple on the table,isn’t it?
There is an apple on the table,isn’t there?

There is going to have a meeting tomorrow.
There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.

There are a cafe and three factories in my hometown.
There is a cafe and three factories in my hometown.

There be句型的否定句在be 动词后加not, 一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。
肯定句：There is a duck in the river.
否定句：There is not a duck in the river.
一般疑问句：Is there a duck in the river?
　　
some和any在there be 句型中的运用
some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。

and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：
and 用于肯定句，or 用于否定句或疑问句。

针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语？
How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？

there be将来时：
[there will be/there is going to be]

There is a pen on the table, isn’t there?
桌子上有一只钢笔对不对？

除了be动词以外，其他系动词有些也适用于本句式中。

There is still five minutes left.

There wasn’t any ink in the bottle, was there?

Were there any people living in the desert?

There are all kinds of animals in the park.

There used to be a tall tree in front of the house.

There seems to be a mistake here.

There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
毫无疑问，中国已经消灭了天花

就近原则

therebe句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。

There is a bag, two books and three pens on the desk.

There is a table and four chairs in the room.

there be与[have/has] got

there be句型翻译成中文就是"有"，
[have/has]表示主观上的谁有什么东西（所属关系），
而there be表示客观存在什么东西。

have got（英式） = have（美式），
可以用have got代替have，
当主语为第三人称单数时，
用has got 代替has，
have got或has got可以与前面的主语缩写为 ’ve 或 ’s。

We’ve (We have) got an English lesson today.
我们今天有一节英语课。

Lucy and Tom have got two chairs.
露西和汤姆有两把椅子。

My parents have got a big house.
我爸爸妈妈有一幢大房子。

You have got everything.
你什么都有了。

He has got an old coat.
他有一件旧衣服。

Our school has got six buildings.
我们学校有六幢楼。

在have got 中，have 为助动词，
在其后加否定词not，就可以构成否定句。

have not got = haven’t got
has not got = hasn’t got

They haven’t got computer lessons this week.
他们这周没有计算机课。

He hasn’t got a pencil.
他没铅笔。

My mother hasn’t got much money.
我妈妈没有很多钱。

一般疑问句及回答
只需将have或has提前到句首即可。
回答时协助于助动词have或has。

Have you got a notebook?
—Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.

Have they got a library?
—Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.

Has Tom got an umbrella?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.

特殊问句
只需选用恰当的疑问词，再接正确的一般疑问句即可。

How many rulers have they got?
他们有多少尺子？

How many books has he got?
他有几本书？

What have they got?
他们有什么？

What has he got?
他有什么？

在下列情形下，只能用[have/has],不能用[have/has] got：

在助动词或情态动词之后,不能用have/has got。
He doesn’t have got a computer. (F)
He hasn’t got a computer. (T)
He doesn’t have a computer. (T)
当have与动词转化而来的名词构成短语时，不能用have/has got。
have a look
have a break
have a drink
在一些固定搭配中，不能用have/has got。
have a good time
have breakfast
have lessons

III. have/has

表示：某人或某物“拥有”什么东西，强调“所属关系”，而且某人某物作为句子的主语。
have用在人称I，we，you，they和复数的人或物后面。has用在人称he, she, it和单数和人或物后面。
I have a daughter.
He has a lucky dog.

IV. There be句型与have，has有时也可以通用。
The classroom has ten desks.
= There are ten desks in the classroom.
教室里有十张桌子.

注意：

“have ＋表示一日三餐的名词”，意为“用餐”。如：
have breakfast吃早餐
have lunch吃午饭
have supper吃晚饭
“have ＋表示食品、饮料等名词”，意为“吃；喝”。如：
have (some) bread吃面包
have eggs (for breakfast) (早餐)吃鸡蛋
have (a cup of) tea 喝(一杯)茶
“have ＋表示动作的名词”，没有固定的意思，常与表示动作的名词同义。如：
have a rest 休息一下
have a swim 游泳
have a drink (of. . . ) 喝一点(……)
have a look (at . . . ) (朝……)看一眼
“have ＋表示某种活动的名词”，意为“进行，举行”。如：
have a class (学生) 上课
have a birthday party 举行生日聚会

练习：
I. 用have/has，there [is/are]，[is/are] there填空。

I ___ a good father and a good mother.
___ a book on the desk.
He ___ a tape-recorder.
___ a basketball in the playground.
She ___ some dresses.
They ___ a nice garden.
What do you ___ ?
___ a reading-room in the building?
What does Mike ___ ?
___ any books in the bag?
My father ___ a story-book.
___ a story-book on the table.
___ any flowers in the garden?
How many students ___ in the classroom?
My parents ___ some nice pictures.
___ some maps on the wall.
___ a map of the world on the wall.
David ___ a car.
David’s friends ___ some dogs.
___ many children on the hill.

II. 单项选择。

___ he have a pencil case?
A. Do 　　　B. Does　　　 C. Is　　　 D. Are
I ___ a football, and Jiamin ___ a basketball.
A. have, have 　　　B. has, has　　　 C. have, has 　　　D. has, have
Does he have a computer? No, he ___ .
A. doesn’t 　　　B. don’t　　　 C. hasn’t 　　　D. haven’t
Mr. White ___ two children.
A. doesn’t have 　　　B. have 　　　C. doesn’t has 　　　D. don’t have
Does Tom ___ any erasers? Yes, he ___ some.
A. have, have 　　　B. has, has 　　　C. have, has 　　　D. has, have
Many people ___ computers now.
A. have 　　　B. has 　　　C. are
They ___ some oranges.
A. have 　　　B. has 　　　C. are there
___ you got a card?
A. Have 　　　B. has 　　　C. Are there
___ any teachers in the office?
A. Have 　　　B. has　　　 C. Are there
Is there a goose in the river? ___ .
A. Yes, he is 　　　B. No, there is. 　　　C. Yes, there is.

参考答案：
I.

have
There is
has
There is
has
have
have
Is there
have
Are there
has
There is
Are there
are there
have
There are
There is
has
have
There are

II.
1～5 BCAAC
6～10 AAACC

拥有某物
Do you have = have you got

Have you got the Harry Potter videos?

I have got a bag.
Have you got a bag ?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
What have I got in my bag ?

have you got a minute? 你有时间吗?
No, I haven’t.

Have you got a headache?
你有头痛吗?

Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.

I’ve got a headache.
I haven’t got a headache.

Have you got any wine?
你们有酒吗?

He has got a computer game.
He hasn’t got a computer game.

Has he got a computer game?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.

主谓双宾

句型：
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语

谓语后面跟了两个宾语，
一般情况下，两个宾语可以交换位置，
如果直接宾语在间接宾语之前，
需要在间接宾语的前面加上介词to或for。

这两句话是相等的：
You gave the book to me.
You gave me the book.
你把书给了我。

book为直接宾语，me为间接宾语。
一般"人"做间接宾语，"物或事"做直接宾语。

give sb sth = give sth to sb
给某人某物

Please give them all my best wishes.
wishes为直接宾语，them为间接宾语。

He told me a story.
story为直接宾语，me是间接宾语。

Mr.Liu teaches us English.
English为直接宾语，us为间接宾语。

He passed me a knife.
knife为直接宾语，me为间接宾语。

My father told me an interesting story.
an interesting story为直接宾语，me为间接宾语。

My brother gave me a new bike.
a new bike为直接宾语，me为间接宾语。

He lent some books to me.
some books为直接宾语，me为间接宾语。

Governments give students scholarships.
scholarships为直接宾语，students为间接宾语。

The local poeple often cook the guests a delicious dinner.
a delicious dinner为直接宾语，the guests为间接宾语。

The tutor lent me some reference materials.

He bought her a watch.

The sun gives us light.

Pass me some salt,please.

The retail stores can offer customers real time shopping.

The man provided the students with support.

She gave me the phone number.

He handed me the letter.

I owed him 50 dollars.

I make you some cake.

He bought himself a new coat.

That will save us a lot of trouble.

May i ask you a question?

The doctor gave him some advice.

They invited me to speak at the meeting.

She shows me her photos.
She shows her photos to me.

We want him to stop.

You ask me to find him.

He asked her to get up early.

Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.
昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。

The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.
老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。

Please show me your picture.
Please show your picture to me.
请把你的画给我看一下。

I’ll offer you a good chance as long as you don’t lose heart.
I’ll offer a good chance for you as long as you don’t lose heart.
只要你不失去信心，我会为你提供机会的。

常见的双宾语结构：
bring sb sth = bring sth to sb
give sb sth = give sth to sb
hand sb sth = hand sth to sb
leave sb sth = leave sth.to sb
lend sb sth = lend sth to sb
pass sb sth = pass sth to sb
return sb sth = return sth to sb
send sb sth = send sth to sb
show sb sth = show sth. to sb
tell sb sth = tell sth to sb
write sb sth = write sth to sb
buy sb sth = buy sth for sb
do sb sth = do sth for sb
get sb sth = get sth for sb
make sb sth = make sth for sb
pay sb sth = pay sth for sb
sing sb sth = sing sth for sb

主谓宾补

句型：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。
宾语+宾语补足语=复合宾语。

没有补语，整个句子的含义不完整，补语负责补充宾语的性质或状态，
担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式、分词等。

I’m going to paint it pink.
句子中的it显然是宾语，但是主语将要做的并不是it，
而是paint it pink。
pink是句子中的宾语补足语。

它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作。

一些同学很容易把主谓双宾和主谓宾补弄混，其实可以这样来区分，
两个词如果有逻辑关系，那就是主谓宾补，如果没有逻辑关系就是主谓双宾。

举个例子：
I call him Jack.
him和jack是有逻辑关系的，Jack就是him，这是主谓宾补，Jack是宾语补足语。

I give you a book.
you和book是没有逻辑关系的，是相对独立的，you不是book，
you也不能被book形容或修饰或解释，也不能补充说明，这是主谓双宾。

有关系的是(两者独立)是主谓双宾，
没关系的是（解释或修饰）是主谓宾补。

The hard work makes me tired.
The hard work是主语，makes是谓语，me是宾语，tired是宾补。

Doing sports frequently makes us healthier.

He found this electronic equipment useful.

She left the door open.

They appointed him headteacher.

We keep the classroom clean.

They made Nixon President.

He found his new job very boring.

He considers me (to be) friendly.

He called her daughter Mary.

He selected Smith our group leader.

We all considered the book a good one.

He put his books in order.

I found her in better mood.

Keep the children quiet, please.
请让孩子们安静下来。

He painted the wall white.
他把墙漆成白色。

We found him an honest person.
我们发现他是一个诚实的人。

His mother told him not to play on the street.
他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

Tom raises his hand to ask a question.

并列句

有两个或两个以上的简单句组成，
多有并列连接词and, but, or, so, for等连接。

Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.

未完待续

`[复杂句/复合句/从句]`

[复杂句/复合句]由1个主句与多个从句组成。
句子成分中的主语、宾语、表语等不是由一个单词或短语来呈现，
而是由一句话来呈现，那么这句话就叫做从句。

用一个连词（连接副词或连接代词）把前后两个简单句衔接起来，
这样就会有2套或2套以上的主谓结构，哪个句子前面有连词，
哪个句子就是从句，从句从属于另外一个句子（从属于主句）。

从句也是一句话，从句也必须要有自己的主语，
学习从句必须要尝试着，自己造句！！！

If we give children more free time to enjoy their hobbies, they may be more creative after growing up.

Children may be more creative after growing up if we give them more free time to enjoy their hobbies.
主系表+连词+主谓双宾。

从句是以简单句为基础变化而来，
复杂句里面至少包含2个及以上的简单句构成，只有一个真正的主句，
其他的句子都是从句。

学习从句的一个重要的知识点就是会断句，即找到谁是主句，谁是从句。

其中主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句都叫名词性从句，
名词性从句：在句子中起名词作用的从句，
它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。

特殊疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why只要是引导从句，
都是陈述语序，疑问语序只能用在特殊疑问句中。

多个复合句之间也可以构成更复杂的并列句：
He knows when they are coming, but he doesn’t know where they are now.

从句可以嵌套，一个从句里可以嵌套一个或多个从句，构成更复杂的从句：
Today, the polar regions have a rather different significance, because now we’ve come to understand that what happens here and in the north affects every one of us.

主语从句

在句子中主语的位置不再是一个词，
而是一个句子的时候，这个句子就是主语从句。
主语从句是所有从句中最难的从句，
主语从句引导的句子一般是作为单数。

`由that引导`

That poverty can threaten social stability is true.
把红色部分看成是一个整体，那么这句话是一个主系表结构，
红色部分做主语，红色部分是一句话，那么这句话就是主语从句。

由that引导的主语从句会特别长，有一种头重脚轻的感觉，
不太符合句子的规则。

由that引导的主语从句常用it来代替这个主语，it被称为形式主语，
it就是个形式没有任何意义，一般that可省略，that在句首则不能省略。

上面的那句话可以转化成：
It is true (that) poverty can threaten social stability.
真正的主语在句子的后面，由that引导的主语从句可以省略that。

It is obvious (that) there is only one truth in every situation.

It is a really pity (that) I cannot make your invitation.

It is clear (that) you are wrong.

It is clear (that) the role of a board director today is not an easy one.（C12-T8-P3）
主句是主系表结构，从句也是主系表结构。
翻译的时候语序是倒序，先翻译主语，再翻译其他句子成分。

It is a problem (that) young people spend too much time on mobile phones.

由whether引导

一般whether翻译成是否，whether不可以省略。
虽然if也能翻译成是否，但if不能引导主语从句。

Whether the young men can finish their studies is the main question.

Whether they will come to the meeting is uncertain.
这句话还是头重脚轻，可以换成：
It is uncertain whether they will come to the meeting.

Whether these posions directly or indirectly lead to stranding and death seems to depend upon the toxin involved.（C9-T1-S4）
判断主语从句可以从找谓语动词开始，谓语动词前面的就是主语，
从句肯定是从whether开始，那么到哪里结束呢？
我们找句子里的动词，依次发现了lead、seems、to depend、involved，
to depend不能做谓语动词，因为它是不定式，
lead是从句的谓语动词，seems是主句的谓语动词。
involved作为后置定语修饰toxin。
（句子中的第一个谓语动词是从句的，第二个谓语动词是主句的）

这句话可以不用it形式主语，因为这句话脚也挺重的。

Whether James can come to the meeting is unknown.

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.

Whether they would support us was a problem.

Whether he comes to the party or not is none of my business.

由特殊疑问词引导

用什么样的特殊疑问词取决于这句话中缺了什么成分。
what代替东西、事情；
who代替人；
when代替时间；
why代替原因、理由；
where代替地点；
where代替哪一个；

Because of her shapely legs, he is attracted by her.
吸引他的是她的美腿。

这句话中有2个动作，分别是attract、is。
___ is her shapely legs.
主系表结构，缺少主语，主语还差个"吸引他"，
him需要放在attract后面做宾语所以要用宾格him，
横线部分如果填写"attract him"，
句子结构依然不完整，还差一个主语部分，
美腿在句子中已经出现不能再用，
需要用代词来指代美腿，我们可以用what，
What attract him is her shapely legs.
attract不加s是因为shapely legs是复数。

What he told me today is very important.
如果把what去掉，he told me是少句子成分的，相当于少直接宾语。
他告诉我什么呢？这个“什么”就用what来代替，
what相当于做了直接宾语。

Who will do the work is a secrete.
如果把who去掉，这句话缺少主语，主语是人，所以用who来代替，
Who代指人。

What he talks is interesting.

Why they leave the city is a secrete.

Which country he will go to is not certain.

When we will have the meeting tomorrow is uncertain.

Why he can run so fast is unknown.

How they get band 9 in IELTS exams is a mystery.

What you'll find interesting is (that) the River Ouse.（C9-T2-S2）

What you do is to send it directly to me in my department.（C5-T3-S2）

Where I lived in Ecuador was a very rural area.（C5-T2-S2）

Where I work are not safe places to leave your bikes.（C10-T2-S1）

It is not up to you who I see.

Whichever you want is yours.

It does not matter when we arrive.

It was a mystery how it was done.

`宾语从句`

陈述句中用一句话来代替原来的宾语，这句话就是宾语从句。
定语从句中的谓语要随着主句谓语时态的变化而变化。

注意时态的变化：
主句时态是[现在时]，从句时态不限；
主句时态是[将来时]，从句时态跟主句一样；
主句时态是[过去时]，从句时态是[过去时]的某种；
主句时态是[将来时]，从句时态是[过去将来时]；
主句时态是客观事实真理，从句时态一般为[一般现在时]；

宾语从句是所有从句中性价比最高，
最廉价的从句，最容易写出来的从句，
比较容易理解，符合主谓宾的结构。

由that引导

that只充当连接作用，没有实际意义，不能独立充当句子成分，可以省略。

I hear (that) math is not easy.

I think (that) you will like the stampes.

I didn’t know (that) you were also here.

We know (that) we don’t have enough money.

He says (that) Jim may fail the Chinese exam.

He said (that) he would leave on March 12.

He said (that) he would go to Beijing next week.

He said (that) he had been ill for two years.

He said (that) the earth is round.

He says that he has been ill for two years.

He thinks (that) he can go abroad next year.

The teacher said (that) he was a good student.

It is said (that) the panda was sent to America last month.

You probably know (that) you’ll spend the third year of the course abroad.（C12-T6-S3）

You might think that it is the fastest way to get information but the links can be slow.（C5-T4-S4）

Today, the polar regions have a rather different significance, because now we’ve come to understand that what happens here and in the north affects every one of us.

宾语从句嵌套主语从句，
what happens here and in the north是主语从句，
and表示并列关系，
并且关系的两个成分都是相似的结构，比如词性一样，或者是一类词，
都是地点等，此处为here与in the north并列。

此外because引导的原因状语从句，
所以这段话是状语从句嵌套宾语从句嵌套主语从句。

分析句子成分：
Today, the polar regions have a rather different significance：主句
because 引导原因状语从句，做主句里的状语，
that引导宾语从句，做状语从句里的宾语，
what引导主语从句，做宾语从句里的主语。

由[if/whether]引导

[if/whether]不充当成分，不能省略，翻译为"是否"，
一般可相互替换，
但whether之后跟的是or not的时候则不能替换。

She asked if she could get enough support.
在句子里面出现if，if不能翻译成如果，而是翻译称是否。

He asked me [whether/if] I could help him.

She asked whether I studied English.

I want to know [whether/if] it is true.

I don’t know if she will come tomorrow.

He doesn’t know whether or not it will rain.

The tutor doesn’t know whether the students can finish the assignment on time.

I wonder whether you would be able to do the work.（C10-T4-S1）

I don’t know if he has done that.

由特殊疑问词引导

看缺什么？缺什么就用什么特殊疑问词来引导，
如果什么都不缺就用是否。

这些词在句中有词义，能独立充当句子成分，不能省略。

I don’t know who is there.

Can you tell me where he lives?

He only smiled at what we said.

I don’t know why he is unhappy.

I don’t know when she left.

I forget when he can go to school.

Do you know whether I could pass the exam?

We don’t know where he comes from.

Do you know where we can find our teacher?

表语从句

陈述句中用一句话来代替原来的表语，这句话就是表语从句。
表语从句跟宾语从句类似，相对而言比较简单，因为语序是通顺的，
常位于系动词之后，主要用来强调某事。

由[that/whether]引导

that可以省略，if不能引导表语从句。

My view is (that) children should learn to save money.

My question is whether I can get enough scholarship.

The argument is whether it rains tomorrow.

What we are concerned about is that to what extent tests are harmful to students' creativity.

由特殊疑问词引导

特殊疑问词包括：what,who,when,where,which,why,how。

The problem is who can help us to find the way to the museum.

That is what I want to say.

This is why I want to learn a second language.

Next Sunday is when we shall meet.

Time is what we are badly in need of.

同位语从句

用一句话来代替句子中的同位语，这句话就是同位语从句，
同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，
被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。

什么是同位语？（参加之前系列文章）
单词和句子地位相同，一般常用that来连接。
用一句话来解释说明一个单词。

同位语从句必须位于一个名词之后，通常以抽象性名词为主。

I hold the view that we must reserve water
view = we must reserve water。

常用语同位语从句修饰的抽象名词词：
view、fact、thought、idea、opinion、news、belief、doubt。

The fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family’s wealth.（C6-T4-P3）
indicate是主句的谓语动词。

The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.

I have no idea where they are spending their holidays.

There is no doubt that he will come here again.

The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.

I will not believe the fact that he lied to his mother.

`定语从句`

定语从句是所有从句里最重要的从句，在口语与写作中非常常见，
无论是看懂还是写出来说出来都有较高的要求。
就算什么从句都不会，也要至少会定语从句！！！

定语从句一般用来修饰&限定名词、代词，也叫形容词性从句。
如果把句子中的定语从句删掉，并不影响句子大意，句子结构依然完整。

用一句话来修饰&限定&解释说明&强调一个名词或代词时，
这句话就是定语从句，这句话在主句中充当定语成分，
一句完整的句子中理论上可以出现多个定语从句。

用中文来举例子：
那个老师正在跟我妈妈说话。
那个老师是我的班主任。

把两句话合并成一个定语从句：
那个正在跟我妈妈说话的老师是我的班主任。

用英文来举例子：
I come from Shenyang, and I’ve been living there for 10 years.
I come from Shenyang where I’ve been living for 10 years.

在自己理解定语从句的技巧上，
可以把句子翻译成类似于：“这是一个东西，什么样的东西呢？
啪，后面接一个定语从句，来解释这是一个什么样的东西。”

定语从句一般紧跟在被修饰词的后面，如：
She is a girl who is beautiful = She is a beautiful girl.

被修饰&限定的词叫先行词，定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，
引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词负责连接定语从句。
关系词又分为两种：关系代词、关系副词，也有人叫连接代词、连接副词。

`关系词`

下面是两个定语从句中非常非常非常重要的概念：
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose（记忆：that + which + 3个who）；
关系副词：when, where, why（记忆：3个W）；

注意：定语从句不能用what、whether、if引导；
注意：定语从句不能用what、whether、if引导；
注意：定语从句不能用what、whether、if引导；

关系代词在定语从句中必须充当某种成分（主谓宾、主系表等），
主句是完整的句子，从句成分则不完整，
因为关系代词主要是用来代指先行词，所以需要做从句的成分。

例如：
She is the person who I want to see.

关系副词在定语从句中必须不能充当某种成分（主谓宾、主系表等），
主句和从句分别是完整成分的句子，
有很多同学用错定语从句就是因为使用关系副词而从句缺少成分。

例如：
That’s the reason why I love you.

I come from Shenyang,and I’ve been living there for 10 years.
I come from XXX where I've been living for 10 years.
主谓宾+主系表，主从完整。

`由关系代词引导`

由关系代词引导的定语从句。

	从句中做主语	从句中做宾语	从句中做定语
先行词为"人"	`that`, `who`	`that`, `who`, whom	whose
先行词为"物"	that, `which`	`which`	whose

注意：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略；
注意：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略；
注意：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略；

造句或写文章时：
在定语从句修饰人的时候，用who或that最保险，
既可在定语从句中做主语又可做宾语。

在定语从句修饰物的时候，用which最保险，
既可在定语从句中做主语又可做宾语。

`由[who/whom/that/which]引导`

做从句的主语或宾语。

`由that引导`

that既可以指物，也可以指人。

That advertising campaign (that) they did was very strong. (C5-T4-S3)
That advertising campaign做主语，后面由that引导的定语从句，
那么问题来了，这个定语从句到哪里结束呢？
如果that后面全是定语从句的话，那么整句话是不符合语法结构的，
因为整句话就变成了主语+定语，这并不是一句完整的句子。
有个小窍门，就是找能做谓语的动词（非谓语动词除外），
that后面的第一个动词是did，did做从句的谓语，
第二个动词是was，was作为主句的系动词构成主系表结构。
如果把that they did删掉，主句变成：
That advertising campaign was very strong.
你会发现，这一是一句完整的话，是主系表结构，
那就证明找定语从句找对了。
先找到第一个能做谓语的动词，这个动词肯定是属于从句的，
然后找第二个能做谓语的动词，
从that到第二个能做谓语动词的前面，这段范围就是定语从句。
这个方法并不考虑从句嵌套从句的情况。
在这句话中that做定语从句的宾语成分，可以省略。

Wheat is a plant that is grown in mild-western America.
that在定语从句中作主语

The house that stands on the hill is mine.
that在定语从句中作主语

The only language (that) I know well is English.
that在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

That is one thing (that) I have not forgotten today!
that在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

Larry found the pen (that) he had lost.
that在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

由[who/whom]引导

who指人，在从句中当主语时不能省略，可以与that做替换。

Companies prefer to employ those people [who/that] have the latest skills.
those people是先行词，who/that是关系代词，代指those people，
把who/that跟those people做替换，那么从句可以成为一个完整的句子，
who/that(those people) have the latest skills.
who/that在从句中做主语，
当连接代词指人并在定语从句中做主语时，可以用who/that，不可省略。
但不能用whom，whom不能在定语从句中做主语，只能做宾语。

In the classroom ,there is a boy [whom/who/that] Frank met yesterday.
a boy是先行词，[whom/who/that]是关系代词，代指a boy，
把whom/who/that跟a boy做替换，那么从句不可以成为一个完整的句子，
whom/who/that(a boy) Frank met yesterday.这句话语序是错的，
这句话的主语应该是Frank，met是谓语动词，此时需要调整语序，
Frank met who/who/that(a boy) yesterday.
who/whom/that在从句中做宾语，
当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语成分时候，可以省略。
In the classroom ,there is a boy Frank met yesterday.

So you can dance with the woman [that/who] stole your card?
关系代词在定语从句中做主语。

Apparently he was this Russian dictator who slaughtered all these people.
关系代词在定语从句中做主语。

And there are those who don't have a budget,or much space.(C10-T1-P3)
there are those是标准的主系表结构的倒装，句子结构已经完整，这是主句，
who引导的定语从句来修饰those，who在从句中做主语成分。

My favorite teacher who is very outgoing and friendly became a famous scientist.
先看who前面的句子，My favorite teacher并不是完整的一个句子，
那主句的谓语动词肯定在后面，who后面的第一个能构成谓语动词的是is，
这个is肯定是属于从句的，再往后找动词，找到了became，
这个became才是主句的，把who is very outgoing and friendly先去掉，
My favorite teacher became a famous scientist.标准的主系表结构，
主句结构明确清晰，证明我们区分主句和从句分对了。

在没有从句嵌套从句的情况下：
定语从句从连接代词开始，直到遇到第二个能做谓语的动词结束，
这里能做谓语的动词包括：实义动词、系动词、助动词（包括情态动词）。

Those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places, have a broader view of life.

The man [who/that] came first today is Mike.

The young man who came to see her is her brother.

He is the man [who/that] lives in the next room.

断句断不好或断错了会引发巨大歧义，例如：
… and any teacher who hit a child would be dismissed instantly.

句子大意为：“打孩子的老师会被立即开除”，
但如果我们断错句，就变成了：“孩子会被立即开除”，
显然驴唇不对马嘴，因此，学会在长难句中正确断句非常重要。

由which引导

which指物，在从句中当主语时不能省略，可以与that做替换。

Youngsters prefer working in companies which could offer comfortable working environment.
which是关系代词，连接定语从句，代指被修饰的名词companies，
在定语从句中，把which替换成companies也是成立的。

A mobile phone is a tool which we can use to keep in touch with others.
which是关系代词，连接定语从句，代指被修饰的名词tool，
which在从句中做宾语成分。

Young people tend to join those companies [which/that] could provide them with professional training.
关系代词在定语从句中做主语，代指物，关系代词可以用which。

如果被修饰的是物，连接代词用[which/that]，
如果被修饰前面一句话，不能用逗号+that，只能逗号+which。

Archaeologists have even found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC.(C12-T8-P1)
which修饰evidence of man-made glass，which在从句中做主语。

Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below.(C11-T4-P2)
这里需要注意，有些动词+ed可以是功能上做形容词，
不一定非得是动词，mentioned在这里就可以做形容词，意思是提及到的。

老规矩，which前面只有Topics，无法构成完整的句子结构，
那么主句的谓语动词肯定在后面，往后面看找到2个谓语成分的动词：
refer和are，那which与are之间的这部分就是定语从句了。
把从句删掉，主句为Topics are discussed below，标准的主谓结构。

which修饰Topics，which在从句中做主语。
如果mentioned咬不准到底是动词词性还是形容词词性也没关系，
继续往后看，看到后面有一个are，
那are discussed与mentioned相比，
肯定是are discussed做谓语，
因为系动词一定会在句子中做谓语成分。

由whose引导

做从句的定语，
whose既可以指人的，也可以指物的，在从句中做定语。

Companies tend to employ those people whose skills are the latest.
people被由whose引导的定语从句修饰，whose不代指people，
whose代指people’s，下面做一下替换，
people’s(whose) skills are latest.
whose相当于在从句中做物主代词，whose前面可以是物也可以是人。

`由介词+关系代词引导`

做从句的状语，
介词+which来引导定语从句这种情况，
多用于连接代词在从句中做状语（时间、地点、原因等）。
其中介词+which可以转化成where、when等特殊疑问词，
变成由其他特殊疑问词引导的定语从句。

做地点状语

关系代词在从句中做地点状语。

There are many public schools in which children can receive basic education.
in which引导定语从句， which依然代指前面的schools，我们把schools与which做一下替换：
in schools(which) children can receive basic education，
替换后，我们发现这个句子不通顺，
in schools，这是一个明显的地点，按照正常的语序，
我们把地点放在句子的后面，变成下面这样：
Children can receive basic education in schools(which).
这里的in schools(which)在句子中做地点状语。
这里要注意，school本身不是一个地点，而是一个物，
in school才是一个地点，必须有介词in+school才能做地点状语。

in which = where
There are many public schools where children can receive basic education

Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed.(C4-T4-P1)

You will be in an environment [where/in which] independent learning is the norm.(C5-T3-S2)

The sea ice on which he travels will soon melt and vanish.

School is a place in which we can learn a great deal of knowledge.

做时间状语

关系代词在从句中做时间状语。

I will never forget the day on which I received the offer from my ideal school.
the day是被修饰的词，连接代词which代指the day，
on which代指on the day，我们把which与the day做替换：
on the day(which) I received the offer from my ideal school.
语序不通顺，把时间往句子后面放，我们换成：
I received the offer from my ideal school on the day(which).
on which在句子中做时间状语，on which = when。
I will never forget the day when I received the offer from my ideal school.
如果把the day换成the year，那么介词on要换成in，
介词是什么需要取决于被修饰的名词，看名词与什么介词搭配。

It’s also the only day of the week when they are not open!(C9-T4-S2)

做宾语

关系代词在从句中做宾语，
which和whom常用于“介词+关系代词”的形式中，在从句中作宾语，
在运用这个形式时，从句里的谓语动词必须是不及物动词，
that和who不能用于此形式中。

Captain America is the man on whom we can rely.

The world in which we live is made up of worries.

The music to which we are listening is beautiful.

`由关系副词引导`

由关系副词引导的定语从句。

如果先行词是"地点"，则用：where；
如果先行词是"原因"，则用：why；
如果先行词是"时间"，则用：when；
一般在从句中作状语。

由when引导

用作时间状语的关系副词when，通常不能省略，
但有一种特殊情况，即用于day,year,time少数几个词后时可以省略（也可以用that）

That was the year (that) I first went abroad.

I’ll never forget the day (that) we met.

The second time (that) I saw him was in 2000.

由where引导

用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，
即用于place，somewhere，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略（也可以换成that）。

The place (where/that) we will have our picnic is not decided yet.

This is the right place he has won.

This is the place (where) they met yesterday.

由why引导

由why引导的定语从句（why可省略）
This is the reason (why) he refused my help.

The reason (why) he did not come was the illness.

These are reasons why education program failed.

限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约、补充说明的作用，
使该词的含义更加具体，更明确。

限定性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意不完整。

I met someone who said he know you.

The book (that/which) I am reading is very interesting.

Is there anything (that) you wanted?

At the age of three, the children who had been involved in the program were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same background.

The frequency with which such problems occur is disputed by glass experts.

`非限定性定语从句`

限定性定语从句是一个从句来修饰一个先行词，
而非限定性定语从句则是修饰一整句话，
用来描述或形容前面整个一件事情，先行词与关系代词之间有逗号。

因此可以按行顺序去理解和翻译，
关系代词不可以省略，不可以使用that。

非限制性，代表的是没有限定前面的先行词，
而是补充&说明前面的整个一句话。

He has a brother who is a teacher.
他有一个当老师的哥哥。
隐含意思：
没准这个人还有其他的哥哥，只有其中一个哥哥是做老师了。

限定性定语从句，who is a teacher只能修饰&限定先行词brother，
把这个定语从句翻译成形容词即可，
从句与主句不能分离，分离的话，句意发生改变。

He has a brother,who is a teacher.
非限定性定语从句
主句与从句是相对独立的，从句的存在与否并不会改变主句的含义。

这句的含义是：
他只有一个哥哥，这个哥哥是个老师。

I want to borrow you this dress, which is beautiful.

The company ran out of money, which means they have to accept a takeover offer.
which代指前面一整句话，which做主语成分，which这里是三单。（which means非常高频）

Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam.(C8-T4-S1)
which修饰前面的整句话，我们先看which前面的主句，
Lessons做主语，last是谓语动词表示持续，我们看到后面有个and，
and表示并列关系，and后面直接跟了are表示这次是动词层面的并列，
省略掉了主语，
两个谓语（把系动词也归为谓语成分）共享一个主语Lessons。

Pupils attend the school in their own neighborhood, which in theory removes ranking by school.(C8-T4-P1)

区分定语从句与同位语从句

有很多同学会把同位语从句与定语从句搞混，其实很简单，
定语从句是用来修饰的，而同位语从句是解释说明的，是可以替换的。
例如：

The fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family’s wealth.（C6-T4-P3）
这句话中，如果把主语The fact去掉，
a woman has had an education做主语一点毛病没有，
那这句话就是同位语从句，因为同位语从句与主语的地位相同，可以做主语。

Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below.(C11-T4-P2)
这句话中，如果把主语Topics去掉，
essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks是没办法做主语的，所以这句话是定语从句。

`状语从句`

状语从句修相当于一个副词，饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等。

状语从句	关系词
时间状语从句	when, while, before, after, until, as soon as, by the time
地点状语从句	where, everywhere, whereever, anywhere
原因状语从句	because, since, as, 这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱,由why提出的问题必须用because来回答
条件状语从句	if, as long as, unless
结果状语从句	so/such…that…, so that
让步状语从句	though, although, despite, in spite of the fact, even though, even if, no matter+特殊疑问词
比较状语从句	thant, as…as
目的状语从句	so that, in order to/that

时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、让步状语从句都可以放到句子的前面或后面，位置上比较灵活。

在学习状语从句之前，我们需要了解一个概念，叫"主将从现"。
主将从现是指在时间状语从句、条件状语从句和让步状语从句中，
如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时，从而表示将来。

If Tom comes tomorrow, I will invite him to see the film.

`条件状语从句`

常由if引导，相对而言比较廉价，比较容易写出来且出现频率较高的状语从句。

`由if引导`

由if引导的条件状语从句。

真实条件

假设的事实在理论上是有可能发生的，需要使用主将从现(主句将来时，从句现在时)。

主句为祈使句、情态动词时，从句也使用现在时，被誉为主祈从现、主情从现。

I am going to see if they need my help.
主将从现

If I do not attend the training, it will be impossible for me to pass the exam.
主将重现

If you do not finish the task today, do not go to sleep!
主祈从现

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
主情从现

If I have enough money I will travel all over the world.
如果我有足够的钱，我就去环游世界。

If we have ways to reduce water pollution, the river will becoming cleaner.
如果我们有方法去减少水污染，这条河就会变得更干净。

If I have a camera, I will take the photos of stunning views.
如果我有一个相机，我就将这个美景拍下来。

It will be impossible that I can pass the exam.
如果不参加这个培训，我不可能通过这个考试。

If people spend too much time sitting in front of computers, they will get hurt.
如果长时间坐在电脑前面，人们的身体就会收到伤害。

If Tom comes tomorrow, I will invite him to see the film.

If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.

[不真实/虚拟条件]

在现实中是无法实现的，跟现实是相反的，例如女生说自己是男生。
如果我是男孩的话，我就天天跑出去玩。
虚拟语气，与事实相反，无论是过去还是现在。

1.跟现在的事实完全相反
主句用情态动词+动词原形，从句用过去时。

If we could discharge clouds we might affect weather.
could是can的过去式。

If there was no water in the bottle we may die.

If I were a boy, I would be a better man.

If I ruled the world, everyday would be the first day of spring.

2.跟过去的事实完全相反（高级）
如果我昨天没有吃饭，但其实我吃了。
主句用情态动词 + have + done，从句用过去完成时had + done。

If we had gone to school yesterday we might have seen our headteacher.

If I had been you, I would not have married me.

If he had received more treatment from the hospital, he would have survived.

由as long as引导

由as long as引导的条件状语从句，
as long as 只要，也是主将从现。

As long as we have enough power we can deal with that.

As long as I have free time, I will come to see you.

As long as I live, I will never give in to enemy.

由unless引导

由unless引导的条件状语从句，unless代表”除非“。

A country would not develop fast unless it opens to global competition.

I’m afriad they will have to stay at the car park unless thery are guide dogs.

让步状语从句

"虽然怎么怎么样"就是让步状语从句。
让步状语引导词不能跟but连用，但翻译的时候要包含but的含义，可以用yet，still连接。

（
小贴士：
although跟but为什么不能连用？

Although we are tired, but we still work hard on our English.
这句话是错误的，因为句子中有2个连词，2套主谓结构，
连词跟主谓结构应该是n+1的关系。

Although we are tired, we still work hard on our English.
有1个连词，2套主谓结构。

Although we are tired, we still work hard on our English, but the guys next-door are relaxing.
有2个连词，3套主谓结构。

）

In spite of severe illness , he still finished the task.
尽管他患有严重的疾病，但他依然完成了任务。

由although引导

由although引导的让步状语从句。

Although this is quite difficult when you're looking at fish, because they’re so mobile,
And then thirdly they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening.

Although water is an important resource, few people think we should conserve it.
虽然水是一种重要的资源，很少有人认为我们应该节约它。

Although there are many advantages of changing jobs, it also has many disadvantages.
虽然换工作有很多优点，但是同样也有很多缺点。

由[despite/in spite of]引导

由despite, in spite of引导的让步状语从句。

He took action despite his own pain - a typical response of an optimist.

In spite of it's importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.

In spite of the fact that he has gone to American, he still keeps in touch with his folks.

[Despite/In spite of the fact that/Though/Although] he is slow, (yet) he works carefully.

[Despite/In spite of the fact that/Though/Although] learning a foreign language requires a lot of time and effort, (yet) many people manage it successfully.

[Even though/Even if] he knows the answer to this question, he will not tell us.

No matter how old you are, you are still the one I love.

No matter who he is, he is still my best friend.

比较状语从句

比较状语从句必须跟在主句后。

Our classroom is bigger than theirs.

People are not so patient as they once were.

James enjoys the theater more than Susan does.

结果状语从句

前面的原因导致了后面的结果，结果状语从句必须放在主句之后，
不能放到句首。
常由such…that…、so…that…等引导，
翻译成：太…以至于…，导致了一种结果。

上面的so that是连在一起的，这里的so…that…是分开的。

由so…that…引导

由so…that…引导的结果状语从句，
so后面一般接形容词或副词，that后面接一个从句。

He spoke so fast that I could not understand him.

They got so excited that they cried out.

He is so clever that he learns English very quickly.

The population is so large that the demand for water is massive.

The housing price in big city is so high that many youngest can’t afford the rent.
大城市的房价如此的高以至于很多年轻人负担不起房租。

由such…that…引导

由such…that…引导的结果状语从句，
such后面一般接a/an +（形容词）+ 名词，that后面接一个从句。

He is such a clever boy that we all like him.

It gave him such a shock that his face turned white.

It is such an interesting story that I want to read it again.

The country has such a large population that the demand fo water is massive.

原因状语从句

“我今天没有来上课，因为今天天气太热了。”

Since you are sick, you would better stay here.

We moved to France because my father found work in Paris.

As your daughter has not come, I will take you home.

Toughened glass is favoured by architects because it is stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as sharp when it breaks.

Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter.

People have to find for jobs in urban areas, because there aren’t enough job opportunities in country in [suburbs/suburban areas].
人们不得不在城市找工作，因为农村没有很多就业机会。

The people who learn information technology can earn a great deal of money, because the remand for the job is massive.
学习信息技术能挣很多钱，因为对这个工作的需求量很大。
（学习技术不能挣钱，挣钱的是人，不要按照中文的逻辑去翻译）

because of、due to后面只能跟名词性短语。

目的状语从句

目的状语从句中常有情态动词，一般跟在主句之后，
若强调目的，可以将从句放于主句前。

“我每天努力学习，目的是（为了）雅思要考9分。”

这里要跟原因状语从句做区分，努力学习不一定雅思能考9分。

连接词可以简化成so as to,in order to,但使用时需注意从句和主句的主语必须一致。

一般翻译成：为了。
so that一般放在主句之后，in order to 位置比较灵活。

Many youngsters work overtime in order to get higher income,
so that they can get higher income.
很多年轻人加班工作，目的是可以获得更高的收入。

由so that引导

由so that引导的目的状语从句，
so that一般后面接句子。

Water-saving measures should be promoted throughout the country,so that we can tackle the water shortage.
so that在这里翻译成以至于，表示因果关系。

The teacher speaks slowly so that the students can understand her.

由[in order to/that]引导

由[in order to/that]引导的目的状语从句，
in order to一般后面接动词。

It’s hard not to get angry in that situation but I tried to keep focused on
the overall picture in order to stay clam.

He shouted at the top of his voice in order that he might be heard.

In order that children could stay ahead and competitive, parents and teachers make the best use of their free time.

In order to stay ahead and competitive, children get rid of their hobbies.

`时间状语从句`

当我在上小学的时候，我买了一辆自行车。

When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Shenyang.
when引导的时间状语从句

When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.

While we were talking, the teacher came in.

I went to bed after the TV show was over.

By the time you come here, we will have finished the work.

Wait until the bus stops.

I began to do my homework after my father came home.

Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.

Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.

Plants that flower when days are long often depend on insects to help them reproduce.

地点状语从句

We will go where we are needed.

We must camp where we can get water.

Everywhere Jane goes, she is mistaken for Jenny.

Wherever we go, we will always love you.

But a written form is essential for this,so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.

从句练习

如果能在不看答案的情况下，把下面的句子都造出来八成，
那从句这块的知识点就差不多了。

造句题

1.我觉得教育对一个人的职业有很大影响。
（have/has … impact on … 对…有…的影响，职业：carrer）

I think (that) education has a big/significant impact on one’s career.
宾语从句，impact是可数名词，可数名词不能裸奔，
education前面不用加the，因为是不可数名词。

2.众所周知，电视节目里有很多广告。
（电视节目：TV program，广告：advertisement，众所周知：well-known）

It is well-known that there are plenty of advertisements in TV programs.
主语从句，TV前面不要加the，因为没有特指，不要用have要用there be，
program要加s，并没有强调数量为1的电视节目，单数可数名词不能裸奔。

3.父母不知道年轻人是否可以通过海外留学来提高语言能力。
（语言能力：language skill，通过：by，海外留学；study abroad）

Parents do not know [if/whether] [young people/youngsters] can [improve/develop] language skills by studying abroad.
宾语从句，by是介词，介词后面接动词要加ing形式，skill是可数名词不能裸奔。

4.是否年轻人可以提高语言能力是一个主要的问题。

Whether young people/youngsters could/can improve/develop their language skills is the/a main question.
主语从句，但这么写的话会头重脚轻。

It is the/a main question whether young people/youngsters could/can improve/develop their language skills.
这里不能用if，因为是主语从句，if只能用在宾语从句，
problem一般是精神、心理、疾病的问题，有疑问的问题用question。

5.人们在网上听音乐很普遍。
（普遍：common）

It is quite common that people listen to music on the internet/online.
主语从句，music是不可数名词不能加s，listen to是固定搭配，
very很口语化，不太适合写作中。

延伸：
quite a + xxx，固定搭配，特别的

quite a beauty
真是个美人啊

quite a size
真大啊

quite a wait
特的特别长

6.那些想要得到高薪的年轻人愿意去大城市找工作。
（高薪：high salary，找工作：find job）

The youngsters who want to get high salary would like to find jobs in metropolis/big cities.
宾语从句

7.接受过高等教育的人容易找到一份高薪的工作。
（高等教育：higher education，高薪：well-paid job）

People who receive higher education find it easy to seek well-paid jobs.
定语从句

find sth to do sth.
find it + adj + to do sth.

这个句型很普遍：
It is + adj + for people to do sth.

It is easy for people who receive higher education to find well-paid jobs.
是找工作容易，而不是人容易。

8.老年人应该做一些对他们身体健康有帮助的运动。
（有帮助的：be beneficial to）

The old should do some sports which are beneficial to their health.
定语从句

选择题

Do you know ___ ten years ago?
A. where does he live
B. where he lives
C. where did he live
D. where he lived

答案：D

I didn’t remember ___ the woman before.
A. where I had seen
B. where I have seen
C. where had I seen
D. where have I seen

答案：A

The plane hasn’t arrived. Can you tell me ___ ?
A. what time is the plane late
B. why is the plane late
C. why the plane is late
D. what time the plane is late

答案：C

改错题

It is quite common these days for people rely on the internet.

正确：It is quite common these days for people to rely on the internet.

解释：It is adj for people to do sth，
句子里不能有2个谓语动词，
is和rely，因此要变成动词不定式to rely。

Young people tend to join those companies what could provide them with professional training.

正确：Young people tend to join those companies which/that could provide them with professional training.

解释：what不能引导定语从句。

Because when they work at other place or other country,they also complete job,social and shopping.

正确：Because when they work at other places or countries,they also complete jobs,society and shopping.

解释：在不考虑句子逻辑的情况下，只看语法，单数可数名词不能裸奔，并列关系情况下词性不一致，other重复了。

In addition,people can achieve all kind of informations, such as,we chat and facebook.

正确：In addition,people can achieve all kinds of information, such as,Wechat and Facebook.
解释：在不考虑句子逻辑的情况下，只看语法，information是不可数名词不能加s，all kind of写错，微信是Wechat，拼写错误，专有名词要大写。

Studens could learn a great deal of knowledge which/that can use it to communicate with others.

正确：Studens could learn a great deal of knowledge which/that they can use to communicate with others.

解释：which/that引导的定语从句修饰knowledge，
并不是知识与其他人去交流，而是人与其他人去交流，因此加一个they代指人，which/that在定语从句中做宾语成分，如果从句中有it做宾语，那就冲突了，因此把it去掉。

按句子用途分类的句型

肯定句	否定句	一般疑问句	否定疑问句
I work.	I don’t work.	Do you work?	Don’t you work?
You work.	You don’t work.	Do you work?	Don’t you work?
We work.	We don’t work.	Do you work?	Don’t you work?
They work.	They don’t work.	Do they work?	Don’t they work?
He/She/It works.	He/She/It doesn’t work.	Does he/she/it work?	Doesn’t he/she/it work?

陈述句

陈述事实。

Peter is a small boy.

未完待续

肯定句

未完待续

She became a doctor after college.

We are very busy preparing for the exams.

Not many students attended the lecture.

I don’t think you are right.

Reading makes a full man.

Mark Twain is a famous American writer.

There is a great deal of people.

否定句

未完待续

否定陈述句与肯定陈述句相反，它表示“否定”，
并且含有一个如not之类的否定词，
一个内含be的否定形式的陈述句，应在其后加not，已构成否定句。

肯定句：This is my umbrella.
否定句：This is not my umbrella.
肯定回答：yes, it is.
否定回答：no, it isn’t.

动词后接 not（或n’t）
就构成了否定句（negative sentence）

助动词/情态动词（have，be，do，must，can）后接not，
在be和have用作动词时后接not。

I am at work.
I am not at work.

You are my best friend.
You are not my best friend.

如果肯定句中没有助动词，那么与之对应的否定句中需加助动词do。
之后动词需要变回原型。

We like mountains.
We don’t like mountains.

You live in France.
You don’t live in France.

疑问句

提出问题。

一般疑问句

通过主谓倒装可将带有[be动词/助动词/情态动词]的陈述句变为一般疑问句，
即把[be动词/助动词/情态动词]的适当形式移到主语之前，
语调为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答。

如果句子中有be动词，直接把be动词提前。
如果句子中没有be动词，句子前加助动词，实义动词要变回原形。

Can I help you?
Have you finished your assignment?

陈述句：This is your watch.
这是你的手表。

疑问句：Is this your watch?
这是你的手表吗？

陈述句变疑问句：
Drinking water is important.
Is drinking water important?
-Yes, it is.
-No, it isn’t(is not).

Children leave home at 7’o clock.
Do children leave home at 7’o clock?
-Yes, they do.
-No, they don’t.

She spends two hours making up every single day.
Does she spend two hours making up every single day?
-Yes, she does.
-No, she doesn’t.

He went to UK last summer.
Did he go to UK last summer?
-Yes, he did.
-No, he didn’t.

特殊疑问句

由特殊疑问词引导的疑问句称为：特殊疑问句，
特殊疑问句要由[疑问代词/疑问副词]开头，
询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。

一般疑问句用升调，特殊疑问句用降调。

what（询问什么&事物）,
how much（询问价格）,
what time/when （询问时间，尤其是点钟）,
what kind of（询问种类）,
why（询问原因），
who（询问人）,
where（询问地点）,
whose（询问所有关系&所属关系），
which(询问哪一个)，一般which与其他词连用，which country?，which book?
how(询问如何/怎么样/方式)等等。

What do you do?

Where do you live?

Where does she come from?

What are you reading?

Who is Tom looking for?

What is Ame’s mother?

What is she doing?

What is the weather?

What’s the weather like in Shenyang?

What are you talking about?

Whose pen do you write with?

How many pieces of paper does Tom have?

How often do you go to the library?

When does your sister begin to learn English?

How do you like it?

What do the students study for?

Why didn’t he go to school?

How tall is Sam?

How long is this rope?

How long is it from your home to the library?

Which bus will your uncle take?

How much water do you have?

How much does the new pen cost?

选择疑问句

形式上与一般疑问句相似，但里面包含两个答案，
回答任选择其一即可，语调为先升后降，
回答人直接选择一个答案回答，不用yes或no。

Do you want coffee or tea?
-tea, please.

`反义疑问句`

有两部分组成,前半部分为陈述句，后半部分为简短问句，带问号。
未完待续

You prefer to go by plane, don’t you?

`祈使句`

表示请求命令等。

Sit down, please.

Turn off the light before you leave the room.

感叹句

表示强烈的感情。

How fast the time flies!

How beautiful flowers are!

倒装句

当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，
句子须倒装。

主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。
在倒装句中，谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。

倒装句，即系动词提到了主语之前：
Here’s my ticket.
My ticket is here.

总结

未完待续

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