As part of the peer learning series, Quantum Computing India had a session on Quantum Hardware 101 hosted by Nilay Awasthi, Kedhar Guhan and Parth Bir — Batch 01 of Apprentis. Here’s a quick log of the session

作为对等学习系列的一部分，印度Quantum Computing在Nilay Awasthi，Kedhar Guhan和Parth Bir(Apprentis的第01批)上主持了有关Quantum Hardware 101的会议。 这是会话的快速日志

Contents

内容

• Quantum Hardware Architecture and working量子硬件架构与工作
• Irreversible vs Reversible circuits不可逆与可逆电路
• An Example of a Reversible computation可逆计算的一个例子
• Why the power of quantum computation has not been explored yet为什么尚未探索量子计算的能力
• Quantum microprocessor architecture量子微处理器架构
• Executable QASM可执行QASM

演示地址

Quantum Hardware Architecture and working:

量子硬件架构和工作方式：

The session started off with Parth giving us an insight on the architecture of Quantum Hardware.

会议从Parth开始，使我们对Quantum硬件的体系结构有了深入的了解。

Quantum Computers work on the basis of probability, unlike Classical computers, which are deterministic in nature. In classical computers, we have two bits, 0 and 1. These are two definitive states and are fixed. But in Quantum Computers, there are qubits. These qubits are both 0 and 1 to various degrees. This phenomenon where the states of both 0 and 1 coexist is called superposition. Quantum Computers are thus capable of performing higher and more complex computations in lesser time and are superior to classical computers.

与经典计算机不同，量子计算机本质上是确定性的，它基于概率工作。 在经典计算机中，我们有两个位0和1。这是两个确定的状态，并且是固定的。 但是在量子计算机中，存在量子位。 这些量子比特在不同程度上都是0和1。 0和1的状态共存的现象称为叠加。 因此，量子计算机能够在更短的时间内执行更高，更复杂的计算，并且优于传统计算机。

IBM Q System One is the world’s first-ever circuit-based commercial quantum computer, introduced by IBM in January 2019. It’s platform runs in the ‘key arithmetic runtime and compiler’ layer. This is where you’re actually designing all your designs that run on the quantum computer. The instruction set is basically the abstraction of the general operations. The system abstracts the data algorithms that needs to be run, and dumbs it down to a sum of some basic operations like addition and subtraction.

IBM Q System One是IBM在2019年1月推出的世界上第一台基于电路的商业量子计算机。它的平台在“关键算术运行时和编译器”层中运行。 这是您实际设计在量子计算机上运行的所有设计的地方。 指令集基本上是一般操作的抽象。 系统抽象出需要运行的数据算法，并将其愚弄成一些基本操作(例如加法和减法)的总和。

Another important part of the computer is the quantum chip. There is still research going on to see how to design the quantum chip, these are the part of the system that generate qubits. In quantum computers, we not only measure the 0s and 1s but we take into consideration the amplitude angle and phase. Quantum computers also deal with entanglement, which is a phenomena observed when one qubit affects the state of the other qubits in its vicinity.

计算机的另一个重要部分是量子芯片。 仍在进行研究以了解如何设计量子芯片，这些是生成量子位的系统的一部分。 在量子计算机中，我们不仅测量0和1，而且还要考虑振幅角和相位。 量子计算机还处理纠缠，这种纠缠是当一个量子位影响附近其他量子位的状态时观察到的现象。

Quantum computers need not worry about memory, as the systems are super fast and can generate and compute the results instantly instead of storing and retrieving data like a classical computer; which takes a lot of time and memory space.

量子计算机无需担心内存，因为系统速度超快，并且可以立即生成和计算结果，而无需像传统计算机那样存储和检索数据。 这需要大量时间和内存空间。

Irreversible vs Reversible circuits:

不可逆与可逆电路：

There is also a heat factor which we have to consider: classical computers dissipate heat because of the irreversible computations. Irreversible computations are those where we cannot determine the inputs by looking at the output. Let us elaborate on this.

我们还必须考虑一个热因素：传统计算机由于不可逆的计算而散发热量。 不可逆计算是无法通过查看输出来确定输入的计算。 让我们详细说明一下。

For a NOT gate, if we give an input 1, the output will be 0. This is reversible. Given the output 0, we can deduce that the input given must be 1. But if we take an AND gate which requires two inputs, say A and B and we get an output 0. Now to get the output as 0 either A or B must be 1, we can never know the input values by only looking at the output therefore this becomes an irreversible computation.

对于非门，如果我们给定输入1，则输出将为0。这是可逆的。 给定输出0，我们可以得出给定的输入必须为1。但是，如果我们使用一个需要两个输入(例如A和B)的AND门，则输出为0。现在将A或B的输出设为0。必须为1，我们仅通过查看输出就无法知道输入值，因此这成为不可逆的计算。

An Example of a Reversible computation:

可逆计算的示例：

The next question is how we can make an irreversible computation reversible. We do this by changing the MODE of operation: add something to the output to make it a one-one function. Thus, the operation becomes fundamentally different.

下一个问题是我们如何使不可逆的计算可逆。 我们通过更改操作模式来做到这一点：在输出中添加一些内容以使其成为一对一功能。 因此，操作从根本上变得不同。

Eg : ADDER → ADDER — SUBTRACTOR

例如：ADDER → ADDER — SUBTRACTOR

It’s now like n equations in n variables, which is deterministic!

现在就像n个变量中的n个方程式，这是确定性的！

Still confused? Let’s elaborate on the ADDER example in Classical computers. In order to add two numbers, we type an instruction which says- add A,B

还是很困惑？ 让我们详细说明经典计算机中的ADDER示例。 为了将两个数字相加，我们输入一条指令，即-加A，B

Notice that this instruction is irreversible; that is, suppose the output of the add operation is 10 The value of A and B can have n number of combinations like,A=5 B=5 or A=7 B=3 or A=12 B=-3 the possibilities are endless.

注意，该指令是不可逆的。 也就是说，假设加法运算的输出为10。A和B的值可以具有n个组合，例如A = 5 B = 5或A = 7 B = 3或A = 12 B = -3无尽。

So we can make this reversible by adding a SUBTRACTOR whose main job is to store the difference of the two inputs.Now if we have an output for addition operation as 10 and the difference as 4 we can deduce that the inputs were 7 and 3 as 7+3=10 and 7–3=4.

因此，我们可以通过添加一个SUBTRACTOR使其可逆，其主要工作是存储两个输入的差值。现在，如果我们将加法运算的输出设为10，将差值设为4，则可以推断出输入为7和3 7 + 3 = 10和7–3 = 4。

In Quantum we use what is known as a CNOT gate which is a universal gate.(A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without using any other gate type). CNOT works by using electron spins as qubits.

在Quantum中，我们使用称为CNOT门的通用门(通用门是无需使用任何其他门类型即可实现任何布尔函数的门)。 CNOT通过使用电子自旋作为量子位来工作。

All these features make the quantum computer a very powerful system. This might make you wonder why your computer at home isn't a quantum based one, right ?

所有这些功能使量子计算机成为非常强大的系统。 这可能使您想知道为什么您家里的计算机不是基于量子的计算机，对吧？

Why the power of quantum computation has not been explored yet :

为什么尚未探索量子计算的能力：

The only reason the power of quantum computation has not yet been explored completely is because of the lack of the quantum hardware. There are two mains reasons for this:

尚未完全探索量子计算能力的唯一原因是由于缺乏量子硬件。 这样做的主要原因有两个：

1.Many algorithms can be designed that need quantum software in order to be implemented, but the accessibility of such software is very low

1.可以设计很多算法，需要量子软件才能实现，但是此类软件的可访问性很低

2. There are two flows in quantum computing: data flow and the control flow. We can develop an algorithm to give a well-versed environment for the data flow within the quantum computer, so data flow happens easily. The control flow however, which is basically the feedback mechanism, controls each operation and is very restricted because the level of technology available currently is not up to the mark.

2.量子计算中有两个流程：数据流程和控制流程。 我们可以开发一种算法，为量子计算机内的数据流提供精通的环境，因此数据流很容易发生。 但是，控制流程(基本上是反馈机制)控制着每个操作，并且由于当前可用的技术水平尚未达到要求而受到很大限制。

To easily apply the designed algorithms, Hadamard initialization is done. This occurs when a hadamard gate is applied to all the qubits. This makes all the probabilities of the qubits have the same level of probability.

为了轻松应用设计的算法，完成了Hadamard初始化。 当哈达玛德门应用于所有量子位时，就会发生这种情况。 这使得所有量子位的概率具有相同的概率水平。

Quantum Microprocessor architecture:

量子微处理器架构：

In a classical pipeline, an instruction performs the machine operation which is decoded by the quantum instruction decoder. Then they are put in target registers, which are nothing but memory locations where you actually store the memory. The values stored are not physical or linear, they are the states of the qubits. The qubits in a particular order represent the memory.

在经典流水线中，一条指令执行由量子指令解码器解码的机器操作。 然后将它们放入目标寄存器，这些寄存器不过是您实际存储内存的存储位置。 存储的值不是物理值或线性值，它们是量子位的状态。 特定顺序的量子位代表内存。

There is also a micro code unit which has a control store. A quantum micro instruction buffer also exists, which combines the entire system. Different address logic also exists and then it’s basically like how we have the controls in the microprocessor.

还有一个带有控制存储器的微码单元。 还存在一个量子微指令缓冲器，它将整个系统组合在一起。 也存在不同的地址逻辑，然后基本上就像我们在微处理器中拥有控件的方式一样。

Executable QASM:

可执行QASM ：

Executable QASM are control instructions which aid in the data transfer. These might seem very familiar to the instruction which we have for the general microprocessor 8085 or the arm processor . Down below, we have an overview of eQASM instructions

可执行的QASM是有助于数据传输的控制指令。 这些对于我们对通用微处理器8085或机械臂处理器的指令来说似乎很熟悉。 下面，我们对eQASM指令进行了概述

The algorithm is written in a program and then it is compiled on a simulator. It basically converts your high level assembly language into something which our hardware system is able to understand.

该算法写在程序中，然后在模拟器上编译。 它基本上将您的高级汇编语言转换为我们的硬件系统能够理解的语言。

This is a recap of what we saw in the previous session. If you’re someone interested in watching rather than reading, you can check out the full recording of our Hardware team’s presentation.

这是我们在上一届会议上看到的内容的回顾。 如果您是对观看而不是阅读感兴趣的人，则可以查看我们硬件团队演示文稿的完整记录。

演示地址

Quantum Hardware Team:

量子硬件团队：

• Nilay Awasthi妮拉·阿瓦西(Nilay Awasthi)
• Parth Bir帕特·比尔
• Kedhar Guhan凯达·古汉(Kedhar Guhan)

Content Team:

内容团队：

• Ananya Shivkumar阿南亚(Ananya Shivkumar)
• Ananya Das阿南亚·达斯(Ananya Das)

Join us in the #peerlearning series every Sunday 4–6 PM IST.

在每个IST的每个星期日4-6下午加入我们的#peerlearning系列。

Book your slots here

在这里预订您的位置

-Team QCI

-QCI团队