一、模拟登陆需要账号，密码的网址

一些不需要登陆的网址操作已经试过了，这次来用Python尝试需要登陆的网址，来利用cookie模拟登陆

由于我们教务系统有验证码偏困难一点，故挑了个软柿子捏，赛氪，赛氪-大学生竞赛活动社区我用的是火狐浏览器自带的F12开发者工具，打开网址输入账号，密码，登陆，如图

可以看到捕捉到很多post和get请求，第一个post请求就是我们提交账号和密码的

点击post请求的参数选项可以看到我们提交的参数在bian表单数据里，name为账户名，pass为加密后的密码，remember为是否记住密码，0为不记住密码。

我们再来看看headers，即消息头

我们把这些请求头加到post请求的headers后对网页进行模拟登陆，

Cookie为必填项，否则会报错：

{"code":403,"message":"访问超时，请重试，多次出现此提示请联系QQ：1409765583","data":[]}

便可以创建一个带有cookie的opener，在第一次访问登录的URL时，将登录后的cookie保存下来，然后利用带有这个cookie的opener来访问该网址的其他版块，查看登录之后才能看到的信息。

代码如下：

import urllib

from urllib import request

from http import cookiejar

login_url = "https://www.saikr.com/login"

postdata ={

"name": "your account","pass": "your password(加密后)"

}

header = {

"Accept":"application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01",

"Accept-Language":"zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2",

"Connection":"keep-alive",

"Host":"www.saikr.com",

"Referer":"https://www.saikr.com/login",

"Cookie":"your cookie",

"Content-Type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",

"TE":"Trailers","X-Requested-With":"XMLHttpRequest"

}

postdata = urllib.parse.urlencode(postdata).encode('utf8')

#req = requests.post(url,postdata,header)

#声明一个CookieJar对象实例来保存cookie

cookie = cookiejar.CookieJar()

#利用urllib.request库的HTTPCookieProcessor对象来创建cookie处理器,也就CookieHandler

cookie_support = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)

#通过CookieHandler创建opener

opener = request.build_opener(cookie_support)

#创建Request对象

my_url="https://www.saikr.com/u/5598522"

req1 = request.Request(url=login_url, data=postdata, headers=header)#post请求

req2 = request.Request(url=my_url)#利用构造的opener不需要cookie即可登陆，get请求

response1 = opener.open(req1)

response2 = opener.open(req2)

print(response1.read().decode('utf8'))

print(response2.read().decode('utf8'))

到此就告一段落了：

ps：有点小插曲，当在headers里加入

最后在 print(response1.read().decode('utf8'))时便会报错

UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x8b in position 1: invalid start byte

原因：在请求header中设置了'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate'

解决方法：去掉Accept-Encoding后就正常了

二、模拟登陆网址常用方法总结

1.通过urllib库的request库的函数进行请求

from urllib import request

#get请求

------------------------------------------------------

#不加headers

response=request.urlopen(url)

page_source = response.read().decode('utf-8')

#加headers,由于urllib.request.urlopen() 函数不接受headers参数，所以需要构建一个urllib.request.Request对象来实现请求头的设置

req= request.Request(url=url,headers=headers)

response=request.urlopen(req)

page_source = response.read().decode('utf-8')

#post请求

-------------------------------------------------------

postdata = urllib.parse.urlencode(data).encode('utf-8')#必须进行重编码

req= request.Request(url=url,data=postdata,headers=headers)

response=request.urlopen(req)

page_source = response.read().decode('utf-8')

#使用cookie访问其他版块

#声明一个CookieJar对象实例来保存cookie

cookie = cookiejar.CookieJar()

#利用urllib.request库的HTTPCookieProcessor对象来创建cookie处理器,也就CookieHandler

cookie_support = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)

#通过CookieHandler创建opener

opener = request.build_opener(cookie_support)

# 将Opener安装位全局，覆盖urlopen函数，也可以临时使用opener.open()函数

#urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

#创建Request对象

my_url="https://www.saikr.com/u/5598522"

req2 = request.Request(url=my_url)

response1 = opener.open(req1)

response2 = opener.open(req2)

#或者直接response2=opener.open(my_url)

print(response1.read().decode('utf8'))

print(response2.read().decode('utf8'))

2.通过requests库的get和post函数

import requests

import urllib

import json

#get请求

-----------------------------------------------------------

#method1

url="https://www.saikr.com/"

params={ 'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2' }

real_url = base_url + urllib.parse.urlencode(params)

#real_url="https://www.saikr.com/key1=value1&key2=value2"

response=requests.get(real_url)

#method2

response=requests.get(url,params)

print(response.text)#

print(response.content)#

#post请求

login_url = "https://www.saikr.com/login"

postdata ={

"name": "1324802616@qq.com","pass": "my password",

}

header = {

"Accept":"application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01",

"Accept-Language":"zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2",

"Connection":"keep-alive",

"Host":"www.saikr.com",

"Referer":"https://www.saikr.com/login",

"Cookie":"mycookie",

"Content-Type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",

"TE":"Trailers","X-Requested-With":"XMLHttpRequest"

}

#requests中的post中传入的data可以不进行重编码

#login_postdata = urllib.parse.urlencode(postdata).encode('utf8')

response=requests.post(url=login_url,data=postdata,headers=header)#

#以下三种都可以解析结果

json1 = response1.json()#

json2= json.loads(response1.text)#

json_str = response2.content.decode('utf-8')#

#利用session维持会话访问其他版块

--------------------------------------------------------------------

login_url = "https://www.saikr.com/login"

postdata ={

"name": "1324802616@qq.com","pass": "my password",

}

header = {

"Accept":"application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01",

"Connection":"keep-alive",

"Referer":"https://www.saikr.com/login",

"Cookie":"mycookie",

}

session = requests.session()

response = session.post(url=url, data=data, headers=headers)

my_url="https://www.saikr.com/u/5598522"

response1 = session.get(url=my_url, headers=headers)

print(response1.json())

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