计算机系统发展历程

第一代 真空管 Vacuum tubes ENIAC - background Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer 电子数字积分器和计算机，第一台通用电子数字计算机 Mauchly and Eckert ，University of Pennsylvania Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943—Finished 1946 —Used until 1955 Too late for war effort ENIAC - details Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption 5,000 additions per second Vacuum tube in ENIAC Input Pannel (42) Cable Programing Debug(线路检查) ENIAC von Neumann/Turing Stored Program concept(设计新型计算机ENIAC) Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS Completed 1952 现代电子计算机之父 1944~1945年间，美籍匈牙利科学家冯·诺伊曼在第一台现代计算机ENIAC尚未问世时注意到其弱点，并提出一个新机型EDVAC的设计方案，其中提到了两个设想： 采用二进制和“存储程序”。这两个设想对于现代计算机至关重要，也使冯·诺伊曼成为“现代电子计算机之父”，冯·诺伊曼机体系延续至今。 Structure of von Neumann machine IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Binary number(39+1) 2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers (storage in CPU) Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient(乘商寄存器) EDVAC 商用计算机 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) 用于US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II Faster More memory UNIVAC I UNIVAC II IBM Punched-card processing equipment 1953 - the 701 IBM’s first stored program computer Scientific calculations 1955 - the 702 Business applications Lead to 700/7000 series 第一代计算机系统 电子管、继电器存储器，用绝缘导线连接 CPU(PC，累加器) 顺序执行定点运算 机器/汇编语言 CPU程序控制I/O 第二代 晶体管Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon Invented 1947 at Bell Labs Transistor Based Computers Second generation machines NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines IBM 7000 DEC - 1957 Produced PDP-1 IBM 7030 (1961) DEC PDP-1 (1960) 分立晶体二极管、三极管、铁氧 体磁芯、用印刷电路互连 变址寄存器、浮点运算、多路存储器、I/O处理器 带编译程序的高级语言、子程序库、批处理监控程序 微电子技术的出现Microelectronics Liter