[Java并发编程（一）] 线程池 FixedThreadPool vs CachedThreadPool ...

摘要

介绍 Java 并发包里的几个主要 ExecutorService 。

正文

CachedThreadPool

CachedThreadPool 是通过 java.util.concurrent.Executors 创建的 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例。这个实例会根据需要，在线程可用时，重用之前构造好的池中线程。这个线程池在执行 大量短生命周期的异步任务时（many short-lived asynchronous task），可以显著提高程序性能。调用 execute 时，可以重用之前已构造的可用线程，如果不存在可用线程，那么会重新创建一个新的线程并将其加入到线程池中。如果线程超过 60 秒还未被使用，就会被中止并从缓存中移除。因此，线程池在长时间空闲后不会消耗任何资源。

注意队列实例是：new SynchronousQueue()

/*** Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but* will reuse previously constructed threads when they are* available.  These pools will typically improve the performance* of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.* Calls to <tt>execute</tt> will reuse previously constructed* threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new* thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have* not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from* the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will* not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar* properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)* may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.** @return the newly created thread pool*/public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());}

FixedThreadPool

FixedThreadPool 是通过 java.util.concurrent.Executors 创建的 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例。这个实例会复用 固定数量的线程 处理一个 共享的无边界队列 。任何时间点，最多有 nThreads 个线程会处于活动状态执行任务。如果当所有线程都是活动时，有多的任务被提交过来，那么它会一致在队列中等待直到有线程可用。如果任何线程在执行过程中因为错误而中止，新的线程会替代它的位置来执行后续的任务。所有线程都会一致存于线程池中，直到显式的执行 ExecutorService.shutdown() 关闭。

注意队列实例是：new LinkedBlockingQueue()

/*** Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads* operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most* <tt>nThreads</tt> threads will be active processing tasks.* If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,* they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.* If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution* prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to* execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist* until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.** @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool* @return the newly created thread pool* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}*/public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());}

SingleThreadPool

SingleThreadPool 是通过 java.util.concurrent.Executors 创建的 ThreadPoolExecutor 实例。这个实例只会使用单个工作线程来执行一个无边界的队列。（注意，如果单个线程在执行过程中因为某些错误中止，新的线程会替代它执行后续线程）。它可以保证认为是按顺序执行的，任何时候都不会有多于一个的任务处于活动状态。和 newFixedThreadPool(1) 的区别在于，如果线程遇到错误中止，它是无法使用替代线程的。

    /*** Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating* off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single* thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to* shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute* subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute* sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any* given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent* <tt>newFixedThreadPool(1)</tt> the returned executor is* guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.** @return the newly created single-threaded Executor*/public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));}

程序演示

• LiftOff

  public class LiftOff implements Runnable {protected int countDown = 10; // Defaultprivate static int taskCount = 0;private final int id = taskCount++;public LiftOff() {}public LiftOff(int countDown) {this.countDown = countDown;}public String status() {return "Thread ID: [" + String.format("%3d", Thread.currentThread().getId()) + "] #" + id + "(" + (countDown > 0 ? countDown : "LiftOff!") + ") ";}@Overridepublic void run() {while (countDown-- > 0) {System.out.println(status());Thread.yield();}}}
  

• CachedThreadPoolCase

  public class CachedThreadPoolCase {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {exec.execute(new LiftOff());Thread.sleep(10);}exec.shutdown();}}
  

  当 sleep 间隔为 5 milliseconds 时，共创建了 3 个线程，并交替执行。

  

  当 sleep 间隔为 10 milliseconds 时，共创建了 2 个线程，交替执行。

  

• FixedThreadPoolCase

  public class FixedThreadPoolCase {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {exec.execute(new LiftOff());Thread.sleep(10);}exec.shutdown();}}
  

  无论 sleep 间隔时间是多少，总共都创建 3 个线程，并交替执行。

  

• SingleThreadCase

  public class SingleThreadPoolCase {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {ExecutorService exec = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {exec.execute(new LiftOff());Thread.sleep(5);}exec.shutdown();}}
  

  无论 sleep 间隔时间是多少，总共都只创建 1 个线程。

  

FixedThreadPool 与 CachedThreadPool 特性对比

最佳实践

FixedThreadPool 和 CachedThreadPool 两者对高负载的应用都不是特别友好。

CachedThreadPool 要比 FixedThreadPool 危险很多。

如果应用要求高负载、低延迟，最好不要选择以上两种线程池：

1. 任务队列的无边界：会导致内存溢出以及高延迟
2. 长时间运行会导致 CachedThreadPool 在线程创建上失控

因为两者都不是特别友好，所以推荐使用 ThreadPoolExecutor ，它提供了很多参数可以进行细粒度的控制。

1. 将任务队列设置成有边界的队列
2. 使用合适的 RejectionHandler - 自定义的 RejectionHandler 或 JDK 提供的默认 handler 。

3. 如果在任务完成前后需要执行某些操作，可以重载

    beforeExecute(Thread, Runnable)afterExecute(Runnable, Throwable)

4. 重载 ThreadFactory ，如果有线程定制化的需求

5. 在运行时动态控制线程池的大小（Dynamic Thread Pool）

参考

iteye: Java 并发包中的几种 ExecutorService

stackoverflow: FixedThreadPool vs CachedThreadPool: the lesser of two evils

blogjava: 深入浅出多线程（4）对CachedThreadPool OutOfMemoryError问题的一些想法

结束