语法长难句【刘晓艳】英语

听课笔记，自用

p68

第一节简单句

英语重形和，汉语重意和

主谓宾

一。句子的分类 5

主谓
主谓宾
谓语：实意动词（vi，vt
主谓表
谓语：系动词（be，感官动词，变化【become，get】，保存【keep，stay，remain】
主谓双宾（两个宾语没有关系 I bought him a dog
tell sb sth
主谓宾宾补（宾补，it makes him happy
“宾语+宾补”统称“复合宾语”
ask sb to do sth

二。句子的成分

谓语
谓语是具有时态的（含情态动词的谓语先排除）实意动词（词组）或者系动词。

1）谓语的成分
【【she like me. 不是句子，谓语一旦写出来就要有时态
有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语。
2）一句话动词能不能多？
绝对不能多，只能有一个动词的存在，充当谓语，其他的变成非谓语动词，所以英语用了独立主格和分词做状语。

谓语只能是动词；
动词只能做谓语
所以我需要把一句话当中所以不做谓语的动词全都都要变成不是动词
（动词后面加ing主动，ed被动，todo目的非谓语动词
重要的做谓语，留最后动词一个做谓语

好几个句子变成一句 1）连词 2）从句（名词性，定义，状语从句） 3）独立主格

![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20210301165711835.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2hhbjI5Xw==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70

主语

1 主语的成分
名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句（引导词+句子

2 一句话当中主语能不能少
不能
那一句话没有主语怎么办呢？

4）人称代词做主语 I you we（不到万不得已不要用

宾语
名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句
表语
名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句，形容词，介词短语

三。简单句在写作中的使用（考点分析

1.写作
1）所有写不了的长短句暂时都写成简单句，必须保证语法正确
2）所有不会写的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道怎么要表达什么
2.长短句分析
1）找动词（谓语）
2）找主谓宾
如果一句话找到多个动词的，就确定主句的谓语动词，前面没有引导词就是主句

练习

第二讲并列句

一.什么是并列句

用连词连接两个句子

二.常见的并列连词

平行关系：and , not only…but also, neither…or , (as well as介词短语
similarly, equally, likewise, at the same time, in the meanwhile

转折关系：but, yet, while, whereas (however副词
however, nevertheless, on the contrary(介词短语) by contrast ， conversely, unexpectedly, unfortunately

选择关系：or, whether…or…
alternatively

因果关系：for，so
therefore, thus, consequently, as a result

递进关系：then
beside, furthermore , moreover, additionally, subsequently, in addition

连词和其他逻辑词的区别
-使用连词时，有无，都可。而其他的逻辑关键词的前面要么用。要么加连词and
-使用副词或者介词短语时，必要把逗号变成句号，或者在前面增加and

考点

1）写作
只要上下文有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关键词（连词，副词，介词和介词短语）
eg 爱情已经不在了，可她还在留恋过去
romance has evaporated，but she still misses the past.(有没有，都可以
【，和on the contrary（介词）不能连接两个句子
使用副词和介词连接，用。】
（“已经”“曾经”现在完成式

有朋自远方来，不亦说乎
there remain an army of companies coming from the distant(afar), and consequently, I feel more than delighted.

都说我如水百变，可我清澈不变
I am claimed changeable like water. By contrast my clarity keeps consistent.

你还记得那天吗？我没有通过四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，你走了过来，拍拍我肩膀，告诉我说人生没有终点
Do you still keep that day in mind? I failed to pass CET4, and as a result I shed tears in the rain alone. At the same time, you came up to me and subsequently you beat my shoulder and told me: ”there exists destination in life.”

2）完形填空
只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句话就可以了
【读每段的首段尾段来理解文章中心

3）长难句分析

并列句的对称原则
词性对称
并列句的省略
省略主谓、be动词、主语、重复的部分

只要有见到并列连词的出现，通常会有省略
第一步找主句的谓语动词
第二步找连词，但是连词在连接两个单词，这个装作没有看见
如何查找省略的内容？
一句话只要有省略，就一定会省略在连词后而不是连词前——>所以连词后面有的成分连词前面通常有（如果连词后面只有一个成分的话，连词前一定可以找到他的对应成分；如果有多个成分，连词前不一定都可以找到对应成分》连词前面有而连词后面没有的成分是省略的

例子
①Under modern conditions（目前现在），this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence（因此） the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （of+名词；specialize in

00 2、The data（不可数n） suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought（seek） out as friends, and （more likely to be）pursued romantically.
【实意动词后面跟着状语

00 There is no agreement（我们没有协定） whether methodology（方法论） refers to（指的是） the concept peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique（技术，方法） appropriate to（合适的） the various branches of historical inquiry（询问打听）.
【peculiar特立独行的=weird=odd古怪的奇怪的 specific=concrete具体的 special特殊的，特别的 particular（ly）特别的（such as
peculiar to 什么特有的，什么什么所专属的

“代词指代“题的做题方法
就近原则一致原则（意思一致

第三节名词（短语）和名词性从句

一．名词可以充当什么成分？

主语 The movie looks terrific.
宾语 I admire his mother.
表语 Gump is a man.
同位语 I enjoy the part, the beginning.

【同位语：用来解释名词的成分(名词，代词，非谓语动词,从句
只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的在他的后面加同位语，对该名词进行补充说明
I, a student, like Eason, a well-known singer for Hong Kong.
My mother, a typical housewife, enjoy playing Ma Jong, a Chinese entertainment…
Persistence, a active mentality, plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults.
I enjoy playing sport, running.

二．什么是名词性从句

名词在句子中可以充当的成分从句都可以充当，这就是名词性从句
What I saw looks terrific. 从句充当主语，主语从句
I admire what she said.宾语从句
Gump is who we should learn from. 表语从句
I enjoy the part, that a bird is flying. 同位语从句

三．名词性从句的引导词

先看几个句子
That He has got divorced is my fault.
Whether he has got divorced is obvious.
Who he will marry is a secret.

名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共三类
1） that：从句是陈述句时，that在从句中补充当成分，没有意思
2） whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether不补充当成分，意思翻译成是否
3）所以的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时
4）并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语

练习
I am wondering whether aliens exist. (宾语从句
That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge. (主语从句主系表
My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese conventional virtue. (表语从句
Someday, one will perceive that career, kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance. (主谓宾，宾语从句
The point seems when wealth will become available for you.

四．名词性从句的考点分析

作文应用

主语从句的满分表达
把主语从句放到句末，用it作形式主义

It is apparent that…
It looks beyond dispute that…
It has been widely accepted that…
it is universally acknowledged that…
It keeps my argument that… (I think that
可以写在作文中任意一个句子前面，用来拉长句子

例子
It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.

同位语从句(可以放在解释的名词后，也可以放在句子后面

The evidence/truth that … manifests/ indicates/ suggests that…
这个事实表明

例子
The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced.
【affair,私事风流韵事 issue公众话题，问题】
Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.
The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in HN seem all deceivers.
【所有格’s 改变 of（所属关系强。。。in。。。】
The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.

长难句分析

能够识别各个名词性从句，并把他们都翻译出来

如何识别主语从句
只要见到有引导词在句首，并且没有逗号隔开，一定是主语从句，
主语从句从句首开始，到主句的非谓语动词结束
除此以为见到It…that…,主语从句从that开始到结束
【分析长难句：1.找各个部分 2.翻译部分 3.调整位置中国式翻译】
如何识别宾语从句
【主语是谓语动词的发出者，宾语是谓语的承受者】
只要实意动词后面有引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（状语从句还没有讲哟
如何识别表语从句
只要系动词的后面有引导词
如何识别同位语从句
只要名词的后面有个引导词，暂定为同位语从句，（可能是定语从句

主句谓语：rests on；宾语是由and并列的两个名词
翻译：记者必须要比普通人更深程度懂法律的这个想法却决于对风俗传统的理解和对新闻媒体特殊的责任。

六个月大的婴儿能够具体识别声音这种证据已经出现

第四节定语从句

一、什么是定语

只要听到 “。。。。的+名词” “。。。。的“就是修饰这个名词的定语成分

二、定语的成分

1.形容词

2.名词

3.介词短语

4.非谓语动词

5.从句

6.形容词性代词

三、定语的位置

前小后大：当一个单词的修饰名词，通常放在名词前；多个单词通常放在名词后

练习：This is a fiction about a n and a rose. (介词短语修饰名词注意冠词
The youngster grasping romance left party of the prince.
The boy rejected looks pitiful. （当过去分词修饰名词，即使一个单词也放在名词后
I have something important to tell you. (当形容词修饰不定代词，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后

四、定语从句

定语从句的构成
n+引导词+句子
n=先行词
定语从句的引导词
区别名词性引导词按照从句类型分的类

分类按照 先行词的种类 分成5类
1。人 who、whose、whom、that（一般指物
2。物 that、which、whose
3。时间 which、that、when
4。地点 that、which、where
5。原因 that、which、why

新分类标准** 引导词的本身的词性** 分成3类
1。代词 that、who、whom、which （在从句一定充当主语或者宾语
2。副词 when、why、where （不能充当主干成分
3。形容词 whose （在从句修饰离他最近的名词

谁决定了引导词的用法
1）先行词 2）引导词在从句中能够充当的成分共同决定了引导词的用法

when that

why that

进阶

介词+关系代词
连词包括关系代词和关系副词
从句包括完整和不完整的
关系副词+完整
关系代词+不完整

This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.
Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people ate still suffering.

练习

Therosethatthenexchangedwithhislifewasdiscarded.夜莺用自己的生命换来的玫瑰被扔掉了。The rose that the n exchanged with his life was discarded. 夜莺用自己的生命换来的玫瑰被扔掉了。 Therosethatthenexchangedwithhislifewasdiscarded.夜莺用自己的生命换来的玫瑰被扔掉了。 Buildings whose roofs are around look beautiful.
Ithasbeenvalidatedbynumerousfactsthatgloriesbelongtothose/havingdream/withdreams.成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数的事实证明了。It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those /having dream/ with dreams. 成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数的事实证明了。 Ithasbeenvalidatedbynumerousfactsthatgloriesbelongtothose/havingdream/withdreams.成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数的事实证明了。 Wearing my own shoes not only is(proves) convenient, but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
穿自己的鞋不仅方便，而且还确保了一点，不用去管别人的感受。
[注] 1.后面不要写成 don’t care… 因为缺少主语
2. 注意人称代词
Thepointoftheissueseemswhoshouldberesponsiblefordeclineofethics.问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责呢？The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for decline of ethics. 问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责呢？ Thepointoftheissueseemswhoshouldberesponsiblefordeclineofethics.问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责呢？ He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mood.
外表看起来很邋遢的他内心其实很高尚
Itseemsveryindispensablethatthosewhosparenoeffortstorealizetheirdreamsneverfeelpitifulalthoughtheyfailtoachieveglories.//gloriesfailtobeachieve.（被动更好那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人即使没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这是很重要的。It seems very indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although they fail to achieve glories. // glories fail to be achieve.（被动更好那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人即使没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这是很重要的。 Itseemsveryindispensablethatthosewhosparenoeffortstorealizetheirdreamsneverfeelpitifulalthoughtheyfailtoachieveglories.//gloriesfailtobeachieve.（被动更好那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人即使没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这是很重要的。 Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less impressive.
上课不集中注意而又想考过考试的同学往往会发现结果很糟糕
介词短语不能做宾语

五、定义从句的特殊用法

that做引导词，在从句中充当宾语，可以省略
I enjoy the book （that） my moon brought for me.
在分析长难句的时候，如果见到两个名词或者两个代词放在一起，中间没有被连词或者标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了 that 的定义从句。
4：45
区别限制和非限制性定语从句
I love lxy， who is beautiful.
I love lxy who is beautiful.
在分析长难句的时候，非限制性定语从句相当于插入，可以完全不看
先行词和引导词之间有介词的情况
12：12 p32

六、区分定语从句和同位语从句

定语从句 / 同位语从句

相同点
1.先行词+引导词+句子

不同点
1.看从句本身的意思。定语从句是对前面名词的修饰；同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
2.看引导词that在从句充当的成分。如果充当是定语从句
3.定语从句的先行词可以是所以名词，而同位语从句是抽象名词。
4.定语从句的引导词总共8个；而同位语从句的一般是that

练习

橙色主系表

七。定语从句的至难点

寻找先行词

stir up 激起
his指listener

如何寻找先行词
读懂这句话

1.For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that
came from being a loyal employee.
谓语：can mean

2.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process
of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages
could be.

4
5

八考点分析

写作中的使用

见到一个句子，用定语从句拉长

eg宠物能够减少孤单。
读书能够增长知识。

p35

英汉差异

1.句子结构汉语意合英语形合
2.汉语主动英语被动
3.英语多长句

长难句分析

能够找到一句话当中的定语成分,并且把它们通顺地翻译出来。
。。。

练习

第五节状语与状语从句

###形容词和副词能充当什么成分
1.形容词
1）放在系动词后面做表语
2）放名词前面做定义

2.副词
1）修饰实意动词
2）副词修饰形容词
3）副词修饰副词
4）修饰整个句子
副词无论放在那都是状语

一。什么是状语

状语就是在一个句子中 ,用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。
除了名词不能修饰其他都可以。
一个句子除了主谓宾其他不是状语就是定语

二。状语的成分

1.adv

2.介词短语
She cried sadly like a boy losing his toy.

3.非谓语动词
She cried, sitting there.

4.从句
She cried when she sat there.

三。状语的位置

随便放

四。状语从句

1.引导词的分类

按照它的意思，分成九类

1）时间状语从句

when=while=as
当while翻译成“当。。。的时候” 后面用进行时态
before
after
since
“自从” 主句用完成时
I have fallen in loved with you since I met you.
the moment=as soon as
by the time
until
not…until
2）
8;50

1. 状语从句的时态
  例子：When love comes,I will hold her hands.
  When love came, I failed to hold her hands.
  在所有的状语从句的如果主句和从句的动作都没有发生的话，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。
  主将从现
3.区别until和 not…until
例子：| will wait here until you come.
| will not leave until you come.
区别 wait leave
看主句的动词的谓语动词是延续性动词还是瞬间动词
如果是延续性动词就用until
瞬间动词用not until
I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
4.when引导的时间状语从句省略的情况
When I was a child, enjoying singing songs.
When a child, enjoying singing songs.
when引导的时间状语从句，如果主句和从句的主语一致，从句中中的谓语动词有be动词，此时从句的主语和be动词可以省略。

2）地点状语从句

做地点状语的通常是介词短语很少是从句
where
The kind of trees grow well in moist place. (where it is moist)

3）原因状语从句

(1)原因状语从句的引导词
because
as
since
in that
seeing that
now that
considering that
given that
没有区别

(2)for是连词
连接两个句子

(3)介词短语+n/动名词
because of
owing to
thanks to
for the sake of
as a result of

例子：He had a car accident( because he was careless. )可以放句首
He had a car accident for he was careless.
He had a car accident（ because of his carelessness.）

4）目的状语从句

（1）引导词
to
in order to
so as to
+动词原形

(2)
so that（表示目的，通常放在主句后面
in order that

例子：We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther. (further表示抽象的远
In order that we overlook farther,we will ascend higher.

5)结果状语从句

（1）
so +adj/adv that (替换 very +adj/adv
such +n that

例子：It feels so hot that I wear my dress.
My mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her colleagues.

6)让步状语从句

前四个都翻译成虽然尽管，可以随便放
while 翻译成虽然尽管，只能放在句首

（1）while
1》放在两个句子中间，一般翻译成但是
2》“在。。。的时候” while+进行时态
3》句首翻译虽然尽管

（2）as
as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语的可以放在句首 ——部分倒装

As I seem ugly, I keep gentle.
Ugly as I seem ugly, I keep gentle.
Simple as the chart looks.,the outlook behind proves far reaching.

7) 方式状语从句

从句做状语

好像，似乎

介词短语做状语：
by / through / by means of /in…way /

例子：
She looks as if she were made of ice.
She talks with me as if she were my mother. (虚拟语气

8）条件状语从句

unless 表示反

例子：
If there seems a ghost of hope, I will never get up.

9）比较状语从句

例子：
You are as beautiful as I (am beautiful).

五。写作中的使用

作文中任何一句话都可以加一个状语把句子拉长。

六。长难句分析

能够快速识别状语，并且能通顺地把它翻译出来。
如何识别状语？
一句话中除了句子的主干和定语以外其他部分可以都认为是状语。

只要在句子中见到以下的东西都是
1）副词
2）比较状语
3）条件状语
4）结果
5）原因
6）让步
7）目的
8）方式
9）伴随 with
一个时间出现在实意动词的后面/ 形容词

在分析长难句的时候看到 n+时间/地点要区别定语和状语
eg： I love a boy in OUC.
如果无法确定是定语还是状语，优先定语，如果翻译很奇怪就是状语

1.找主句谓语，找主谓宾 2.找连词，看是否省略 3.定语 4.状语

主系表，定语，定语，状语，定语

p49

七。比较结构特殊用法-as专题

as的倒装：https://www.chinaedu.com/zsd/1146728.html
as意思总结

as+n 作为
v+…(n)+as as的意思取决于v的意思
as+句子当…的时候/ 因为 / 好像似乎 / 虽然尽管（看前面的句子

课本P148

八。 than

![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2021050708555162.png

more than
A.“More than＋名词”表示“多于……”、“不仅仅”、“非但……尤其是”如：

Modern science is more than a large amount of information.
Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer,too.
● B.“More than＋数词”含“以上”或“不止”之意,如：
I have known David for more than 20 years.
Let’s carry out the test with more than the sample copy.
● C.“More than＋形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思,如：
In doing scientific experiments,one must be more than careful with the instruments.
I assure you I am more than glad to help you.
● D.在“More…than…”中,肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的,约等于“是……而不是……”如：
The difference between pure linguistics and applied linguistics is more apparent than real.
This book seems to be more a manual than a text.
Catherine is more diligent than intelli-gent.
Hearing the loud noise,the boy was more surprised than frightened.

第六节句子大总结

句子所有成分:
主干成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语
修饰成分:同位语、定语、状语、补语

总结：

主语与表语的一样
adv只能做状语

例子
My mother is elegant lady. =
My mother is a lady of elegance. =
My mother is a lady as elegant as a lily. =
My mother is a lady looking as elegant as a lily. (应该用被动，但是系动词没有被动（ed）
My mother is a lady who looks as elegant as a lily.

She killed her husband with a sharp knife.
She, applying a sharp knife, killed her husband .
When she applied a sharp knife, she killed her husband .

所有从句能充当的成分，非谓语都能充当

That I met you is my honor.
Meeting you is my honor.

My dream is to pass (或者passing）the examination of past graduates.
My dream is that I pass the examination of past graduates.

英语长难句的模样：
（状）主（状/同/定）谓宾（状/同/定）

I (,a student of…) will recommend you a tourist attraction (which keeps popular with Chinese travelers

综合练习

没看完

第七讲特殊结构

强调句型

It is… that/ who …

直接套用，不能强调谓语