Association Rules_python关联规则
Table of Contents
- 1 关联规则
- 1.0.1 Identify number of customers
- 1.0.2 Identify customer doing most purchasing & amount
- 1.0.3 Clean Data
- 1.0.4 Finding all the credit records
- 1.0.5 Basket Creation
- 1.0.6 Examples1
- 1.0.7 examples2
- 1.0.7.1 频繁项集:
- 1.0.7.2 支持度:
- 1.0.7.3 置信度:
- 1.0.7.4 关联分析示例:
- 1.0.7.5 首先创建数据:
- 1.0.7.6 转换数据列表:
- 1.0.7.7 转换为模型可接受数据:
- 1.0.7.8 求频繁项集:
- 1.0.7.9 求关联规则:
关联规则
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
data = pd.read_excel('Data/Online Retail.xlsx')
from mlxtend.frequent_patterns import apriori, association_rules
data.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 541909 entries, 0 to 541908
Data columns (total 8 columns):
InvoiceNo 541909 non-null object
StockCode 541909 non-null object
Description 540455 non-null object
Quantity 541909 non-null int64
InvoiceDate 541909 non-null datetime64[ns]
UnitPrice 541909 non-null float64
CustomerID 406829 non-null float64
Country 541909 non-null object
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), float64(2), int64(1), object(4)
memory usage: 33.1+ MB
data.head()
InvoiceNo | StockCode | Description | Quantity | InvoiceDate | UnitPrice | CustomerID | Country | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 536365 | 85123A | WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER | 6 | 2010-12-01 08:26:00 | 2.55 | 17850.0 | United Kingdom |
1 | 536365 | 71053 | WHITE METAL LANTERN | 6 | 2010-12-01 08:26:00 | 3.39 | 17850.0 | United Kingdom |
2 | 536365 | 84406B | CREAM CUPID HEARTS COAT HANGER | 8 | 2010-12-01 08:26:00 | 2.75 | 17850.0 | United Kingdom |
3 | 536365 | 84029G | KNITTED UNION FLAG HOT WATER BOTTLE | 6 | 2010-12-01 08:26:00 | 3.39 | 17850.0 | United Kingdom |
4 | 536365 | 84029E | RED WOOLLY HOTTIE WHITE HEART. | 6 | 2010-12-01 08:26:00 | 3.39 | 17850.0 | United Kingdom |
data.Country.value_counts()
United Kingdom 495478
Germany 9495
France 8557
EIRE 8196
Spain 2533
Netherlands 2371
Belgium 2069
Switzerland 2002
Portugal 1519
Australia 1259
Norway 1086
Italy 803
Channel Islands 758
Finland 695
Cyprus 622
Sweden 462
Unspecified 446
Austria 401
Denmark 389
Japan 358
Poland 341
Israel 297
USA 291
Hong Kong 288
Singapore 229
Iceland 182
Canada 151
Greece 146
Malta 127
United Arab Emirates 68
European Community 61
RSA 58
Lebanon 45
Lithuania 35
Brazil 32
Czech Republic 30
Bahrain 19
Saudi Arabia 10
Name: Country, dtype: int64
Identify number of customers
len(data.CustomerID.unique())
4373
Identify customer doing most purchasing & amount
data['TotalPrice'] = data['Quantity'] * data['UnitPrice']
res = data.groupby(['CustomerID']).TotalPrice.sum()
res.sort_values(ascending=False)
CustomerID
14646.0 279489.02
18102.0 256438.49
17450.0 187482.17
14911.0 132572.62
12415.0 123725.45...
12503.0 -1126.00
17603.0 -1165.30
14213.0 -1192.20
15369.0 -1592.49
17448.0 -4287.63
Name: TotalPrice, Length: 4372, dtype: float64
data.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 541909 entries, 0 to 541908
Data columns (total 9 columns):
InvoiceNo 541909 non-null object
StockCode 541909 non-null object
Description 540455 non-null object
Quantity 541909 non-null int64
InvoiceDate 541909 non-null datetime64[ns]
UnitPrice 541909 non-null float64
CustomerID 406829 non-null float64
Country 541909 non-null object
TotalPrice 541909 non-null float64
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), float64(3), int64(1), object(4)
memory usage: 37.2+ MB
Clean Data
data.InvoiceNo.value_counts()
573585 1114
581219 749
581492 731
580729 721
558475 705...
C552241 1
C549840 1
556417 1
C560825 1
C554870 1
Name: InvoiceNo, Length: 25900, dtype: int64
Finding all the credit records
data[data.InvoiceNo.astype('str').str.startswith('C')]
InvoiceNo | StockCode | Description | Quantity | InvoiceDate | UnitPrice | CustomerID | Country | TotalPrice | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
141 | C536379 | D | Discount | -1 | 2010-12-01 09:41:00 | 27.50 | 14527.0 | United Kingdom | -27.50 |
154 | C536383 | 35004C | SET OF 3 COLOURED FLYING DUCKS | -1 | 2010-12-01 09:49:00 | 4.65 | 15311.0 | United Kingdom | -4.65 |
235 | C536391 | 22556 | PLASTERS IN TIN CIRCUS PARADE | -12 | 2010-12-01 10:24:00 | 1.65 | 17548.0 | United Kingdom | -19.80 |
236 | C536391 | 21984 | PACK OF 12 PINK PAISLEY TISSUES | -24 | 2010-12-01 10:24:00 | 0.29 | 17548.0 | United Kingdom | -6.96 |
237 | C536391 | 21983 | PACK OF 12 BLUE PAISLEY TISSUES | -24 | 2010-12-01 10:24:00 | 0.29 | 17548.0 | United Kingdom | -6.96 |
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
540449 | C581490 | 23144 | ZINC T-LIGHT HOLDER STARS SMALL | -11 | 2011-12-09 09:57:00 | 0.83 | 14397.0 | United Kingdom | -9.13 |
541541 | C581499 | M | Manual | -1 | 2011-12-09 10:28:00 | 224.69 | 15498.0 | United Kingdom | -224.69 |
541715 | C581568 | 21258 | VICTORIAN SEWING BOX LARGE | -5 | 2011-12-09 11:57:00 | 10.95 | 15311.0 | United Kingdom | -54.75 |
541716 | C581569 | 84978 | HANGING HEART JAR T-LIGHT HOLDER | -1 | 2011-12-09 11:58:00 | 1.25 | 17315.0 | United Kingdom | -1.25 |
541717 | C581569 | 20979 | 36 PENCILS TUBE RED RETROSPOT | -5 | 2011-12-09 11:58:00 | 1.25 | 17315.0 | United Kingdom | -6.25 |
9288 rows × 9 columns
data = data[~data.InvoiceNo.astype('str').str.startswith('C')]
data['Description'] = data.Description.str.strip()
Basket Creation
data_Germany = data[data.Country == 'Germany']
data_Germany.groupby(['InvoiceNo','Description'])['Quantity'].sum()
InvoiceNo Description
536527 3 HOOK HANGER MAGIC GARDEN 125 HOOK HANGER MAGIC TOADSTOOL 125 HOOK HANGER RED MAGIC TOADSTOOL 12ASSORTED COLOUR LIZARD SUCTION HOOK 24CHILDREN'S CIRCUS PARADE MUG 12..
581578 SPOTTY BUNTING 9VINTAGE DONKEY TAIL GAME 6WRAP ALPHABET POSTER 25WRAP CIRCUS PARADE 25WRAP RED APPLES 25
Name: Quantity, Length: 9015, dtype: int64
data.Description.value_counts()
WHITE HANGING HEART T-LIGHT HOLDER 2327
JUMBO BAG RED RETROSPOT 2115
REGENCY CAKESTAND 3 TIER 2019
PARTY BUNTING 1707
LUNCH BAG RED RETROSPOT 1594...
FOUND 1
JAM JAR WITH BLUE LID 1
PINK POLKADOT KIDS BAG 1
showroom 1
BIRD ON BRANCH CANVAS SCREEN 1
Name: Description, Length: 4194, dtype: int64
basket_Germany = data[data['Country'] =="France"].groupby(['InvoiceNo', 'Description'])['Quantity'].sum().unstack().reset_index().fillna(0).set_index('InvoiceNo')
basket_Germany.head()
Description | 10 COLOUR SPACEBOY PEN | 12 COLOURED PARTY BALLOONS | 12 EGG HOUSE PAINTED WOOD | 12 MESSAGE CARDS WITH ENVELOPES | 12 PENCIL SMALL TUBE WOODLAND | 12 PENCILS SMALL TUBE RED RETROSPOT | 12 PENCILS SMALL TUBE SKULL | 12 PENCILS TALL TUBE POSY | 12 PENCILS TALL TUBE RED RETROSPOT | 12 PENCILS TALL TUBE WOODLAND | ... | WRAP VINTAGE PETALS DESIGN | YELLOW COAT RACK PARIS FASHION | YELLOW GIANT GARDEN THERMOMETER | YELLOW SHARK HELICOPTER | ZINC STAR T-LIGHT HOLDER | ZINC FOLKART SLEIGH BELLS | ZINC HERB GARDEN CONTAINER | ZINC METAL HEART DECORATION | ZINC T-LIGHT HOLDER STAR LARGE | ZINC T-LIGHT HOLDER STARS SMALL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
InvoiceNo | |||||||||||||||||||||
536370 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
536852 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
536974 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
537065 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
537463 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
5 rows × 1563 columns
basket_encoded = basket_Germany.applymap(lambda x: 0 if x <=0 else 1)
basket_Germany = basket_encoded
frq_items = apriori(basket_Germany, min_support = 0.05, use_colnames = True)
rules = association_rules(frq_items, metric ="confidence", min_threshold = .1)
# rules = rules.sort_values(['confidence', 'lift'], ascending =[False, False])
# print(rules.head())
rules = rules.sort_values(['confidence', 'lift'], ascending =[False, False])
rules.head(20)
antecedents | consequents | antecedent support | consequent support | support | confidence | lift | leverage | conviction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
34 | (JUMBO BAG WOODLAND ANIMALS) | (POSTAGE) | 0.076531 | 0.765306 | 0.076531 | 1.000000 | 1.306667 | 0.017961 | inf |
228 | (PLASTERS IN TIN CIRCUS PARADE, RED TOADSTOOL ... | (POSTAGE) | 0.051020 | 0.765306 | 0.051020 | 1.000000 | 1.306667 | 0.011974 | inf |
241 | (RED TOADSTOOL LED NIGHT LIGHT, PLASTERS IN TI... | (POSTAGE) | 0.053571 | 0.765306 | 0.053571 | 1.000000 | 1.306667 | 0.012573 | inf |
269 | (SET/20 RED RETROSPOT PAPER NAPKINS, SET/6 RED... | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER PLATES) | 0.102041 | 0.127551 | 0.099490 | 0.975000 | 7.644000 | 0.086474 | 34.897959 |
267 | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER PLATES, SET/20 RED RET... | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER CUPS) | 0.102041 | 0.137755 | 0.099490 | 0.975000 | 7.077778 | 0.085433 | 34.489796 |
302 | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER CUPS, SET/20 RED RETRO... | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER PLATES) | 0.084184 | 0.127551 | 0.081633 | 0.969697 | 7.602424 | 0.070895 | 28.790816 |
299 | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER PLATES, SET/20 RED RET... | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER CUPS) | 0.084184 | 0.137755 | 0.081633 | 0.969697 | 7.039282 | 0.070036 | 28.454082 |
114 | (RED RETROSPOT PICNIC BAG) | (POSTAGE) | 0.071429 | 0.765306 | 0.068878 | 0.964286 | 1.260000 | 0.014213 | 6.571429 |
126 | (SET OF 9 BLACK SKULL BALLOONS) | (POSTAGE) | 0.066327 | 0.765306 | 0.063776 | 0.961538 | 1.256410 | 0.013015 | 6.102041 |
153 | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER PLATES) | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER CUPS) | 0.127551 | 0.137755 | 0.122449 | 0.960000 | 6.968889 | 0.104878 | 21.556122 |
78 | (PACK OF 6 SKULL PAPER CUPS) | (POSTAGE) | 0.063776 | 0.765306 | 0.061224 | 0.960000 | 1.254400 | 0.012417 | 5.867347 |
119 | (RETROSPOT PARTY BAG + STICKER SET) | (POSTAGE) | 0.061224 | 0.765306 | 0.058673 | 0.958333 | 1.252222 | 0.011818 | 5.632653 |
28 | (GUMBALL COAT RACK) | (POSTAGE) | 0.058673 | 0.765306 | 0.056122 | 0.956522 | 1.249855 | 0.011219 | 5.397959 |
79 | (PACK OF 6 SKULL PAPER PLATES) | (POSTAGE) | 0.056122 | 0.765306 | 0.053571 | 0.954545 | 1.247273 | 0.010621 | 5.163265 |
261 | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER PLATES, POSTAGE) | (SET/6 RED SPOTTY PAPER CUPS) | 0.107143 | 0.137755 | 0.102041 | 0.952381 | 6.913580 | 0.087281 | 18.107143 |
29 | (JAM MAKING SET PRINTED) | (POSTAGE) | 0.053571 | 0.765306 | 0.051020 | 0.952381 | 1.244444 | 0.010022 | 4.928571 |
140 | (TEA PARTY BIRTHDAY CARD) | (POSTAGE) | 0.094388 | 0.765306 | 0.089286 | 0.945946 | 1.236036 | 0.017050 | 4.341837 |
139 | (STRAWBERRY LUNCH BOX WITH CUTLERY) | (POSTAGE) | 0.122449 | 0.765306 | 0.114796 | 0.937500 | 1.225000 | 0.021085 | 3.755102 |
123 | (ROUND SNACK BOXES SET OF4 WOODLAND) | (POSTAGE) | 0.158163 | 0.765306 | 0.147959 | 0.935484 | 1.222366 | 0.026916 | 3.637755 |
20 | (CHILDRENS CUTLERY SPACEBOY) | (CHILDRENS CUTLERY DOLLY GIRL) | 0.068878 | 0.071429 | 0.063776 | 0.925926 | 12.962963 | 0.058856 | 12.535714 |
rules['name'] = rules.antecedents.astype('str')
rules[rules.name.str.contains('CHILDRENS CUTLERY SPACEBOY')]
antecedents | consequents | antecedent support | consequent support | support | confidence | lift | leverage | conviction | name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | (CHILDRENS CUTLERY SPACEBOY) | (CHILDRENS CUTLERY DOLLY GIRL) | 0.068878 | 0.071429 | 0.063776 | 0.925926 | 12.962963 | 0.058856 | 12.535714 | frozenset({'CHILDRENS CUTLERY SPACEBOY'}) |
Examples1
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
import itertools
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from mlxtend.classifier import EnsembleVoteClassifier
from mlxtend.data import iris_data
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_decision_regions
# Initializing Classifiers
clf1 = LogisticRegression(random_state=0)
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0)
clf3 = SVC(random_state=0, probability=True)
eclf = EnsembleVoteClassifier(clfs=[clf1, clf2, clf3], weights=[2, 1, 1], voting='soft')
# Loading some example data
X, y = iris_data()
X = X[:,[0, 2]]# Plotting Decision Regions
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(2, 2)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
<Figure size 720x576 with 0 Axes>
%matplotlib qt
for clf, lab, grd in zip([clf1, clf2, clf3, eclf],['Logistic Regression', 'Random Forest', 'RBF kernel SVM', 'Ensemble'],itertools.product([0, 1], repeat=2)):clf.fit(X, y)ax = plt.subplot(gs[grd[0], grd[1]])fig = plot_decision_regions(X=X, y=y, clf=clf, legend=2)plt.title(lab)
plt.show()
d:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\linear_model\logistic.py:432: FutureWarning: Default solver will be changed to ‘lbfgs’ in 0.22. Specify a solver to silence this warning.
FutureWarning)
d:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\linear_model\logistic.py:469: FutureWarning: Default multi_class will be changed to ‘auto’ in 0.22. Specify the multi_class option to silence this warning.
“this warning.”, FutureWarning)
d:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\svm\base.py:193: FutureWarning: The default value of gamma will change from ‘auto’ to ‘scale’ in version 0.22 to account better for unscaled features. Set gamma explicitly to ‘auto’ or ‘scale’ to avoid this warning.
“avoid this warning.”, FutureWarning)
d:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\linear_model\logistic.py:432: FutureWarning: Default solver will be changed to ‘lbfgs’ in 0.22. Specify a solver to silence this warning.
FutureWarning)
d:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\linear_model\logistic.py:469: FutureWarning: Default multi_class will be changed to ‘auto’ in 0.22. Specify the multi_class option to silence this warning.
“this warning.”, FutureWarning)
d:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\svm\base.py:193: FutureWarning: The default value of gamma will change from ‘auto’ to ‘scale’ in version 0.22 to account better for unscaled features. Set gamma explicitly to ‘auto’ or ‘scale’ to avoid this warning.
“avoid this warning.”, FutureWarning)
examples2
频繁项集:
频繁项集是指那些经常出现在一起的物品,例如上图的{葡萄酒、尿布、豆奶},从上面的数据集中也可以找到尿布->葡萄酒的关联规则,这意味着有人买了尿布,那很有可能他也会购买葡萄酒。那如何定义和表示频繁项集和关联规则呢?这里引入支持度和可信度(置信度)。
支持度:
支持度:一个项集的支持度被定义为数据集中包含该项集的记录所占的比例,上图中,豆奶的支持度为4/5,(豆奶、尿布)为3/5。支持度是针对项集来说的,因此可以定义一个最小支持度,只保留最小支持度的项集。
置信度:
可信度(置信度):针对如{尿布}->{葡萄酒}这样的关联规则来定义的。计算为 支持度{尿布,葡萄酒}/支持度{尿布},其中{尿布,葡萄酒}的支持度为3/5,{尿布}的支持度为4/5,所以“尿布->葡萄酒”的可行度为3/4=0.75,这意味着尿布的记录中,我们的规则有75%都适用(买了尿布的顾客有75%还会买葡萄酒)。
上面简单介绍三个基本概念,下面我们就来利用 mlxtend 完整简单的实现上面购物表单的关联分析问题。
关联分析示例:
首先创建数据:
转换为DataFrame格式,然后再教一个后续转换回来的方法。
import pandas as pdshopping_list = [['豆奶','莴苣'],['莴苣','尿布','葡萄酒','甜菜'],['豆奶','尿布','葡萄酒','橙汁'],['莴苣','豆奶','尿布','葡萄酒'],['莴苣','豆奶','尿布','橙汁']]shopping_df = pd.DataFrame(shopping_list)
转换数据列表:
接着转换DataFrame数据为包含数据的列表。(由于我们接触到的可能是DataFrame数据所以这里介绍了两个转换为上面列表的方法)
# df_arr = shopping_df.stack().groupby(level=0).apply(list).tolist() # 方法一def deal(data):return data.dropna().tolist()
df_arr = shopping_df.apply(deal,axis=1).tolist() # 方法二
转换为模型可接受数据:
由于mlxtend的模型只接受特定的数据格式。(TransactionEncoder类似于独热编码,每个值转换为一个唯一的bool值)
from mlxtend.preprocessing import TransactionEncoder # 传入模型的数据需要满足特定的格式,可以用这种方法来转换为bool值,也可以用函数转换为0、1te = TransactionEncoder() # 定义模型
df_tf = te.fit_transform(df_arr)
# df_01 = df_tf.astype('int') # 将 True、False 转换为 0、1 # 官方给的其它方法
# df_name = te.inverse_transform(df_tf) # 将编码值再次转化为原来的商品名
df = pd.DataFrame(df_tf,columns=te.columns_)
求频繁项集:
导入apriori方法设置最小支持度min_support=0.05求频繁项集,还能选择出长度大于x的频繁项集。
from mlxtend.frequent_patterns import apriorifrequent_itemsets = apriori(df,min_support=0.05,use_colnames=True) # use_colnames=True表示使用元素名字,默认的False使用列名代表元素
# frequent_itemsets = apriori(df,min_support=0.05)
frequent_itemsets.sort_values(by='support',ascending=False,inplace=True) # 频繁项集可以按支持度排序
# print(frequent_itemsets[frequent_itemsets.itemsets.apply(lambda x: len(x)) >= 2]) # 选择长度 >=2 的频繁项集
求关联规则:
导入association_rules方法判断’confidence’大于0.9,求关联规则。
from mlxtend.frequent_patterns import association_rulesassociation_rule = association_rules(frequent_itemsets,metric='confidence',min_threshold=0.9) # metric可以有很多的度量选项,返回的表列名都可以作为参数
association_rule.sort_values(by='leverage',ascending=False,inplace=True) #关联规则可以按leverage排序
# print(association_rule)
下面便得到了上表中满足设置条件的关联规则
mlxtend使用了 DataFrame 方式来描述关联规则,而不是 —> 符号,其中:
antecedents:规则先导项
consequents:规则后继项
antecedent support:规则先导项支持度
consequent support:规则后继项支持度
support:规则支持度 (前项后项并集的支持度)
confidence:规则置信度 (规则置信度:规则支持度support / 规则先导项)
lift:规则提升度,表示含有先导项条件下同时含有后继项的概率,与后继项总体发生的概率之比。
leverage:规则杠杆率,表示当先导项与后继项独立分布时,先导项与后继项一起出现的次数比预期多多少。
conviction:规则确信度,与提升度类似,但用差值表示。
提升度计算公式:
其中,当先导项与后继项独立分布时,值为 1,提升度越大,表示先导项与后继项的关联性越强。
杠杆率计算公式:
确信度计算公式:
确信度值越大,则先导项与后继项的关联性越强。 以上三个值都是越大关联强度也就越大。
mlxtend官网地址:https://rasbt.github.io/mlxtend/
mlxtend GitHub地址:https://github.com/rasbt/mlxtend
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