【英语】动词时态与语态
动词时态与语态
一般现在时
标志词：always, usually, often , sometimes, every…
定义
1）表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：
e.g. He goes to work every day.
2）表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实：
e.g. The earth is round.
谓语动词形式
1）当主语是非三单形式时，动词用原形
e.g. We/they/I/you +动原
2）当主语是第三人称单数时， 动词要用三单变化形式
e.g. she/he/it+动词三单形式
• 多数动词的三单形式为动词+s: play-plays; like-likes
• 以字母s, x, ch, sh 或o结尾的动词，词尾直接加es
e.g. wash-washes do-does pass-passes
• 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，要先变y为i 再加es
e.g. try-tries study-studies cry-cries
• 不规则变化：be-is have-has
主将从现：即在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作要用一般现在时态。
标志词：as soon as, when, till, until, unless, if
My mother will take me to the park if she is free.
Let me know when he comes back.
一般过去时
定 义
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作
状 态
过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为
标志词
yesterday, ago
just now, last year, last night
when sb was…years old
e.g. You missed two classes just last week.
used to do sth
e.g. I used to take a walk in the morning.
一般将来时
定 义
表示将来某一时间段的动作或状态，或将来某一段时内经常的动作或状态。
标志词
固定词组：in the future
in+时间段：in an hour / in a minute
next+名词：next week / next year
tomorrow 及其相关词组：tomorrow morning / night
动词结构
will/shall do; be going to do
e.g. I will/shall do it for you.
She is going to water the garden
特殊结构
be about to +动词原形
The lecture is about to begin.
be to +动词原形
The store is to be open on Sunday.
特殊用法
某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词可用
现在进行时可表示将来：go , come, start, arrive, leave
1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight.
现在进行时
定 义
表示现在进行的动作或存在的状态
标志词
now，right now
look，listen，smell
this…/ these…
基本结构
（am/is/ are+doing）
表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。
e.g. The teacher is talking with his students.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作
e.g. I am attending a conference in Beijing.
过去进行时
定 义
表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作
标志词
last night/Saturday，yesterday；
与 when, while , as引导的过去时间状语连用
基本结构
(was /were + doing)
e.g. He was excercising from seven to nine yesterday.
When he came, Jack was doing his homework.
While she was playing Pingpong, she got hurt.
进行时态高频考点
重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。
When表示时间上的点，在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时…”，主句多用进行时态；while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当…时”，该从句用进行时态
现在完成时
定 义
过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成，对现在造成影响并可能持续发生下去。
结 构
has/ have + done
标志词
yet, lately , recently, always, so far
days/weeks/years, until now, up to now,
since+ 时间点, for+时间段
in the last/past…years/decades
1.成的动作，强调结果。
e.g. He has left here.
Li Ming has just turned off the light.
2.某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去 (可延续性动词）。
He has lived here for 30 years.
- 表重复
My father has always gone to work by bike.
It is the first/second time that she has volunteered to help the patients in critical conditions.
• 非延续性动词（leave, die, join ）不能直接和表示延续的时间状语连用。
He has left Shanghai for 3 years. ×
• It is（has been） +时间+ since……（过去时）
e.g. It is 3 years since he left Shanghai .
• be+介词
e.g. He has been away from Shanghai for 3 years.
例：他已经死了三年了。
误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：It is 3 years since he died.
非延续性动词
arrive/reach, buy, close, post, fall, die
leave,come, go, break, lose, give, join
receive, borrow, move, hear, hear from,
become, begin/start, finish, marry
非延续性动词转换
leave→been away, borrow→keep
buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead
move to→live in, finish→be over,
join→be in/be a member of
open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill
et up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold
buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead
现在完成时
• have(has)been to：去过某地, 表示一种经历
可以和 once, twice, often, never, ever 连用
例：He has been to America twice.
• have(has) gone to：去某地的途中或已在某地
例：He has gone to America.
现在完成进行时
定 义
表示开始于过去的活动持续到现在，并且活动往往还没有结束，将继续持续下去。
结 构
have/has been doing
标志词
与现在完成时基本一致
since+ 时间点, for+时间段
in the last/past…years/decades
e.g. I have been living in Hawaii for ten years.
过去完成时
基本结构：
had done
- 一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前
The class had started when we hurried there.
The bus had left when we got there.
- It was the first/second/last time that…
It was the first time that I had finished it by myself.
将来完成时
定 义
到将来某个时间为止预计或势必会完成的动作。
标志词
by/by the time(year)of /by the end of+表将来的时间状语
结 构
will/shall have done
e.g. By the year of 2050, AI will have replaced most human workers.
动词的语态
They always help you. （主动）
You are always helped by them （被动）
被动语态结构：be+done
被动语态标志：by 引起的短语（句尾）
主动表被动
- need/require +doing sth（=to be done）
Need doing=need to be done
Require doing=require to be done
Your car needs repairing=Your car needs to be repaired.
- be worth doing 值得做（表示被动）
The place is worth visiting.
- 部分感官动词 sound, feel, look, smell, taste+形容词
e.g. The stone feels cold.
The music sounds beautiful.
- sell, wash, read, write, run 等动词带状语修饰
e.g. This kind of clothes sells well.
The pen writes smoothly.
主谓一致
谓语动词用单数的情况
1）当名词词组中心词为表示金钱、时间、度量、距离、价格等复数名词时，把这些复数名词看作一个整体。谓语动词采用单数形式。
• Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
• Fifty minutes isn’t enough to finish this test．
• Ten miles seems like a long walk to me．
2）以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，常用单数谓语动词形式当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词则用复数形式。
• Politics is his favorite subject．
• Statistics is a subject that is difficult to learn．
3）不定式、现在分词和从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数
• Playing with fire is dangerous．
• Early to rise and early to bed is a good habit．
• When and where the building will be built hasn’t been decided．
注意：
• 若用and连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。
• 若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式。
就近原则
由not only…but also，either…or，neither…nor，not…but, there be或者or连接并列主语时，通常采用就近原则，谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。
• Either I or he is responsible for it.
• Neither your words nor your attitude has offended me.
• Not only he but also his family members are interested in that.
• There is one book and two pens on the desk.
就远原则
当句中的主语后接 with，as well as，along with together with，including，accompanied by，but 等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响。
• John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party.
• No one but Jane and Tom was there then.
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