学术论文写作的常用句式结构

科技论文的时态的用法

Abstract：过去时
Introduction：现在时（已过时的结果用过去时）
Method：过去时
Result：过去时（对图表的描述用现在时）
Discussion：现在时
Conclusion：研究成果用过去时，展望用现在时或将来时
图表中的数据描述：过去时

Abstract

A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
The usefulness of xx is also considered.
A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
This paper analyses problems in
This paper outlines the functions carried out by …
This paper includes an illustration of the …
This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Beginning

In this paper, we focus on the need for
This paper proceeds as follow.
The structure of the paper is as follows.
In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.<

Review

This review is followed by an introduction.
A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
In the next section, a brief review of the … is given.
In the next section, a short review of … is given with special regard to …
Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
Section 2 explains how flexibility which often … can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the …
Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …… and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model …
Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
.

This Section

Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a … scheme must satisfy.
In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments
In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Time

Over the course of the past 30 years, … has emerged form intuitive
Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
The advent of … systems for has had a significant impact on the
The development of … is explored
During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
There has been a turning point in … methodology in accordance with the advent of …
A major concern in … today is to continue to improve…
A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
The paper concerns the development of a xx
The scope of this research lies in
The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit …
The objectives of the … operations study are as follows:
The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
The main objective of such a … system is to
The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
In order to take advantage of their similarity
more research is still required before final goal of … can be completed
In this trial, the objective is to generate…
for the sake of concentrating on … research issues
A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring …methods
This illustration points out the need to specify
The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

Chapter 2. Literature Review

A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
A considerable amount of research has been done … during the last decade
A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
There is considerable amount of literature on planning
However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
The central issue in all these studies is to
The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
Applied … techniques to
Characterized the … system as
Developed an algorithm to
Developed a system called … which
Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
Emphasized the need to
Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
A comprehensive study of the… has been undertaken
Much work has been reported recently in these filed
Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
Point out that the problem of
A study on …was done / developed by []
Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
The approach taken by [] is
The system developed by [] consists
A paper relevant to this research was published by []
[]'s model requires consideration of…
[]’ model draws attention to evolution in human development
[]'s model focuses on…
Little research has been conducted in applying … to
The published information that is relevant to this research…
This study further shows that
Their work is based on the principle of
More history of … can be found in xx et al. [1979].
Studies have been completed to established
The …studies indicated that
Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
… is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
Two major problems have yet to be addressed
An unanswered question
This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
An additional research issue to be tackled is …
Some important issues in developing a … system are discussed
The three prime issues can be summarized:
The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the …
There have been many attempts to
It is expected to be serious barrier to
It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

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科技论文写作常用句式结构

学术论文写作的常用句式结构

科技论文的时态的用法

Abstract

Beginning

Introduction

Review

Body

This Section

Summary

Time

Objective / Goal / Purpose

Chapter 2. Literature Review

Problem / Issue / Question

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