使用树莓派3B、RTL-SDR、OpenWebRX搭建无线电监测站

方案介绍：

OpenWebRX是一个国外开源项目，基于Python语言编写，配合SDR设备使用，能将SDR接收软件Web化，通过网络实现多用户远程访问，无需安装任何客户端软件，功能非常强大，支持：DMR、D-Star、NXDN、YSF、APRS、Pocsag、FT8等数字信号，后台自动解码，并存储解码内容上传APRS-IS、PSKreporter及WSPRNet，是一种理想的解决方案。

说通俗一些就是：1台电脑1个SDR，通过这个软件搭建一个频谱监测网站，只要能上网有浏览器的设备就能访问，随时随地查看频谱和守听，还支持多人同时使用，是不是很爽？你还在家用台子扫频吗？出门揣个便携SDR到处寻找制高点吗？来吧，利用手头的SDR，建立一个OpenWebRX基地监测站，享受业余无线电的乐趣。

这是一些老外们建设的OpenWebRX站点，可以先去体验一下。

https://www.receiverbook.de/?type=openwebrx

博主自己也搭建了一个OpenWebRX，覆盖：业余短波段、业余VU段。说到这里博主要提醒大家了：请勿触及敏感波段，特别是在互联网上！！

需要具备的条件：

技能：网络基础知识(IP地址)和Linux基本命令(别问我为什么，好玩的东西都是Linux……..需要学会：SSH连接、目录操作、vim编辑器)
服务器：64位ARM或X86的CPU，推荐使用树莓派(2B以上，Zero不行)、S905盒子(N1)，X86 NUC，博主使用的是家中已有的树莓派。
SDR：推荐使用RTL-SDR，要么就买老外的RTL-SDR Blog v3，要么就国产电视棒子，博主用的是前者，其优点在于频偏小，金属外壳屏蔽和散热好，25刀(160软妹币)的价格也相对60包邮的电视棒子高一些。淘宝上那些100+的RTL-SDR就别看了，都是智商税，国人连板子都懒得抄，直接换壳加忽悠；此外其它SDR(SDRPlay、AIRSPY。。。)效果会更好，价位也就更贵了，对服务器硬件要求更高。
IP地址：远程访问需要的条件，但国内IPv4资源紧缺，多数家用宽带都没有公网IP地址。可以向运营商索要试试，或者做内网穿透，
天线：有条件的可以准备两根，短波和UV各一根，这样就可以全覆盖了，当然SDR也就相应是两个。

满足条件就可以开工了

选择适合的安装方式：

安装方式分为：手动编译、镜像刷入、Docker，可以根据你的服务器类型选择：

树莓派相对简单一些，此处下载镜像直接刷入，然后SSH连进去修改配置文件即可(跳过部署，直接看下文的配置文件说明)，相对Docker省去了前面几步，很适合新手；

盒子较难，但其优点在于价格便宜性能强劲，咸鱼购买刷好Armbian系统的S905盒子，然后手动编译或Docker部署；

这里讲一下如何docker部署

主机开机并插入SDR，使用SSH客户端连入，安装好Docker工具。(群晖自带Docker套件)

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | bash -s docker --mirror Aliyun

拉取镜像

docker pull jketterl/openwebrx:latest

创建外部映射目录并建立容器(

“/dev/bus/usb”是Linux下USB设备目录，SDR就包含在其中；“/date/openwebrx/conf:/etc/openwebrx”里前者是预先创建的外部目录，后者是容器内部目录，目的是将配置文件映射出来，方便以后修改配置；“8073:8073”同理是内外端口，默认即可。

mkdir -pv /date/openwebrx/conf
docker run -d --name="openwebrx" --privileged -v /dev/bus/usb:/dev/bus/usb -v /date/openwebrx/conf:/etc/openwebrx -p 8073:8073 jketterl/openwebrx:latest

此时容器就已经跑起来了，浏览器输入http://主机IP:8073就可以看到OpenWebRX的界面了。

如果界面出现“No SDR Devices available”错误，这是因为部分系统的内核自动加载SDR，而Docker容器会因宿主机占用SDR无法对其调用。解决的方法就是将SDR列入内核黑名单中。

创建黑名单文件nano /etc/modprobe.d/rtlsdr.conf写入如下内容(以下是RTL-SDR，其它SDR可自行百度)，完成后Ctrl+x按y保存并重启系统。blacklist dvb_usb_rtl28xxu

接下来就是编辑配置文件了，OpenWebRX的主要配置文件有：bands.json、config_webrx.py、bookmarks.json。

bands.json：频段范围配置，供后台解码服务使用，JSON语法。”lower_bound”和”upper_bound”为该频段的起始和截止频点，”frequencies”为可选参数，是频段内的特殊频点。

注意：bands.json和config_webrx.py中每个频段的划分大小根据设备的带宽决定，尽量用最少的条目创建频段，不同的SDR设备带宽不一样，可参照下表：

业余UHF段的频宽是10M(430M~440M)，RTL-SDR的最佳工作带宽是2.4M，Airspy的最佳工作带宽是10M，因此Airspy仅需划分一个频段，而RTL-SDR则需要划分4个来回切换。

配置实例：业余VHF频段144M~148M，共4M，RTL-SDR需要切分成两部分。

config_webrx.py：主配置文件，Python语法+JSON语法，如果需要可以根据官方注释结合官方文档研究：

SDR设备参数部分：

此处定义SDR的相关参数，需要仔细研究，由于篇幅太多博主无法一一说明，需要注意的是站点页面可视的频宽范围和SDR带宽相关，和bands.json的配置类似，一段不够就切分成多段，切换显示。

"sdrs": {"rtlsdr": {"name": "RTL-SDR USB Stick","type": "rtl_sdr","profiles": {"70cm": {"name": "70cm Repeaters","center_freq": 438800000,"rf_gain": 29,"samp_rate": 2400000,"start_freq": 439275000,"start_mod": "nfm"},"2m": {"name": "2m","center_freq": 145000000,"rf_gain": 29,"samp_rate": 2048000,"start_freq": 145725000,"start_mod": "nfm"},"VHF FM Broadcast - 01": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 01","center_freq": 77200000,"start_freq": 77000000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 02": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 02","center_freq": 79600000,"start_freq": 79400000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 03": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 03","center_freq": 82000000,"start_freq": 81800000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 04": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 04","center_freq": 84400000,"start_freq": 83750000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 05": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 05","center_freq": 86800000,"start_freq": 87800000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 06": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 06","center_freq": 89200000,"start_freq": 89600000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 07": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 07","center_freq": 91600000,"start_freq": 91600000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 08": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 08","center_freq": 94000000,"start_freq": 93100000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 09": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 09","center_freq": 96400000,"start_freq": 96400000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 10": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 10","center_freq": 98800000,"start_freq": 98800000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 11": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 11","center_freq": 101200000,"start_freq": 101100000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 12": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 12","center_freq": 103600000,"start_freq": 104300000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF FM Broadcast - 13": {"name": "VHF FM Broadcast - 13","center_freq": 106000000,"start_freq": 105500000,"start_mod": "wfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -55,"rf_gain": 15},"VHF 2m Flight - 1": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 1","center_freq": 119000000,"start_freq": 119900000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 2": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 2","center_freq": 122000000,"start_freq": 122850000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 3": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 3","center_freq": 124000000,"start_freq": 125100000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 4": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 4","center_freq": 126000000,"start_freq": 125900000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 5": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 5","center_freq": 128000000,"start_freq": 127450000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 6": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 6","center_freq": 130000000,"start_freq": 130450000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 7": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 7","center_freq": 132000000,"start_freq": 132730000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 8": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 8","center_freq": 134000000,"start_freq": 133050000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m Flight - 9": {"name": "VHF 2m Flight - 9","center_freq": 135500000,"start_freq": 135250000,"start_mod": "am","samp_rate": 1024000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m - 1": {"name": "VHF 2m - 1","center_freq": 145000000,"start_freq": 144500000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"VHF 2m - 2": {"name": "VHF 2m - 2","center_freq": 147000000,"start_freq": 147950000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -61,"rf_gain": 25},"UHF 70cm - 0": {"name": "UHF 70cm - 0","center_freq": 409868700,"start_freq": 409750000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 240000,"initial_squelch_level": -62,"rf_gain": 30},"UHF 70cm - 1": {"name": "UHF 70cm - 1","center_freq": 431000000,"start_freq": 431675000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -66,"rf_gain": 30},"UHF 70cm - 2": {"name": "UHF 70cm - 2","center_freq": 433000000,"start_freq": 432500000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -66,"rf_gain": 30},"UHF 70cm - 3": {"name": "UHF 70cm - 3","center_freq": 435000000,"start_freq": 434975000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -66,"rf_gain": 30},"UHF 70cm - 4": {"name": "UHF 70cm - 4","center_freq": 437000000,"start_freq": 436795000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -66,"rf_gain": 30},"UHF 70cm - 5": {"name": "UHF 70cm - 5","center_freq": 439000000,"start_freq": 438500000,"start_mod": "nfm","samp_rate": 2400000,"initial_squelch_level": -66,"rf_gain": 30}},"always-on": true}}

OpenWebRX配置的精髓就在于此处，可实现多个SDR协同工作(博主有两个SDR：RTL-SDR Blog v3用于UV段、SDRPlay RSP1用于短波，打造全频段监测站)

大致结构：

【2~6行】单个SDR的设备ID、名称、设备类型、频偏等；

【7-10行】后台解码方式、时间段、扫描频段(bands.json中定义)；

【其余】每个频段的的名称、中心频点、默认频点、默认制式、带宽、静噪、增益；

背景和图标自定义：

站点页面代码和图片在/opt/openwebrx/htdocs目录下，修改替换即可拥有自己的风格。

创建用户：

通过官方源安装的过程中会提示创建管理员并输入密码

而树莓派镜像有现成的“openwebrx”命令，SSH连入命令行执行命令创建管理员：

openwebrx admin adduser admin

openwebrx admin enableuser admin

Docker则需执行Python脚本创建管理员，如下命令是进入容器和执行创建一气呵成：

docker exec -it openwebrx python3 /opt/openwebrx/openwebrx.py admin adduser admin

目前还没有授权方法，所以创建出的用户都是管理员，期待后续版本加入权限分配功能。更多说明请参考官方文档的用户管理部分。

结语：

以上就是博主对OpenWebRX的安装和配置的简单说明，希望各位友台们发掘出更多功能。有条件的友台也不要吝惜你的资源，监测站的搭建可以为更多的台友提供信号监听、传播分析、信标上传等服务，这类技术研究或者说基础设施建设，在方便自己和他人的同时也促进了圈子的繁荣、推动了业余无线电的发展、体现了我们爱好者的团结互助精神。