Usenet –服务器和传播 (Usenet – Servers and propagation)

Early versions of Usenet software using B-News, and C-News as server software. In the 1990s, IUU was developed to take advantage of the Internet architecture, which favored an operation other than the store-forward method of UUCP. The development of IUU continues to this day, and other Usenet servers have also arisen in the meantime.

Usenet软件的早期版本使用B-News和C-News作为服务器软件。 在1990年代，IUU的开发利用了Internet体系结构，该体系结构支持UUCP的存储转发方法以外的其他操作。 IUU的发展一直持续到今天，与此同时还出现了其他Usenet服务器。

To set up a news server, it must first obtain a feed that is to say, a connection to another server (sufficiently large) that can send traffic to the new server from the rest of Usenet . The servers are regularly contact neighbors to propagate articles. Basically, they compare their lists of items, and each sends to the other that is the only one to have. Naturally, the news servers do not propagate and preserve the items sufficiently recent.

要设置新闻服务器，它首先必须获得一个供稿，即与另一个服务器(足够大)的连接，该连接可以将流量从Usenet的其余部分发送到新服务器。 服务器定期与邻居联系以传播文章。 基本上，他们比较自己的项目列表，并且每个都发送给另一个，只有一个。 自然，新闻服务器不会传播和保留足够近的项目。

Regarding changes in group structure itself, special articles, called control messages, indicate the changes to each server in the tree. Free to each director to ignore certain groups. Anyone can send a control message, but the servers are configured to accept for such a hierarchy, messages signed by such private key asymmetric cryptography. The control messages “pirates” are ignored – unless the server administrator decides otherwise.

关于组结构本身的更改，特殊文章(称为控制消息)指示树中每个服务器的更改。 每位董事均可自由地忽略某些群体。 任何人都可以发送控制消息，但是服务器被配置为接受此类私钥非对称密码签名的消息用于此类层次结构。 控制消息“盗版”将被忽略-除非服务器管理员另有决定。

The ranking of the biggest servers newsgroup is maintained by the site top1000.org.

最大的服务器新闻组的排名由网站top1000.org维护。

地址和资源访问 (Addresses and access to resources)

A final point, that of identifying a server, a group or message. Like just about everything that is accessible via the Internet, these resources can be designated as “addresses” text, or Universal Resource Identifiers URI.

最后一点，就是确定服务器，组或消息。 就像可以通过Internet访问的几乎所有内容一样，这些资源可以指定为“地址”文本或通用资源标识符URI。

The addresses on Usenet are not completely standardized. RFC 1738 defines three kinds, but there are others (see RFC 2396 and the Internet Draft draft-gilmain-news-url-02 and draft-stockwell-hnews-url-00).

Usenet上的地址尚未完全标准化。 RFC 1738定义了三种，但还有其他几种(请参阅RFC 2396和Internet草案draft-gilmain-news-url-02和draft-stockwell-hnews-url-00)。

句法 (Syntax)

News: name> Group>

新闻：名称>组>

(E.g., news: fr.sci.maths), provides access to a particular group. The software that use it require the user to specify which server elsewhere on the search. The name of the panel * is the list of available groups. On the same principle,

(例如，新闻：fr.sci.maths)，提供对特定组的访问。 使用它的软件要求用户指定搜索中其他位置的服务器。 面板的名称*是可用组的列表。 按照相同的原则，

News: <message-id>

新闻：<message-id>

designates a specific section, always on any server. There is no ambiguity as a Message-Id always contains the @ character, a band name ever.

指定特定部分，始终在任何服务器上。 毫不含糊，因为Message-Id始终包含@字符，这是乐队的名字。

Finally

最后

nntp: / / <host>: port_num / name> Group> / <phone d’article>

nntp：// <主机>：端口号/名称>组> / <电话文章>

identifies a specific item in a specific group on a given server. You can omit the last components to describe a group or server, and the default port is 119.

标识给定服务器上特定组中的特定项目。 您可以省略最后一个描述组或服务器的组件，默认端口为119。

Some websites allow you to read the forums usenet widely distributed and to post, these sites generally offer also a function archive.

一些网站允许您阅读广泛分发的论坛usenet并发布，这些网站通常还提供功能存档。

讨论档案 (Discussion Archive)

All articles posted on Usenet has not been archived. However, from 1995 to 2001, the company Deja.com (now DejaNews.com 1997) conducted such archival work and began providing Internet users a platform for research and sending articles. In December 2001, the search engine Google bought DejaNews.com and article database, then added an archive of articles dating back to the early days of Usenet.  The records are incomplete, but nevertheless provided. It is notably possible to retrieve historical messages, as announced by the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-made Lee news: alt.hypertext and the announcement of Linux by Linus Torvalds made in news : comp.os.minix.

在Usenet上发布的所有文章尚未归档。 但是，从1995年到2001年，Deja.com公司(现为DejaNews.com 1997年)进行了此类归档工作，并开始为Internet用户提供研究和发送文章的平台。 2001年12月，搜索引擎Google购买了DejaNews.com和文章数据库，然后添加了可追溯到Usenet早期的文章档案。 记录不完整，但是仍然提供。 提姆·伯纳斯(Tim Berners)所作的Lee新闻：alt.hypertext和Linus Torvalds在新闻中发表的Linux公告：comp.os.minix，由万维网宣布，检索历史消息尤其有可能。

运输二进制 (Transportation binaries)

Historically, Usenet was developed to distribute plain text using the character 7-bit ASCII. Using programs that encode data 8 bits as a result of 7-bit ASCII characters, it is possible to transfer binary files from Usenet whatsoever. Because of their size and dubious legality, articles containing binary files are accepted only on specific groups, which allow server administrators to accept or refuse to distribute them easily.

从历史上看，Usenet的开发是使用7位ASCII字符来分发纯文本。 使用通过7位ASCII字符对8位数据进行编码的程序，可以从Usenet传输二进制文件。 由于它们的大小和合法性，仅在特定的组中接受包含二进制文件的文章，这使服务器管理员可以轻松地接受或拒绝分发它们。

The oldest of these encoding methods is uuencode, originally developed for UUCP. In the late 1980s, many servers limited the length of articles to 60,000 characters, and such limits always exist, even if they are generally higher. For this reason, the data of a file are divided into different sections and must be reassembled by the newsreader.

这些编码方法中最古老的是uuencode，最初是为UUCP开发的。 在1980年代后期，许多服务器将文章的长度限制为60,000个字符，并且这种限制始终存在，即使它们通常更高。 因此，文件的数据分为不同的部分，必须由新闻阅读器重新组合。

Sometimes parts of a file are no longer downloadable (in fact the servers do not keep the binary message a few days) or that certain parts are wrong. To overcome this problem, we often encounter, are PAR files to download additional data and can reconstruct the missing parts. Generally the PAR files are 10% of the total size of the file to download.

有时文件的某些部分不再可下载(实际上，服务器几天不保留二进制消息)，或者某些部分错误。 为了克服这个问题，我们经常遇到的是PAR文件来下载其他数据并可以重建丢失的部分。 通常，PAR文件是要下载的文件总大小的10％。

With extensions to the format of items (Base64, “Quoted-Printable” MIME) have come new opportunities for the transport of binary content. In practice, MIME is increasingly used in the messages, but not to transmit binary attachments. In addition, some operating systems that combine the files of auxiliary information (metadata) require special formats. Mac OS uses such Binhex and specific MIME types.

随着项目格式(Base64，“ Quoteed-Printable” MIME)的扩展，二进制内容的传输有了新的机会。 实际上，消息中越来越多地使用MIME，但不传输二进制附件。 此外，某些结合了辅助信息(元数据)文件的操作系统需要特殊格式。 Mac OS使用此类Binhex和特定的MIME类型。

To better utilize the capabilities of the Usenet network and increase the speed of transfer, the coding procedure yEnc was developed in 2001. It uses less space than the usual encoding assuming that most 8-bit characters can be transmitted properly.

为了更好地利用Usenet网络的功能并提高传输速度，编码程序yEnc于2001年开发。假定大多数8位字符都可以正确传输，它使用的空间比通常的编码少。

说明 (Explanations )

Binary files deposited on the newsgroups being cut into several parts (multi-parts), they must be reassembled once all downloads completed. The software appeared to facilitate and expedite the downloading but also to interrupt and resume later. Many other options are available and vary by program, for example:

存放在新闻组上的二进制文件被切成几部分(多部分)，所有下载完成后必须重新组装它们。 该软件似乎可以促进和加快下载速度，但也可以中断并稍后恢复。 许多其他选项可用，并且随程序而异，例如：

• Support system NZB支撑系统NZB
• The integrity check and repair any files through the system Parchive完整性检查并通过Parchive系统修复任何文件
• Archives simple extraction or several volumes frequently used for dumping large files归档简单的提取或几个经常用于转储大文件的卷

搜索引擎 (Search engines )

Downloading binary files is greatly simplified by the existence of specialized search engines, such as newzleech, or software binsearch NewZFinders. These engines can find an NZB from keywords. This file is then used by the software download binaries. Commercial offers or included with Internet subscription

专用搜索引擎(例如newzleech或binsearch NewZFinders软件)的存在大大简化了二进制文件的下载。 这些引擎可以从关键字中找到NZB。 然后，此文件由软件下载二进制文件使用。 商业报价或包含在Internet订阅中

In France, only the Free ISP provides access to binary newsgroups (although a number of groups with names like binaries.mp3 have been closed). Their interest is often simple: reduce the cost of bandwidth by offering a server inside their network. This free access, however, often suffers from limitations such as low retention time (often several days or weeks), or censorship of certain newsgroups (sometimes as a result of judicial decisions) accused of promoting illegal downloading.

在法国，只有免费ISP提供对二进制新闻组的访问(尽管关闭了许多名称类似于binaries.mp3的组)。 他们的兴趣通常很简单：通过在其网络内提供服务器来降低带宽成本。 但是，这种免费访问通常会受到限制，例如保留时间很短(通常数天或数周)，或者某些新闻组受到审查(有时是由于司法决定)，这些新闻组被指控促进非法下载。

Meanwhile, there are a number of offers Usenet charge, providing many advantages of the long retention (over 600 days for the best) and an encrypted SSL to protect privacy. These offers are often appreciated by those who download binaries due to a lack of censorship.

同时，Usenet提供了许多收费服务，具有长期保留(最好超过600天)和加密SSL以保护隐私的许多优点。 那些由于缺乏审查制度而下载二进制文件的人通常会赞赏这些提议。

Generally, bids are marketed according to the following models:

通常，投标是根据以下模型进行营销的：

• Volume pricing only: the user buys a certain volume of data and can use it when he wants;仅批量定价：用户购买一定数量的数据并可以在需要时使用它；
• Fixed monthly pricing, with or without speed limit;每月固定价格，有或没有速度限制；
• A hybrid pricing: the user pays the month with a maximum monthly download quota (beyond the download is either blocked or at reduced speed).混合定价：用户按月支付最高每月下载配额(超出阻止下载速度或降低下载速度)。

Subscription rates used in part to finance infrastructure. In fact it is really a client / server and not P2P.

认购率部分用于基础设施融资。 实际上，它实际上是客户端/服务器，而不是P2P。

Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.

研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。 该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到 。

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/what-is-usenet-part-2/