参考:http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~en1000/haskell/inbuilt.html

http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~en1000/haskell/hof.html

在GHCi中,可以使用:type来查看对象的类型,与http://www.cnblogs.com/long123king/p/3837686.html中说到的一样,

Haskell中,函数也是一种特殊的对象,对象就有类型,函数作为一种对象,可以作为参数传递,也可以赋值,创建和销毁。

Prelude> :type (+)
(+) :: Num a => a -> a -> a

  

这个类似要怎么解释呢,"::"的前面是函数的名称,后面是函数对象的类型,或者说原型。

"=>"前面的Num a是表明参数的类型,

Prelude> :type 1
1 :: Num a => a

后面是函数的输入与输出类型声明。

之所以会有多个->,那是因为(+)函数对象中其实包含一个更加简单的函数,比如(+) 2,这个函数的意思是“在使用(+)函数对象时,将第一个参数固定为2,这与boost中的bind类似”,而这个函数对象的类型是Num a => a->a,

再把另外一个参数传递给这个简单的函数,得到的结果也是a类型,因此(+)是一个复合函数。

凡是需要多个参数的函数对象,都可以分解成一步一步的简单函数组成的复合函数。

Prelude> (+) 2<interactive>:35:1:No instance for (Num a0) arising from a use of `+'The type variable `a0' is ambiguousPossible fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s)Note: there are several potential instances:instance Num Double -- Defined in `GHC.Float'instance Num Float -- Defined in `GHC.Float'instance Integral a => Num (GHC.Real.Ratio a)-- Defined in `GHC.Real'...plus three othersIn the expression: (+) 2In an equation for `it': it = (+) 2<interactive>:35:1:No instance for (Show (a0 -> a0)) arising from a use of `print'Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Show (a0 -> a0))In a stmt of an interactive GHCi command: print it
Prelude> :type (+) 2
(+) 2 :: Num a => a -> a

  

特殊符号需要显式地用括号来表明这是个函数对象,

对于普通的函数对象,也可以使用括号来表明其函数对象的身份。

Prelude> :type +<interactive>:1:1: parse error on input `+'
Prelude> :type (+)
(+) :: Num a => a -> a -> a
Prelude> :type names
names :: [Char]
Prelude> :type head
head :: [a] -> a
Prelude> :type (head)
(head) :: [a] -> a

再来看一个更加复杂的函数对象

Prelude> :type map
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]

  

这个函数对象包含了两个简单函数对象, (a -> b)是一个函数,可以将类型a的对象转换成类型b的对象;

(a -> b) -> [a],是另外一个函数,它的意思是“在执行整体函数对象时,将第一个参数固定为[a]”。

这种将复合函数对象(包含了多个参数的函数对象)分解成几个简单函数对象的思想,是为了支持“函数作为一种对象”的这种设计理念,

这样就可以将上面分解出的简单的函数作为参数,传递给复合函数对象。

比如

Prelude> let nums = [1..100]
Prelude> map ((*) 2) nums
[2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70,72,74,76,78,80,82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98,100,102,104,106,108,110,112,114,116,118,120,122,124,126,128,130,132,134,136,138,140,142,144,146,148,150,152,154,156,158,160,162,164,166,168,170,172,174,176,178,180,182,184,186,188,190,192,194,196,198,200]

  

  

虽然,像(+) 2这样的函数对象在多数时候,看起来并不是一个常见的用法。

怎样在Prelude中得到当前运行环境的信息

Prelude> :helpCommands available from the prompt:<statement>                 evaluate/run <statement>:                           repeat last command:{\n ..lines.. \n:}\n       multiline command:add [*]<module> ...        add module(s) to the current target set:browse[!] [[*]<mod>]       display the names defined by module <mod>(!: more details; *: all top-level names):cd <dir>                   change directory to <dir>:cmd <expr>                 run the commands returned by <expr>::IO String:ctags[!] [<file>]          create tags file for Vi (default: "tags")(!: use regex instead of line number):def <cmd> <expr>           define command :<cmd> (later defined command hasprecedence, ::<cmd> is always a builtin command):edit <file>                edit file:edit                       edit last module:etags [<file>]             create tags file for Emacs (default: "TAGS"):help, :?                   display this list of commands:info [<name> ...]          display information about the given names:issafe [<mod>]             display safe haskell information of module <mod>:kind <type>                show the kind of <type>:load [*]<module> ...       load module(s) and their dependents:main [<arguments> ...]     run the main function with the given arguments:module [+/-] [*]<mod> ...  set the context for expression evaluation:quit                       exit GHCi:reload                     reload the current module set:run function [<arguments> ...] run the function with the given arguments:script <filename>          run the script <filename>:type <expr>                show the type of <expr>:undef <cmd>                undefine user-defined command :<cmd>:!<command>                 run the shell command <command>-- Commands for debugging::abandon                    at a breakpoint, abandon current computation:back                       go back in the history (after :trace):break [<mod>] <l> [<col>]  set a breakpoint at the specified location:break <name>               set a breakpoint on the specified function:continue                   resume after a breakpoint:delete <number>            delete the specified breakpoint:delete *                   delete all breakpoints:force <expr>               print <expr>, forcing unevaluated parts:forward                    go forward in the history (after :back):history [<n>]              after :trace, show the execution history:list                       show the source code around current breakpoint:list identifier            show the source code for <identifier>:list [<module>] <line>     show the source code around line number <line>:print [<name> ...]         prints a value without forcing its computation:sprint [<name> ...]        simplifed version of :print:step                       single-step after stopping at a breakpoint:step <expr>                single-step into <expr>:steplocal                  single-step within the current top-level binding:stepmodule                 single-step restricted to the current module:trace                      trace after stopping at a breakpoint:trace <expr>               evaluate <expr> with tracing on (see :history)-- Commands for changing settings::set <option> ...           set options:seti <option> ...          set options for interactive evaluation only:set args <arg> ...         set the arguments returned by System.getArgs:set prog <progname>        set the value returned by System.getProgName:set prompt <prompt>        set the prompt used in GHCi:set editor <cmd>           set the command used for :edit:set stop [<n>] <cmd>       set the command to run when a breakpoint is hit:unset <option> ...         unset optionsOptions for ':set' and ':unset':+m            allow multiline commands+r            revert top-level expressions after each evaluation+s            print timing/memory stats after each evaluation+t            print type after evaluation-<flags>      most GHC command line flags can also be set here(eg. -v2, -fglasgow-exts, etc.)for GHCi-specific flags, see User's Guide,Flag reference, Interactive-mode options-- Commands for displaying information::show bindings              show the current bindings made at the prompt:show breaks                show the active breakpoints:show context               show the breakpoint context:show imports               show the current imports:show modules               show the currently loaded modules:show packages              show the currently active package flags:show language              show the currently active language flags:show <setting>             show value of <setting>, which is one of[args, prog, prompt, editor, stop]:showi language             show language flags for interactive evaluation

  

Prelude> :show modules
Prelude> :show contextPrelude> :show bindings
names :: [Char] = "Daniel King"
nums :: [Integer] = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : ....
it :: [Integer] = 2 : 4 : 6 : 8 : 10 : ....
Prelude> :show imports
import Prelude -- implicit
Prelude> :show packages
active package flags: none
Prelude> :show languages
base language is: Haskell2010
with the following modifiers:-XNoDatatypeContexts-XNondecreasingIndentation

  

Prelude> foldl ((+)) 0 [1..100]
5050

  

Prelude> :type map
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
Prelude> :type filter
filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
Prelude> :type foldr
foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
Prelude> :type foldl
foldl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a

  

  

Prelude> filter ((>) 50) nums
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49]

  

Prelude> :type foldr
foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
Prelude> foldr (:) "King" ['D','a','n','i','e','l', ' ']
"Daniel King"

  

但是用foldl就不行。

使用子模块功能

Prelude> map Data.Char.isDigit ((++) ['0'..'9'] ['a'..'z'])
[True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False]
Prelude> map Data.Char.isDigit (concat [['0'..'9'],['a'..'z']])
[True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False]

  

另外,(++) 与concat的功能不相同,它们的原型也不相同,因此在使用一个函数之前,一定要明确这个函数的原型。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/long123king/p/3838196.html

GHCi Prelude学习相关推荐

  1. haskell 安装与使用

    sudo apt-get install haskell-platform ghci Prelude> 1+1 2 新建文件 hello.hs main = putStrLn "Hel ...

  2. 《Haskell函数式编程入门》—— 第1章,第1.3节GHCi的使用

    本节书摘来自异步社区<Haskell函数式编程入门>一书中的第1章,第1.3节GHCi的使用,作者 张淞,更多章节内容可以访问云栖社区"异步社区"公众号查看 1.3 G ...

  3. 《Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell》学习(八)- Function Types, Classes, and Polymorphism

    <Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell>(Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997 by Rex Page,有人翻译为Haskell二十四学 ...

  4. 《Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell》学习(十三)迭代及重复的常规模式

    <Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell>(Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997 by Rex Page,有人翻译为Haskell二十四学 ...

  5. 《Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell》学习(十)- Private Definitions — the where-clause

    <Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell>(Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997 by Rex Page,有人翻译为Haskell二十四学 ...

  6. linux底层文件io,学习Rust 文件与 IO

    导读 Rust 语言是一种高效.可靠的通用高级语言.其高效不仅限于开发效率,它的执行效率也是令人称赞的,是一种少有的兼顾开发效率和执行效率的语言. 本章介绍 Rust 语言的 I/O 操作. 接收命令 ...

  7. 《Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell》学习(三)

    <Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell>(Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997 by Rex Page,有人翻译为Haskell二十四学 ...

  8. 深度学习笔记(学习中)

    embedding 嵌入(embedding)层的理解 将升维降维比喻成靠近或者远离一幅画,深度学习的过程就是不断前进后退直到找到一个合适的最能看清画的距离 embedding层将我们的稀疏矩阵,通过 ...

  9. Haskell函数式编程学习笔记

    文章目录 Function Pattern Matching Guards Where Let it be Case Recursion Types Int Integer Float Double ...

最新文章

  1. Xcode8注释有时会失效的解决方法
  2. 酷狗音乐怎样复制歌词到计算机,酷狗怎么复制歌词和歌曲到mp3上
  3. JavaScript prototype
  4. BZOJ2843:极地旅行社
  5. python logging模块使用总结
  6. text-align:justify 使用参考
  7. 智伴机器人三级分销模式_有赞三级分销?有赞分销模式怎
  8. C语言课后习题(40)
  9. grpc双向流究竟是什么情况?2段代码告诉你
  10. MacOS六个常用的终端命令
  11. python--图像轮廓findContours
  12. kettle抽取数据
  13. Linux下查看电脑配置信息
  14. 王垠:完全用Linux工作
  15. Ecshop3.x漏洞复现
  16. 【自动控制原理_B站网课笔记】开环系统Nyquist曲线绘制
  17. MyBatis从入门到精通(一)—MyBatis基础知识和快速入门
  18. SEO优化怎么提升网站排名
  19. js接收java数组对象_js接收并转化Java中的数组对象的方法
  20. 据说很多程序员下班后都不关电脑,入职开机,离职关机,是真的吗?

热门文章

  1. python地图包_Python画地图逃不过的basemap包「完全安装手册」
  2. 大型网站技术架构 读书笔记 (八) 固若金汤:网站的安全架构
  3. [项目] Java 图书管理系统 CMD 版 (附源码)
  4. table表格中某条数据不符合条件该条数据背景颜色变灰的写法
  5. Vue给Input赋值
  6. ug9.0 java虚拟机安装_UG NX9.0安装方法与安装文件「详细图文教程」
  7. kettle通过命令行参数传递数据库连接信息
  8. iis配置权限的问题
  9. xss.haozi.me通关教程
  10. brats数据集以及其他的医学影像数据集