物联网细分行业

This report explains how the outage of a single AS can affect the connectivity of the impacted region with the rest of the world, especially when it is the dominant ISP on the market. Internet connectivity at the network level is driven by interaction between autonomous systems (AS’s). As the number of alternate routes between AS’s increases, so goes the fault-resistance and stability of the internet across the network. Although some paths inevitably become more important than others, establishing as many alternate routes as possible is the only viable way to ensure an adequately robust system.

该报告解释了单个AS的中断如何影响受影响区域与世界其他地区的连通性，尤其是当它是市场上占主导地位的ISP时。 网络级别的Internet连接是由自治系统(AS)之间的交互驱动的。 随着AS之间备用路由数量的增加，整个网络中Internet的故障容错性和稳定性也随之增加。 尽管某些路径不可避免地变得比其他路径更重要，但建立尽可能多的替代路径是确保足够健壮的系统的唯一可行方法。

The global connectivity of any AS, regardless of whether it is a minor provider or an international giant, depends on the quantity and quality of its paths to Tier-1 ISPs. Usually, Tier-1 implies an international company offering global IP transit service over connections to other Tier-1 providers. But there is no guarantee that such connectivity will be maintained. Only the market can motivate them to peer with other Tier-1’s to deliver the highest quality service. Is that enough? We explore this question in the IPv6 section below. For many ISPs at all levels, losing connection to just one Tier-1 peer would likely render them unreachable in some parts of the world.

任何AS的全球连通性，无论是小型提供商还是国际巨头，都取决于其通往1级ISP的路径的数量和质量。 通常，Tier-1意味着一家国际公司通过与其他Tier-1提供商的连接提供全球IP传输服务。 但是不能保证将保持这种连接。 只有市场才能激励他们与其他Tier-1同行，以提供最高质量的服务。 够了吗？ 我们将在下面的IPv6部分探讨这个问题。 对于各个级别的许多ISP，失去与一个Tier-1对等方的连接可能会导致它们在世界某些地区无法访问。

衡量互联网的可靠性 (Measuring Internet Reliability)

Let’s examine a case where an AS experiences significant network degradation.

让我们研究一个AS遭受严重网络降级的情况。

我们想回答以下问题：“该地区有多少个自治系统将失去与1级运营商的连接以及它们在全球的可用性？” (We want to answer the following question: “How many AS’s in the region would lose connectivity with Tier-1 operators and their global availability along with it?”)

IPv4可靠性 (IPv4 Reliability)

TL; DR速览 (TL;DR Quick Facts)

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• United States dropped 11 positions, from 7 to 18;美国下降了11位，从7位下降到18位；
• Bangladesh is out of the top 20;孟加拉国排名前20位；
• Ukraine moved up 8 positions to #4;乌克兰上升了8位，排名第4；
• Austria is out of top 20;奥地利排名前20位；
• Two countries return to the top 20: Italy and Luxembourg after dropping in 2017 and 2018, respectively.有两个国家分别在2017年和2018年下滑之后重返前20名：意大利和卢森堡。

Each year there are interesting movements in the reliability ranking. Last year we wrote that the overall performance of the top 20 countries had not changed from 2017. Nevertheless, this year we highlight the positive global trend towards improved reliability and overall availability. To illustrate this, we compare the 4-year average and median changes in IPv4 reliability ratings of all 233 countries.

每年可靠性排名都有有趣的变化。 去年，我们写道，排名前20个国家/地区的整体绩效与2017年相比没有变化。但是，今年，我们强调了提高可靠性和整体可用性的积极的全球趋势。 为了说明这一点，我们比较了所有233个国家的IPv4可靠性等级的4年平均值和中位数变化。

The number of countries that successfully limited outage to under 10% (indicating high fault tolerance) increased by 5 from last year, reaching a total of 35.

成功将断电限制在10％以下(表示高容错能力)的国家数量比去年增加了5个，总计达到35个。

Thus, we identify the most significant trend observed for the period of our research to be the significant improvements in reliability all over the world, in both IPv4 and IPv6.

因此，我们确定在研究期间观察到的最重要的趋势是，在IPv4和IPv6中，全世界的可靠性都得到了显着提高。

IPv6可靠性 (IPv6 Reliability)

We have been repeating for years that the mistaken assumption that IPv6 works the same way as IPv4 is the main structural problem of the IPv6 development process.

多年来，我们一直在重复说IPv6与IPv4的工作方式相同的错误假设是IPv6开发过程的主要结构性问题。

The problems with the peering wars that we outlined last year, wherein Cogent and Hurricane Electric do not peer with each other, persist not only in IPv6, but in IPv4 too. This year, we were surprised that another pair of v6 rivals — Deutsche Telekom and Verizon US successfully established an Ipv6 peering in May. You probably didn’t see it reported in the news, but this particular move is huge — two big Tier-1 ISPs stopped quarreling and finally established a peering connection in the protocol we all want to see developed much more actively than it has been so far.

去年我们概述的对等战争问题(其中Cogent和Hurricane Electric不相互对等)不仅在IPv6中仍然存在，而且在IPv4中也存在。 今年，令我们感到惊讶的是，另一对v6竞争对手Deutsche Telekom和Verizon US在5月成功建立了Ipv6对等网络。 您可能没有在新闻中看到它的报道，但是这一举动非常巨大-两家大型Tier-1 ISP停止了争吵，并最终在该协议中建立了对等连接，我们都希望看到它比以前更加积极地发展。远。

Paths for all Tier-1 providers to maintain full connectivity must be established. We also calculated the number of AS’s in each country that have only partial connectivity due to these peering wars. Here are the results:

必须建立所有第1层提供商保持完全连接的路径。 由于这些对等战争，我们还计算了每个国家中只有部分连接的AS的数量。 结果如下：

IPv4, after a year, remains significantly more reliable than IPv6. Average IPv4 reliability and stability numbers in 2019 are 62.924% for IPv4 and 54.53% for IPv6. There are still countries with poor availability (high partial connectivity numbers) in IPv6.

一年后，IPv4仍然比IPv6更加可靠。 2019年，IPv4的平均IPv4可靠性和稳定性数字分别为IPv4的62.924％和IPv6的54.53％。 仍然有一些国家的IPv6可用性较差(部分连接数较高)。

Compared to last year we saw significant improvement in all three countries, especially in relation to partial connectivity. Venezuela was at 33%, China at 65% and UAE at 25% last year. While Venezuela and China significantly improved their connectivity by resolving severe issues of partially interconnected networks, UAE remains pretty much the same without any improvement.

与去年相比，我们发现这三个国家都有显着改善，特别是在部分连接方面。 去年，委内瑞拉占33％，中国占65％，阿联酋占25％。 委内瑞拉和中国通过解决部分互连网络的严重问题极大地改善了它们的连通性，而阿联酋却几乎没有任何改善。

宽带互联网和PTR记录 (Broadband Internet and PTR records)

Based on the question we asked last year — “Does a country’s leading ISP always influence regional reliability more than everyone else?” — we have developed an additional metric to further investigate the subject. Perhaps, the most significant (by user base or customer base) ISP in a region is not necessarily the most critical for network connectivity overall.

根据我们去年提出的问题：“一个国家领先的ISP是否总是比其他所有人对地区可靠性的影响更大？” —我们开发了一个额外的指标来进一步研究该主题。 也许，区域中最重要的(按用户群或客户群)ISP对于整个网络连接不一定是最关键的。

Last year we determined that the most accurate indicator of broadband ISPs reliability is based on analyzing PTR records. Generally, PTR records are used for Reverse DNS lookup: using the IP-address to identify the associated hostname or domain name.

去年，我们确定了宽带ISP可靠性的最准确指标是基于对PTR记录的分析。 通常，PTR记录用于反向DNS查找：使用IP地址标识关联的主机名或域名。

This means that PTR’s could enable measurement of the specific equipment within an individual provider’s IP-address space. Since we already know the largest AS’s for every country in the world, we could count the PTR records within the network of those providers and determine their share of overall PTR records in the region. We should add a disclaimer here: We counted ONLY PTR records, and did not calculate the ratio of IP-addresses without PTR records to IP-addresses with PTR records. So, we are speaking strictly of IP-addresses with present PTR records. The practice of adding PTR records is not fully implemented; some providers do this, but some don’t.

这意味着PTR可以测量单个提供商的IP地址空间内的特定设备。 由于我们已经知道世界上每个国家/地区最大的AS，因此我们可以在这些提供商的网络内计算PTR记录，并确定它们在该地区总体PTR记录中所占的份额。 我们应该在此处添加免责声明：我们仅计算了PTR记录，并且没有计算没有PTR记录的IP地址与具有PTR记录的IP地址的比率。 因此，我们严格地讲带有当前PTR记录的IP地址。 添加PTR记录的做法尚未完全实施； 有些提供程序可以这样做，但有些则不能。

We want to show exactly how many PTR-enabled IP addresses would go offline with an outage of each country’s ASN and the percentage that represents for the relevant region.

我们想确切显示多少个启用PTR的IP地址将离线，而每个国家/地区的ASN都将中断，并且该百分比代表相关地区。

Let’s compare the 20 most reliable countries of the 2019 IPv4 rating to the PTR-enabled rating:

让我们将2019年IPv4评级的20个最可靠的国家与启用PTR的评级进行比较：

Clearly, such an approach that considers PTR-records yields very different results. In most cases not only does the primary regional AS change, but the percentage is entirely different. In all of the generally reliable (from the global availability point of view) regions, the number of PTR-enabled IP-addresses that shut down following an outage of one autonomous system is dozens of times higher. This could mean that the leading national ISP always handles end-users at one point or another. Thus, we should assume that this percentage represents the part of the ISP’s user base and customer base that would go offline (if switching to a second internet service provider were not possible) in the event of an outage. From this perspective, countries appear to be less reliable than they look from the transit point of view. We leave possible conclusions from this PTR-enabled rating to the reader.

显然，这种考虑PTR记录的方法会产生非常不同的结果。 在大多数情况下，不仅主要的区域AS发生变化，而且百分比也完全不同。 从全球可用性的角度来看，在所有通常可靠的区域中，由于一个自治系统中断而关闭的启用PTR的IP地址的数量要增加数十倍。 这可能意味着领先的国家ISP总是在某一点或另一点处理最终用户。 因此，我们应该假设该百分比代表了发生故障时ISP的用户群和客户群将脱机的部分(如果无法切换到第二个Internet服务提供商)。 从这个角度看，各国似乎比从过境的角度看更不可靠。 我们会从此启用PTR的评级中给读者一些可能的结论。

各地区的详细信息 (Details by Region)

As always, we start with the very special position of Cogent’s AS174. Last year we outlined the influence of Cogent across Europe, where we identified AS174 as the core AS for 5 of the top 20 countries in the IPv4 rating. This year Cogent remains among the top 20 for the reliability, and we see only a couple of changes in the past 12 months. Most notably, in Belgium and Spain AS174 was replaced as the most critical AS. The primary ASN for Belgium in 2019 is Telenet’s AS6848, and for Spain, it is Vodafone’s AS12430.

与往常一样，我们从Cogent的AS174的特殊位置开始。 去年，我们概述了Cogent在整个欧洲的影响力，我们将AS174确定为IPv4评级中前20个国家中的5个国家的核心AS。 今年，Cogent仍然是可靠性排名前20位的公司，在过去的12个月中，我们仅看到了几处变化。 最值得注意的是，在比利时和西班牙，AS174被替换为最关键的AS。 比利时在2019年的主要ASN是Telenet的AS6848，而在西班牙，则是沃达丰的AS12430。

Now, let’s look more closely at the two countries among the most reliable with the biggest moves: Ukraine and the United States of America.

现在，让我们更仔细地看看行动最可靠，最可靠的两个国家：乌克兰和美利坚合众国。

Firstly, Ukraine dramatically improved its position. We reached out to Max Tulyev, board member of the Ukraine Internet Association for details on what happened in his country over the past 12 months:

首先，乌克兰大大提高了其地位。 我们与乌克兰互联网协会董事会成员Max Tulyev取得了联系，以详细了解乌克兰过去12个月中发生的情况：

“The most significant change we see in Ukraine is the fall in transit prices. This allows most of the profitable internet businesses to acquire several upstream connections beyond our borders. Hurricane Electric is especially active on the market, offering “international transit” without a direct contract, because they don’t remove prefixes from the exchanges – they merely announce the customer cone at local exchanges.”

The primary AS for Ukraine changed from Telia’s AS1299 to UARNET’s AS3255. Mr. Tulyev explained that as a former educational network it is highly active for transit, especially in Western Ukraine.

“我们在乌克兰看到的最重要的变化是过境价格的下跌。 这使大多数有利可图的互联网业务都可以跨越我们的边界获取多个上游连接。 飓风电气公司在市场上特别活跃，无需直接签订合同即可提供“国际运输”，因为它们不会删除交易所的前缀，而只是在本地交易所宣布客户群。

乌克兰的主要自治系统从Telia的AS1299更改为UARNET的AS3255。 图里耶夫先生解释说，作为一个前教育网络，它非常活跃地过境，特别是在乌克兰西部。

Now, across the globe to the United States.

现在，遍布全球的美国。

Our main question is pretty simple – what are the details behind the United States’ 11-position decline in the reliability rating?

我们的主要问题很简单-美国可靠性排名下降11位的背后有哪些细节？

In 2018, the U.S. was ranked 7th with 4.02% of the country potentially losing global availability in the event of an AS209 outage. Our 2018 report gives some perspective on what changed in the United States a year ago:

2018年，在AS209中断的情况下，美国排名第7位，有4.02％的国家可能失去全球可用性。 我们的2018年报告对一年前美国发生的变化提供了一些看法：

«However, the big news involving Cogent comes from the United States. For two years — 2016 and 2017 — we identified Cogent's AS174 as the crucial one for that market. This is no longer the case — in 2018, the CenturyLink AS209 replaced Сogent, and the change sent the United States up the list by three places, to 7th.»

The 2019 results show the United States ranked 18th, with its reliability score dropping to 6.83% — a change of more than 2.5%, which would usually be enough to fall from the top 20.

«但是，涉及Cogent的重大新闻来自美国。 在2016年和2017年的两年中，我们确定了Cogent的AS174是该市场的关键产品。 情况已不再如此-在2018年，CenturyLink AS209取代了Сogent，这一变化使美国名列第三，升至第七位。»

2019年的结果显示，美国排名第18位，其可靠性得分下降至6.83％，变化幅度超过2.5％，通常足以使它从排名前20位下降。

We contacted the Founder of Hurricane Electric, Mike Leber, for his comment on the situation:

我们联系了飓风电气的创始人Mike Leber，对他的情况发表了评论：

“This change is natural as the global Internet continues to grow. IT infrastructure within each country grows and is upgraded to support the information economy which is ever evolving and changing. Performance drives customer experience and revenue. Locality of IT infrastructure drives performance. These are macrotechnoeconomic forces.”

It is always interesting to dissect what could happen in the biggest economy in the world, even more so when we witness such an enormous fall in reliability rank. Just to remind our readers — last year we highlighted the replacement of Cogent’s AS174 by CenturyLink’s AS209 in the United States. This year, CenturyLink surrendered its position as the main AS of the country to Level3’s AS3356 — no surprise as the two companies now represent a single entity since the acquisition of 2017 and now CenturyLink’s connectivity entirely tied to the Level3’s. One might conclude that the overall drop in reliability is connected with the Level3/CenturyLink incident at the end of 2018 when 4 packets disrupted internet service in the world’s biggest economy for several hours. That event definitely affected CenturyLink’s/Level3’s ability to provide transit to the biggest players in the country, some of whom switched to other transit providers, or just diversified their uplinks. Nevertheless, in 2019 Level3 is the most vital provider in the U.S., the outage of which could disable global availability of nearly 7% of all the local autonomous systems that rely on their transit.

随着全球互联网的不断发展，这种变化是自然而然的。 每个国家/地区的IT基础架构都在不断发展和升级，以支持不断发展和变化的信息经济。 绩效可提升客户体验和收入。 IT基础架构的本地性提高了性能。 这些是宏观技术经济力量。”

剖析世界上最大经济体中可能发生的事情总是很有趣，尤其是当我们目睹可靠性排名大幅下降时。 只是提醒我们的读者-去年，我们在美国重点介绍了用CenturyLink的AS209替代Cogent的AS174。 今年，CenturyLink将其作为该国主要AS的地位移交给了Level3的AS3356，这并不奇怪，因为自2017年收购以来，两家公司现在是一个实体，而CenturyLink的连接性已完全与Level3绑定。 可能会得出结论，可靠性的整体下降与2018年底的Level3 / CenturyLink事件有关，当时有4个数据包中断了这个世界上最大经济体的互联网服务几个小时。 该事件无疑影响了CenturyLink / Level3向该国最大的运营商提供中转的能力，其中一些人转而使用了其他中转提供商，或者只是分散了他们的上行链路。 尽管如此，2019年Level3仍是美国最重要的供应商，其中断可能会使依赖运输的所有本地自治系统中近7％的全球可用性无法使用。

Italy returned to the top 20 in 17th place with the same Fastweb AS12874, which probably results from significant improvements in the number of paths to this particular ISP. It was the same ISP in 2017 that dropped Italy to 21st place.

意大利以相同的Fastweb AS12874排名第20位，排名前20位，这可能是由于通往该特定ISP的路径数量显着改善所致。 是同一家ISP在2017年将意大利降至第21位。

In 2019, Singapore, which ranks in the top 20 reliability rating with only a slight change, saw a new primary ASN once again. Last year, we tried to explain the changes in the Southeast Asia regions as best we could. In 2019, the main Singaporean ASN changed from last year’s SingNet AS3758 to Starnet’s AS4657. With this change, the Singapore region lost 1 position, from 5th place last year to 6th place in 2019.

在2019年，新加坡排名仅次于可靠性的前20名，再次出现了新的主要ASN。 去年，我们试图尽力解释东南亚地区的变化。 在2019年，主要的新加坡ASN从去年的SingNet AS3758更改为Starnet的AS4657。 随着这一变化，新加坡地区从去年的第5位下降到2019年的第6位，失去了第1名。

China remarkably jumped from 113th place in 2018 to 78th this year with a change of about 5% within our methodology. In IPv6, China’s «partial connectivity» dropped from 65.93% last year to slightly above 20% this year. The main ASN in IPv6 changed from AS9808 belonging to China Mobile last year to AS4134 this year. In IPv4 the AS4134 has been the primary critical ASN for years.

中国的研究方法从2018年的113位跃升至今年的78位，变化幅度约为5％。 在IPv6中，中国的“部分连接”从去年的65.93％下降到今年的20％以上。 IPv6中的主要ASN从去年属于中国移动的AS9808变为今年的AS4134。 在IPv4中，AS4134多年来一直是主要的关键ASN。

Unfortunately, China’s segment dropped 20 places in the IPv6 reliability rating — from a score of 10% reliability last year to 23.5% this year. Probably, all this means one simple thing — China Telecom is actively improving its network, staying the backbone of China’s connection to the outer Internet.

不幸的是，中国的IPv6可靠性等级下降了20位，从去年的10％可靠性下降到今年的23.5％。 可能所有这些都意味着一件简单的事情-中国电信正在积极改善其网络，保持中国与外部互联网连接的骨干。

With growing cybersecurity risks and continuous news of attacks on internet infrastructure, it is time for governments, private and public companies, as well as ordinary users to carefully reconsider their positions. Regional risks need to be studied carefully and honestly by analyzing real risk and reliability levels. The failover rate from a massive attack on a big, nationwide mission-critical service provider, like the DNS service, could actually cause real trouble with availability. Do not forget that the outside world would also be blocked from the services and data located within the troubled region if access were totally lost.

随着越来越多的网络安全风险和有关互联网基础设施遭受攻击的不断消息，现在是时候让政府，私人和上市公司以及普通用户重新考虑他们的立场了。 需要通过分析实际风险和可靠性水平来认真，诚实地研究区域风险。 对大型全国性的关键任务服务提供商(例如DNS服务)的大规模攻击造成的故障转移率实际上可能会给可用性造成真正的麻烦。 不要忘记，如果完全失去了访问权限，外界也将无法访问位于故障区域内的服务和数据。

Our report clearly shows that regional ISP markets which are subject to open market competition ultimately develop to become significantly more stable and failure-resistant in regards to internal and external risks. Without a competitive market, any AS failure could lead to network loss for a large portion of users from a country or even a broader region.

我们的报告清楚地表明，受到内部市场竞争的区域性ISP市场最终将发展为在内部和外部风险方面变得更加稳定和抗故障。 没有竞争激烈的市场，任何AS故障都可能导致来自一个国家或什至更广阔地区的大部分用户失去网络。

翻译自: https://habr.com/en/company/qrator/blog/466287/

物联网细分行业