MongoDB——基础篇（文档操作）

文章目录

新增
- 单个插入
- 批量插入
查询
- 无条件查询
- - 测试
- 条件查询
- - 条件对照表
  - 逻辑对照表
  - 测试
  - - 查询标签为mongodb且收藏数大于等于50的book
  - 正则表达式查询
  - 排序
  - 分页
更新
- 操作符
- - 更新单个文档
  - 更新多个文档
  - upsert
  - replace
  - findAndModify
删除

新增

单个插入

insert：若插入的数据主键已经存在，则会抛DuplicateKeyException异常，提示主键重复，不保存当前数据
```
> db.createCollection("emps")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> db.emps.insert({x:1})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
```
save：如果 _id 主键存在则更新数据，如果不存在就插入数据
```
> db.emps.save({x:2})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
```
insertOne：支持writeConcern
```
> db.emps.insertOne({x:3})
{"acknowledged" : true,"insertedId" : ObjectId("628e468160e30920704dfeb0")
}
```
```
> db.emps.insertOne({x:4},{writeConcern:0})
{"acknowledged" : true,"insertedId" : ObjectId("628e47da60e30920704dfeb2")
}
```
writeConcern决定一个写操作落到多少个节点上才算成功。

writeConcern的取值包括：

0：发起写操作，不关心是否成功；
1~集群最大数据节点数：写操作需要被复制到指定节点数才算成功；
majority：写操作需要被复制到大多数节点上才算成功；。

批量插入

insert

> db.emps.insert([{x:5},{x:6}])
BulkWriteResult({"writeErrors" : [ ],"writeConcernErrors" : [ ],"nInserted" : 2,"nUpserted" : 0,"nMatched" : 0,"nModified" : 0,"nRemoved" : 0,"upserted" : [ ]
})

save

> db.emps.save([{x:7},{x:8},{x:9}])
BulkWriteResult({"writeErrors" : [ ],"writeConcernErrors" : [ ],"nInserted" : 3,"nUpserted" : 0,"nMatched" : 0,"nModified" : 0,"nRemoved" : 0,"upserted" : [ ]
})

insertMany

> db.emps.insertMany([{x:10},{x:11}])
{"acknowledged" : true,"insertedIds" : [ObjectId("628e4962495e82d49b890573"),ObjectId("628e4962495e82d49b890574")]
}

> db.emps.insertMany([{x:12},{x:13}],{writeConcern:0})
{"acknowledged" : true,"insertedIds" : [ObjectId("628e497d495e82d49b890575"),ObjectId("628e497d495e82d49b890576")]
}

load(“xxx.js”)

var tags = ["nosql","mongodb","document","developer","popular"];
var types = ["technology","sociality","travel","novel","literature"];
var books=[];
for(var i=0;i<50;i++){var typeIdx = Math.floor(Math.random()*types.length);
var tagIdx = Math.floor(Math.random()*tags.length);
var favCount = Math.floor(Math.random()*100);
var book = {title: "book-"+i,
type: types[typeIdx],
tag: tags[tagIdx],
favCount: favCount,
author: "xxx"+i
};
books.push(book)
}
db.books.insertMany(books);

[root@VM-24-2-centos js]# vim book.js
[root@VM-24-2-centos js]# mongo --port=27017
MongoDB shell version v4.4.6
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/?compressors=disabled&gssapiServiceName=mongodb
Implicit session: session { "id" : UUID("ecd09547-db6d-4d9e-a4d9-5a928a01127c") }
MongoDB server version: 4.4.6
> use appdb
switched to db appdb
> db.auth("app","app")
1
> db.createCollection("books")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> load("book.js")
true

查询

db.collection.find(query, projection)

query

可选，使用查询操作符指定查询条件;
projection

可选，使用投影操作符指定返回的键。查询时返回文档中所有键值，只需省略该参数即可（默认省略）。投影时，id为1的时候，其他字段必须是1；id是0的时候，其他字段可以是 0；如果没有_id字段约束，多个其他字段必须同为0或同为1;

无条件查询

如果查询返回的条目数量较多，mongo shell则会自动实现分批显示。默认情况下每次只显示20条，可以输入it命令读取下一批。

测试

> db.books.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2779"), "title" : "book-0", "type" : "technology", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 64, "author" : "xxx0" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae277a"), "title" : "book-1", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "document", "favCount" : 46, "author" : "xxx1" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae277b"), "title" : "book-2", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "document", "favCount" : 23, "author" : "xxx2" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae277c"), "title" : "book-3", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 33, "author" : "xxx3" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae277d"), "title" : "book-4", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 16, "author" : "xxx4" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae277e"), "title" : "book-5", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 42, "author" : "xxx5" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae277f"), "title" : "book-6", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 22, "author" : "xxx6" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2780"), "title" : "book-7", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 34, "author" : "xxx7" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2781"), "title" : "book-8", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 25, "author" : "xxx8" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2782"), "title" : "book-9", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "document", "favCount" : 59, "author" : "xxx9" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2783"), "title" : "book-10", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 53, "author" : "xxx10" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2784"), "title" : "book-11", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 59, "author" : "xxx11" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2785"), "title" : "book-12", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 67, "author" : "xxx12" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2786"), "title" : "book-13", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "document", "favCount" : 31, "author" : "xxx13" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2787"), "title" : "book-14", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 49, "author" : "xxx14" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2788"), "title" : "book-15", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 66, "author" : "xxx15" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2789"), "title" : "book-16", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 83, "author" : "xxx16" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278a"), "title" : "book-17", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 54, "author" : "xxx17" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278b"), "title" : "book-18", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 58, "author" : "xxx18" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278c"), "title" : "book-19", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 68, "author" : "xxx19" }
Type "it" for more
> it
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a1"), "title" : "book-40", "type" : "technology", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 9, "author" : "xxx40" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a2"), "title" : "book-41", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "document", "favCount" : 62, "author" : "xxx41" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a3"), "title" : "book-42", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 21, "author" : "xxx42" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a4"), "title" : "book-43", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 83, "author" : "xxx43" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a5"), "title" : "book-44", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 10, "author" : "xxx44" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a6"), "title" : "book-45", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 66, "author" : "xxx45" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a7"), "title" : "book-46", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 84, "author" : "xxx46" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a8"), "title" : "book-47", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 89, "author" : "xxx47" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a9"), "title" : "book-48", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 61, "author" : "xxx48" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27aa"), "title" : "book-49", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 77, "author" : "xxx49" }
> it
no cursor

条件查询

条件对照表

SQL	MQL
a=1	{a:1}
a<>1	{a:{$ne:1}}
a>1	{a:{$gt:1}}
a>=1	{a:{$gte:1}}
a<1	{a:{$lt:1}}
a<=1	{a:{$lte:1}}

逻辑对照表

SQL	MQL
a=1 and b=1	{a:1,b:1}或{$and:[{a:1},{b:1}]}
a=1 or b=1	{$or:[{a:1},{b:1}]}
a is null	{a:{$exists:false}}
a in (1,2)	{a:{$in:[{1,2}]}}
a not in (1,2)	{a:{$nin:[{1,2}]}

测试

查询标签为mongodb且收藏数大于等于50的book

> db.books.find({$and:[{tag:"mongodb"},{favCount:{$gte:50}}]})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2788"), "title" : "book-15", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 66, "author" : "xxx15" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2797"), "title" : "book-30", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 78, "author" : "xxx30" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a6"), "title" : "book-45", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 66, "author" : "xxx45" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a8"), "title" : "book-47", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 89, "author" : "xxx47" }

正则表达式查询

//使用正则表达式查找tag包含no字符串的book
> db.books.find({tag:{$regex:"no"}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2787"), "title" : "book-14", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 49, "author" : "xxx14" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278a"), "title" : "book-17", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 54, "author" : "xxx17" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278b"), "title" : "book-18", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 58, "author" : "xxx18" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2791"), "title" : "book-24", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 36, "author" : "xxx24" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2792"), "title" : "book-25", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 80, "author" : "xxx25" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2794"), "title" : "book-27", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 30, "author" : "xxx27" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2796"), "title" : "book-29", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 20, "author" : "xxx29" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2798"), "title" : "book-31", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 50, "author" : "xxx31" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2799"), "title" : "book-32", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 26, "author" : "xxx32" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a0"), "title" : "book-39", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 90, "author" : "xxx39" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a1"), "title" : "book-40", "type" : "technology", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 9, "author" : "xxx40" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a7"), "title" : "book-46", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 84, "author" : "xxx46" }
>

排序

#指定按收藏数（favCount）升序返回
> db.books.find({tag:"nosql"}).sort({favCount:1})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a1"), "title" : "book-40", "type" : "technology", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 9, "author" : "xxx40" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2796"), "title" : "book-29", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 20, "author" : "xxx29" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2799"), "title" : "book-32", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 26, "author" : "xxx32" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2794"), "title" : "book-27", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 30, "author" : "xxx27" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2791"), "title" : "book-24", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 36, "author" : "xxx24" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2787"), "title" : "book-14", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 49, "author" : "xxx14" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2798"), "title" : "book-31", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 50, "author" : "xxx31" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278a"), "title" : "book-17", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 54, "author" : "xxx17" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae278b"), "title" : "book-18", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 58, "author" : "xxx18" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2792"), "title" : "book-25", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 80, "author" : "xxx25" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a7"), "title" : "book-46", "type" : "travel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 84, "author" : "xxx46" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae27a0"), "title" : "book-39", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "nosql", "favCount" : 90, "author" : "xxx39" }
>

分页

> db.books.find().skip(8).limit(4)
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2781"), "title" : "book-8", "type" : "literature", "tag" : "mongodb", "favCount" : 25, "author" : "xxx8" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2782"), "title" : "book-9", "type" : "novel", "tag" : "document", "favCount" : 59, "author" : "xxx9" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2783"), "title" : "book-10", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "popular", "favCount" : 53, "author" : "xxx10" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2784"), "title" : "book-11", "type" : "sociality", "tag" : "developer", "favCount" : 59, "author" : "xxx11" }
>

更新

db.collection.update(query,update,options)

query：描述更新的查询条件
update：描述更新的动作及新的内容
options：描述更新的选项
upsert: 可选，如果不存在update的记录，是否插入新的记录。默认false，不插入
multi: 可选，是否按条件查询出的多条记录全部更新。默认false,只更新找到的第一条记录
writeConcern :可选，决定一个写操作落到多少个节点上才算成功

操作符

操作符	格式	描述
$set	{$set:{field:value}}	指定一个键并更新值，若键不存在则创建
$unset	{$unset : {field:1}}	删除一个键
$inc	{$inc : {field:value}}	对数值类型进行增减
$rename	{$rename : {old_field_name : new_field_name}}	修改字段名称
$push	{$push : {field : value}}	将数值追加到数组中，若数组不存在则会进行初始化
$pushAll	{$pushAll : {field : value_array }}	追加多个值到一个数组字段内
$pull	{$pull : {field : _value}}	从数组中删除指定的元素
$addToSet	{$addToSet : {field : value } }	添加元素到数组中，具有排重功能
$pop	{$pop : {field : 1 }}	删除数组的第一个或最后一个元素

更新单个文档

> db.books.update({tag:"nosql"},{$inc:{favCount:16}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

更新多个文档

updateOne：更新单个文档
updateMany：更新多个文档
multi选项
replaceOne：替换单个文档

> db.books.update({tag:"nosql"},{$inc:{favCount:16}},{"multi":true})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 12, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 12 })

upsert

> db.books.update(
... {title:"my book"},
... {$set:{tags:["nosql","mongodb"],type:"none",author:"fox"}},
... {upsert:true}
... )
WriteResult({"nMatched" : 0,"nUpserted" : 1,"nModified" : 0,"_id" : ObjectId("628e5dde28c7689469c84ff9")
})
>

replace

> db.books.update(
... {title:"my book"},
... {justTitle:"my first book"}
... )
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
>

findAndModify

该操作会返回符合查询条件的文档数据，并完成对文档的修改，但只能更新单个文档

//将某个book文档的收藏数（favCount）加1
db.books.findAndModify({query:{_id:ObjectId("61caa09ee0782536660494dd")},
update:{$inc:{favCount:1}}
})

删除

remove

需要配合查询条件使用，符合查询条件的文档会被删除
指定一个空文档条件会删除所有文档

db.user.remove({age:28})// 删除age 等于28的记录
db.user.remove({age:{$lt:25}}) // 删除age 小于25的记录
db.user.remove( { } ) // 删除所有记录
db.user.remove() //报错

deleteOne

db.books.deleteOne ({ type:"novel" }) //删除 type等于novel 的一个文档

deleteMany

db.books.deleteMany ({ type:"novel" }) //删除 type等于 novel 的全部文档

db.books.deleteMany ({}) //删除集合下全部文档

返回被删除文档

findOneAndDelete

> db.books.findOneAndDelete({type:"novel"})
{"_id" : ObjectId("628e4b78a8cff71722ae2782"),"title" : "book-9","type" : "novel","tag" : "document","favCount" : 59,"author" : "xxx9"
}
>

findOneAndDelete命令还允许定义“删除的顺序”，即按照指定顺序删除找到的第一个文档;

利用这个特性，findOneAndDelete可以实现队列的先进先出；
```
db.books.findOneAndDelete({type:"novel"},{sort:{favCount:1}})
```

“628e4b78a8cff71722ae2782”),
“title” : “book-9”,
“type” : “novel”,
“tag” : “document”,
“favCount” : 59,
“author” : “xxx9”
}
>
```

findOneAndDelete命令还允许定义“删除的顺序”，即按照指定顺序删除找到的第一个文档;

利用这个特性，findOneAndDelete可以实现队列的先进先出；
```
db.books.findOneAndDelete({type:"novel"},{sort:{favCount:1}})
```

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