前言
一直想研究Android完整的启动过程，网上看了不少资料，也看了书上的一些说明，对这些观点有些怀疑，于是自己分析了系统启动的完整过程。从内核启动第一个用户程序init开始说起，直到Home应用的启动，每一步都有源代码展示。希望能解除读者对Android系统启动过程中的困惑，若有什么疑问，欢迎留言交流。本研究基于CM10.1源码，读者若能对照源代码查看效果会更好。
1) init启动servicemanager和 zygote两个service
Android底层是Linux内核，和linux类似，内核初始化后启动的第一个用户进程是init，它会解析init.rc脚本，启动init.rc里声明的service，并执行一些action。在init.rc里有启动Andriod空间的一些关键服务，代码如下：
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#…
service servicemanager /system/bin/servicemanagerclass coreuser systemgroup systemcriticalonrestart restart zygoteonrestart restart mediaonrestart restart surfaceflingeronrestart restart drm
service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-serverclass mainsocket zygote stream 660 root systemonrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wakeonrestart write /sys/power/state ononrestart restart mediaonrestart restart netd
#…
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servicemanager负责管理所有的binder service, 这些binder service有native的，也有java的。native的binder service有surfaceflinger，drm，media等，java的binder service就有我们平常熟悉的很多管理服务了，ActivityManagerService，WindowManagerService，BatteryService，PowerManagerService，InputManagerService等等。service manager并不负责这些binder service的创建，native的binder service大多由init启动init.rc里的service时创建并启动，java层的binder service大多由zygote创建并启动的，接下来会详细这些service是如何被启动的。
2) zygote service启动java层的ZygoteInit
zygote服务是java层所有程序进程的父进程，它是Android空间程序的孵化器，Android空间所有程序都是由zygote进程启动的。zygote service对应/system/bin/app_process程序，源代码位于frameworks/base/cmds/app_process/app_main.cpp，启动时的main函数代码如下：
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int main(int argc, const char* const argv[])
{//...
/*runtime就是dalvik虚拟机实例，启动Java层应用时，*会fork 一个子进程，复制虚拟机，许多书上将runtime看作一个进程，*然后再启动zygote进程，个人觉得这是错误的 */
AppRuntime runtime;
//...
while (i < argc) {const char* arg = argv[i++];if (!parentDir) {parentDir = arg;/*init.rc启动app_main会设置参数--zygote*/ } else if (strcmp(arg, "--zygote") == 0) {zygote = true;niceName = "zygote"; //进程的名字/*init.rc启动app_main会设置参数--start-system-server，*表示需启动systemserver*/} else if (strcmp(arg, "--start-system-server") == 0) {startSystemServer = true;/*启动应用时会使用--application参数*/ } else if (strcmp(arg, "--application") == 0) {application = true;
/*--nice-name=参数表示要设置的进程名字*/ } else if (strncmp(arg, "--nice-name=", 12) == 0) {niceName = arg + 12;} else {className = arg;break;}
}
/*设置进程名*/
if (niceName && *niceName) {setArgv0(argv0, niceName);set_process_name(niceName);
}
/*设置虚拟机运行环境的父目录*/
runtime.mParentDir = parentDir;
if (zygote) {/*虚拟机里启动com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit，*并传递参数start-system-server*/runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit",startSystemServer ? "start-system-server" : "");
} else if (className) { /*若不是zygote，则启动的第一个类是com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit，*RumtimeInit初始化后会启动mClassName*/runtime.mClassName = className;runtime.mArgC = argc - i;runtime.mArgV = argv + i;runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit",application ? "application" : "tool");
} else {fprintf(stderr, "Error: no class name or --zygote supplied.\n");app_usage();LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: no class name or --zygote supplied.");return 10;
}
//...
}
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通过上述代码可知道zygote service将运行dalvik虚拟机，并在虚拟机里执行com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit，还给它传递了参数start-system-server
3) ZygoteInit启动SystemServer
ZygoteInit启动时的相关源代码：
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public static void main(String argv[]) {{try { //...//在某个描述符上监听连接请求，//其它Android空间的程序的启动都是通过连接zygote才孵化出来的registerZygoteSocket();//... if (argv[1].equals("start-system-server")) {//启动SystemServerstartSystemServer();} else if (!argv[1].equals("")) {throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING);}//.../*ZYGOTE_FORK_MODE默认为false，如果为true的话，每收到一个连接请求，*就会建立一个新进程，然后再运行连接请求所要求执行的命令，此时会建立另一个新进程*/if (ZYGOTE_FORK_MODE) {runForkMode();} else {//使用Select poll的方式来建立新进程，收到连接请求后，也会建立进程启动某个程序runSelectLoopMode();}closeServerSocket();
} catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) {caller.run();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex);closeServerSocket();throw ex;
}
}
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从上述代码可知道会调用startSystemServer以启动SystemServer,相关源代码如下：
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private static boolean startSystemServer()
{/* Hardcoded command line to start the system server */
//启动SystemServer使用的参数
String args[] = {"--setuid=1000","--setgid=1000","--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,1021,3001,3002,3003,3004,3006,3007,3009","--capabilities=130104352,130104352","--runtime-init","--nice-name=system_server",//注意：就是在这里设置要启动的SystemServer包名及类名，故此后续才能启动SystemServer"com.android.server.SystemServer",
};
ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;
int pid;
try {/*将args参数传给ZygoteConnection进行转化，--形式的参数将全部被接收* 但是要启动的类的类名com.android.server.SystemServer会放在*ZygoteConnection.Arguments的remainingArgs里，后来调用handleSystemServerProcess时会用到*/parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args); /*添加额外运行参数*/ZygoteConnection.applyDebuggerSystemProperty(parsedArgs);ZygoteConnection.applyInvokeWithSystemProperty(parsedArgs); /*开启新进程*/pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,parsedArgs.gids,parsedArgs.debugFlags,null,parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}
/* For child process */
if (pid == 0) {/*调用handleSystemServerProcess会执行ZygoteConnection.Arguments的remainingArgs参数*所指定的类，即com.android.server.SystemServer */handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
}
}
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ZygoteInit的startSystemServer会调用forkSystemServer，然后：
ZygoteInit.forkSystemServer -> Zygote.nativeForkSystemServer-> dalvik_system_Zygote.cpp 里的Dalvik_dalvik_system_Zygote_forkSystemServer-> forkAndSpecializeCommon->fork建立新进程
ZygoteInit的startSystemServer会调用handleSystemServerProcess来真正启动systemserver，相关源代码如下：
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private static void handleSystemServerProcess(ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs)throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {//...
if (parsedArgs.niceName != null) {Process.setArgV0(parsedArgs.niceName);
}
//启动systemserver时invokeWith为null
if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) {WrapperInit.execApplication(parsedArgs.invokeWith,parsedArgs.niceName, parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion,null, parsedArgs.remainingArgs);
} else {/** 启动systemserver时，parsedArgs.remainingArgs为com.android.server.SystemServer.*/RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, parsedArgs.remainingArgs);
}
}
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然后的流程是
RuntimeInit.zygoteInit-> applicationInit，applicationInit的代码如下所示：
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private static void applicationInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv)
{//...
final Arguments args;
try {//参数转换,系统启动时，argv里有一个参数是com.android.server.SystemServerargs = new Arguments(argv);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {Slog.e(TAG, ex.getMessage());// let the process exitreturn;
}
//...
//终于在此启动了SystemServer
invokeStaticMain(args.startClass, args.startArgs)
}
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4) SystemServer 启动过程
执行com.android.server.SystemServer时，main函数里会调用init1函数，init1函数是一个本地函数，init1的实现放在frameworks/base/services/jni/com_android_server_SystemServer.cpp里，对应的jni函数是android_server_SystemServer_init1，在该函数里会调用system_init，而system_init的实现是在frameworks/base/cmds/system_server/library/system_init.cpp，该函数的实现代码如下所示：
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extern "C" status_t system_init()
{//...
sp<ProcessState> proc(ProcessState::self());
sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
ALOGI("ServiceManager: %p\n", sm.get());
sp<GrimReaper> grim = new GrimReaper();
sm->asBinder()->linkToDeath(grim, grim.get(), 0);
char propBuf[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
property_get("system_init.startsurfaceflinger", propBuf, "1");
if (strcmp(propBuf, "1") == 0) {// Start the SurfaceFlingerSurfaceFlinger::instantiate();
}
property_get("system_init.startsensorservice", propBuf, "1");
if (strcmp(propBuf, "1") == 0) {// Start the sensor serviceSensorService::instantiate();
}
// And now start the Android runtime. We have to do this bit
// of nastiness because the Android runtime initialization requires
// some of the core system services to already be started.
// All other servers should just start the Android runtime at
// the beginning of their processes's main(), before calling
// the init function.
ALOGI("System server: starting Android runtime.\n");
AndroidRuntime* runtime = AndroidRuntime::getRuntime();
ALOGI("System server: starting Android services.\n");
JNIEnv* env = runtime->getJNIEnv();
if (env == NULL) {return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
}
jclass clazz = env->FindClass("com/android/server/SystemServer");
if (clazz == NULL) {return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
}
//反过来调用Java里SystemServer的init2函数
jmethodID methodId = env->GetStaticMethodID(clazz, "init2", "()V");
if (methodId == NULL) {return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
}
env->CallStaticVoidMethod(clazz, methodId);
ALOGI("System server: entering thread pool.\n");
ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool();
ALOGI("System server: exiting thread pool.\n");
}
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5) 启动Java层的各种binder service
调用SystemServer的init2函数后，会开启新线程android.server.ServerThread，在新线程里会启动各种Java层的binder service，并在service manager里注册，这些Service大多开启了新线程运行，故此都是systemserver的子线程，添加的Service列表如下所示：
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ServiceManager.addService("entropy", new EntropyMixer());
ServiceManager.addService(Context.POWER_SERVICE, power);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.DISPLAY_SERVICE, display, true);
ServiceManager.addService("telephony.registry", telephonyRegistry);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.SCHEDULING_POLICY_SERVICE,
ServiceManager.addService(Context.USER_SERVICE,UserManagerService.getInstance());
ServiceManager.addService(Context.ACCOUNT_SERVICE, accountManager);
ServiceManager.addService("battery", battery);
ServiceManager.addService("vibrator", vibrator);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE, alarm);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE, wm);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.INPUT_SERVICE, inputManager);
ServiceManager.addService(BluetoothAdapter.BLUETOOTH_MANAGER_SERVICE, bluetooth);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE, imm);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE,new AccessibilityManagerService(context));
ServiceManager.addService("mount", mountService);
ServiceManager.addService("lock_settings", lockSettings);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.DEVICE_POLICY_SERVICE, devicePolicy);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.STATUS_BAR_SERVICE, statusBar);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE,new ClipboardService(context));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.NETWORKMANAGEMENT_SERVICE, networkManagement);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.TEXT_SERVICES_MANAGER_SERVICE, tsms);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE, networkStats);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.NETWORK_POLICY_SERVICE, networkPolicy);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.WIFI_P2P_SERVICE, wifiP2p);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE, wifi);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, connectivity);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.NSD_SERVICE, serviceDiscovery);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.THROTTLE_SERVICE, throttle);
ServiceManager.addService("fm_receiver",new FmReceiverService(context));
ServiceManager.addService("fm_transmitter",new FmTransmitterService(context));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.UPDATE_LOCK_SERVICE,new UpdateLockService(context));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.PROFILE_SERVICE, profile);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE, notification);
ServiceManager.addService(DeviceStorageMonitorService.SERVICE,
ServiceManager.addService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE, location);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.COUNTRY_DETECTOR, countryDetector);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.SEARCH_SERVICE,new SearchManagerService(context));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.DROPBOX_SERVICE,new DropBoxManagerService(context, new File("/data/system/dropbox")));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.WALLPAPER_SERVICE, wallpaper);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE, new AudioService(context));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.USB_SERVICE, usb);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.SERIAL_SERVICE, serial);
ServiceManager.addService(Context.BACKUP_SERVICE,new BackupManagerService(context));
ServiceManager.addService(Context.APPWIDGET_SERVICE, appWidget);
ServiceManager.addService("diskstats", new DiskStatsService(context));
ServiceManager.addService("samplingprofiler", new SamplingProfilerService(context));
ServiceManager.addService("commontime_management", commonTimeMgmtService);
ServiceManager.addService(DreamService.DREAM_SERVICE, dreamy);
ServiceManager.addService("assetredirection", new AssetRedirectionManagerService(context));
ServiceManager.addService("pieservice", pieService);
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上述并没有看到将ActivityManagerService添加到servicemanager管理，它的添加过程比较特别。在线程android.server.ServerThread里会调用ActivityManagerService.setSystemProcess();setSystemProcess函数的代码如下所示：
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public static void setSystemProcess() {//…
ActivityManagerService m = mSelf;
ServiceManager.addService("activity", m, true);
ServiceManager.addService("meminfo", new MemBinder(m));
ServiceManager.addService("gfxinfo", new GraphicsBinder(m));
ServiceManager.addService("dbinfo", new DbBinder(m));
if (MONITOR_CPU_USAGE) {ServiceManager.addService("cpuinfo", new CpuBinder(m));
}
ServiceManager.addService("permission", new PermissionController(m));
ApplicationInfo info =mSelf.mContext.getPackageManager().getApplicationInfo("android", STOCK_PM_FLAGS);
mSystemThread.installSystemApplicationInfo(info);
//…
}
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可以看到ActivityManagerService采用了单例模式，并调用ServiceManager.addService(“activity”, m, true);将ActivityManagerService交给servicemanager管理，在ActivityManagerService里还添加了别的binder service，像MemBinder，GraphicsBinder，DbBinder。
最后会调用Looper.loop();进入loop循环，等待和别的程序通信。
6) 启动系统界面
线程android.server.ServerThread里有如下代码：
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ActivityManagerService.self().systemReady(new Runnable() {public void run() {Slog.i(TAG, "Making services ready");if (!headless) startSystemUi(contextF);//...}
}
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startSystemUi就是用于启动系统界面的，代码如下：
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static final void startSystemUi(Context context) {Intent intent = new Intent();intent.setComponent(new ComponentName("com.android.systemui","com.android.systemui.SystemUIService"));//Slog.d(TAG, "Starting service: " + intent);context.startServiceAsUser(intent, UserHandle.OWNER);
}
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这样便启动了com.android.systemui应用，该应用将启动PowerUI和RingtonePlayer两个线程。
7) 启动Home 程序
线程android.server.ServerThread里有如下代码：
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//…
ActivityManagerService.self().systemReady(new Runnable() {public void run() {//…}});
//…
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ActivityManagerService.self().systemReady有如下代码：
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//…
mMainStack.resumeTopActivityLocked(null);
//…
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ActivityStack. resumeTopActivityLocked()有如下代码：
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resumeTopActivityLocked(prev, null);
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resumeTopActivityLocked的实现有如下代码：
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//…
if (next == null) {// There are no more activities! Let's just start up the// Launcher...if (mMainStack) {ActivityOptions.abort(options); return mService.startHomeActivityLocked(mCurrentUser);}
}
//…
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mService类型是ActivityManagerService，ActivityManagerService. startHomeActivityLocked的实现有如下代码：
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boolean startHomeActivityLocked(int userId) {//…
Intent intent = new Intent(mTopAction,mTopData != null ? Uri.parse(mTopData) : null);
intent.setComponent(mTopComponent);
//这里便添加了Intent.CATEGORY_HOME，
//所有的Home应用都会都带有该类型的Activity，只有这样才会被认为是Home应用
if (mFactoryTest != SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) {intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME);
}
ActivityInfo aInfo =resolveActivityInfo(intent, STOCK_PM_FLAGS, userId);
if (aInfo != null) {intent.setComponent(new ComponentName(aInfo.applicationInfo.packageName, aInfo.name));// Don't do this if the home app is currently being// instrumented.aInfo = new ActivityInfo(aInfo);aInfo.applicationInfo = getAppInfoForUser(aInfo.applicationInfo, userId);ProcessRecord app = getProcessRecordLocked(aInfo.processName,aInfo.applicationInfo.uid);if (app == null || app.instrumentationClass == null) {intent.setFlags(intent.getFlags() | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);mMainStack.startActivityLocked(null, intent, null, aInfo,null, null, 0, 0, 0, 0, null, false, null);}
}
}
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这样先找到使用Intent.CATEGORY_HOME声明的Activity组件，然后再调用mMainStack.startActivityLocked启动该Activity。
system server启动Home程序总结：
android.server.ServerThread->ActivityManagerService.self().systemReady->mMainStack.resumeTopActivityLocked->resumeTopActivityLocked-> mService.startHomeActivityLocked-> intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME);mMainStack.startActivityLocked
总结
内核初始化好后，运行的第一个用户程序是init，init将启动init.rc里声明的多个service，跟Android空间相关的有servicemanager和zygote，servicemanager负责管理所有的binder service，zygote负责孵化所有Android空间的程序。zygote service对应的程序是app_process，不过加了一些启动参数，所以它会启动Java层的ZygoteInit，在ZygoteInit里会启动SystemServer，SystemServer分为两个阶段：本地的init1和Java层的init2，init2里会启动线程android.server.ServerThread。在android.server.ServerThread线程里会启动Java层的各种binder service，比如ActivityManagerService，PackageManagerService，WindowManagerService。然后调用ActivityManagerService的systemReady方法，在该方法里会启动系统界面以及Home程序。
