Kaggle | IEEE Fraud Detection（EDA）
IEEE Fraud Detection - EDA
1 Description
In this competition, you’ll benchmark machine learning models on a challenging large-scale dataset. The data comes from Vesta’s real-world e-commerce transactions and contains a wide range of features from device type to product features. You also have the opportunity to create new features to improve your results.
If successful, you’ll improve the efficacy of fraudulent transaction alerts for millions of people around the world, helping hundreds of thousands of businesses reduce their fraud loss and increase their revenue. And of course, you will save party people just like you the hassle of false positives.
We need to predict the probability that an online transaction is fraudulent, as denoted by the binary target isFraud. The data is broken into two files identity and transaction, which are joined by TransactionID. Not all transactions have corresponding identity information.
2 Prepare the Data
2.1 Import and Preparation
First we import the necessary libraries that we need.
from sklearn import *
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import altair as alt
PATH='E:/kaggle/ieee-fraud-detection/'
tran_tr=pd.read_csv(PATH+'train_transaction.csv')
iden_tr=pd.read_csv(PATH+'train_identity.csv')
tran_ts=pd.read_csv(PATH+'test_transaction.csv')
iden_ts=pd.read_csv(PATH+'test_identity.csv')
To make the process simplier, we can merge the two datasets: identities and transaction.
train=pd.merge(tran_tr,iden_tr,on='TransactionID',how='left')
test=pd.merge(tran_ts,iden_ts,on='TransactionID',how='left')
print(f'Train: {train.shape[0]} rows {train.shape[1]} columns.')
print(f'Test: {test.shape[0]} rows {test.shape[1]} columns.')
2.2 Check the Data
We need to check out the missing value in the new dataset.
# check the missing valuesdata_na=(train.isnull().sum()/len(train))*100
missing_data=pd.DataFrame({'MissingRatio':data_na})
print((missing_data[0:50]))
print((missing_data[50:100]))
print((missing_data[100:150]))
print((missing_data[150:200]))
print((missing_data[200:250]))
print((missing_data[250:300]))
print((missing_data[300:350]))
print((missing_data[350:400]))
print((missing_data[400:434]))
MissingRatio
TransactionID 0.000000
isFraud 0.000000
TransactionDT 0.000000
TransactionAmt 0.000000
ProductCD 0.000000
card1 0.000000
card2 1.512683
card3 0.265012
card4 0.267044
card5 0.721204
card6 0.266028
addr1 11.126427
addr2 11.126427
dist1 59.652352
dist2 93.628374
P_emaildomain 15.994852
R_emaildomain 76.751617
C1 0.000000
C2 0.000000
C3 0.000000
C4 0.000000
C5 0.000000
C6 0.000000
C7 0.000000
C8 0.000000
C9 0.000000
C10 0.000000
C11 0.000000
C12 0.000000
C13 0.000000
C14 0.000000
D1 0.214888
D2 47.549192
D3 44.514851
D4 28.604667
D5 52.467403
D6 87.606767
D7 93.409930
D8 87.312290
D9 87.312290
D10 12.873302
D11 47.293494
D12 89.041047
D13 89.509263
D14 89.469469
D15 15.090087
M1 45.907136
M2 45.907136
M3 45.907136
M4 47.658753MissingRatio
M5 59.349409
M6 28.678836
M7 58.635317
M8 58.633115
M9 58.633115
V1 47.293494
V2 47.293494
V3 47.293494
V4 47.293494
V5 47.293494
V6 47.293494
V7 47.293494
V8 47.293494
V9 47.293494
V10 47.293494
V11 47.293494
V12 12.881939
V13 12.881939
V14 12.881939
V15 12.881939
V16 12.881939
V17 12.881939
V18 12.881939
V19 12.881939
V20 12.881939
V21 12.881939
V22 12.881939
V23 12.881939
V24 12.881939
V25 12.881939
V26 12.881939
V27 12.881939
V28 12.881939
V29 12.881939
V30 12.881939
V31 12.881939
V32 12.881939
V33 12.881939
V34 12.881939
V35 28.612626
V36 28.612626
V37 28.612626
V38 28.612626
V39 28.612626
V40 28.612626
V41 28.612626
V42 28.612626
V43 28.612626
V44 28.612626
V45 28.612626MissingRatio
V46 28.612626
V47 28.612626
V48 28.612626
V49 28.612626
V50 28.612626
V51 28.612626
V52 28.612626
V53 13.055170
V54 13.055170
V55 13.055170
V56 13.055170
V57 13.055170
V58 13.055170
V59 13.055170
V60 13.055170
V61 13.055170
V62 13.055170
V63 13.055170
V64 13.055170
V65 13.055170
V66 13.055170
V67 13.055170
V68 13.055170
V69 13.055170
V70 13.055170
V71 13.055170
V72 13.055170
V73 13.055170
V74 13.055170
V75 15.098723
V76 15.098723
V77 15.098723
V78 15.098723
V79 15.098723
V80 15.098723
V81 15.098723
V82 15.098723
V83 15.098723
V84 15.098723
V85 15.098723
V86 15.098723
V87 15.098723
V88 15.098723
V89 15.098723
V90 15.098723
V91 15.098723
V92 15.098723
V93 15.098723
V94 15.098723
V95 0.053172MissingRatio
V96 0.053172
V97 0.053172
V98 0.053172
V99 0.053172
V100 0.053172
V101 0.053172
V102 0.053172
V103 0.053172
V104 0.053172
V105 0.053172
V106 0.053172
V107 0.053172
V108 0.053172
V109 0.053172
V110 0.053172
V111 0.053172
V112 0.053172
V113 0.053172
V114 0.053172
V115 0.053172
V116 0.053172
V117 0.053172
V118 0.053172
V119 0.053172
V120 0.053172
V121 0.053172
V122 0.053172
V123 0.053172
V124 0.053172
V125 0.053172
V126 0.053172
V127 0.053172
V128 0.053172
V129 0.053172
V130 0.053172
V131 0.053172
V132 0.053172
V133 0.053172
V134 0.053172
V135 0.053172
V136 0.053172
V137 0.053172
V138 86.123717
V139 86.123717
V140 86.123717
V141 86.123717
V142 86.123717
V143 86.122701
V144 86.122701
V145 86.122701MissingRatio
V146 86.123717
V147 86.123717
V148 86.123717
V149 86.123717
V150 86.122701
V151 86.122701
V152 86.122701
V153 86.123717
V154 86.123717
V155 86.123717
V156 86.123717
V157 86.123717
V158 86.123717
V159 86.122701
V160 86.122701
V161 86.123717
V162 86.123717
V163 86.123717
V164 86.122701
V165 86.122701
V166 86.122701
V167 76.355370
V168 76.355370
V169 76.323534
V170 76.323534
V171 76.323534
V172 76.355370
V173 76.355370
V174 76.323534
V175 76.323534
V176 76.355370
V177 76.355370
V178 76.355370
V179 76.355370
V180 76.323534
V181 76.355370
V182 76.355370
V183 76.355370
V184 76.323534
V185 76.323534
V186 76.355370
V187 76.355370
V188 76.323534
V189 76.323534
V190 76.355370
V191 76.355370
V192 76.355370
V193 76.355370
V194 76.323534
V195 76.323534MissingRatio
V196 76.355370
V197 76.323534
V198 76.323534
V199 76.355370
V200 76.323534
V201 76.323534
V202 76.355370
V203 76.355370
V204 76.355370
V205 76.355370
V206 76.355370
V207 76.355370
V208 76.323534
V209 76.323534
V210 76.323534
V211 76.355370
V212 76.355370
V213 76.355370
V214 76.355370
V215 76.355370
V216 76.355370
V217 77.913435
V218 77.913435
V219 77.913435
V220 76.053104
V221 76.053104
V222 76.053104
V223 77.913435
V224 77.913435
V225 77.913435
V226 77.913435
V227 76.053104
V228 77.913435
V229 77.913435
V230 77.913435
V231 77.913435
V232 77.913435
V233 77.913435
V234 76.053104
V235 77.913435
V236 77.913435
V237 77.913435
V238 76.053104
V239 76.053104
V240 77.913435
V241 77.913435
V242 77.913435
V243 77.913435
V244 77.913435
V245 76.053104MissingRatio
V246 77.913435
V247 77.913435
V248 77.913435
V249 77.913435
V250 76.053104
V251 76.053104
V252 77.913435
V253 77.913435
V254 77.913435
V255 76.053104
V256 76.053104
V257 77.913435
V258 77.913435
V259 76.053104
V260 77.913435
V261 77.913435
V262 77.913435
V263 77.913435
V264 77.913435
V265 77.913435
V266 77.913435
V267 77.913435
V268 77.913435
V269 77.913435
V270 76.053104
V271 76.053104
V272 76.053104
V273 77.913435
V274 77.913435
V275 77.913435
V276 77.913435
V277 77.913435
V278 77.913435
V279 0.002032
V280 0.002032
V281 0.214888
V282 0.214888
V283 0.214888
V284 0.002032
V285 0.002032
V286 0.002032
V287 0.002032
V288 0.214888
V289 0.214888
V290 0.002032
V291 0.002032
V292 0.002032
V293 0.002032
V294 0.002032
V295 0.002032MissingRatio
V296 0.214888
V297 0.002032
V298 0.002032
V299 0.002032
V300 0.214888
V301 0.214888
V302 0.002032
V303 0.002032
V304 0.002032
V305 0.002032
V306 0.002032
V307 0.002032
V308 0.002032
V309 0.002032
V310 0.002032
V311 0.002032
V312 0.002032
V313 0.214888
V314 0.214888
V315 0.214888
V316 0.002032
V317 0.002032
V318 0.002032
V319 0.002032
V320 0.002032
V321 0.002032
V322 86.054967
V323 86.054967
V324 86.054967
V325 86.054967
V326 86.054967
V327 86.054967
V328 86.054967
V329 86.054967
V330 86.054967
V331 86.054967
V332 86.054967
V333 86.054967
V334 86.054967
V335 86.054967
V336 86.054967
V337 86.054967
V338 86.054967
V339 86.054967
id_01 75.576083
id_02 76.145223
id_03 88.768923
id_04 88.768923
id_05 76.823755
id_06 76.823755MissingRatio
id_07 99.127070
id_08 99.127070
id_09 87.312290
id_10 87.312290
id_11 76.127273
id_12 75.576083
id_13 78.440072
id_14 86.445626
id_15 76.126088
id_16 78.098012
id_17 76.399736
id_18 92.360721
id_19 76.408372
id_20 76.418024
id_21 99.126393
id_22 99.124699
id_23 99.124699
id_24 99.196159
id_25 99.130965
id_26 99.125715
id_27 99.124699
id_28 76.127273
id_29 76.127273
id_30 86.865411
id_31 76.245132
id_32 86.861855
id_33 87.589494
id_34 86.824771
id_35 76.126088
id_36 76.126088
id_37 76.126088
id_38 76.126088
DeviceType 76.155722
DeviceInfo 79.905510
As we can see, some columns contain massive missing point, even up to 90% percent, which will bring a lot of trouble to our processing. On the contrary, some columns don’t contain any missing value.
Then we check the target value.
# target valuetrain.isFraud.value_counts()
0 569877
1 20663
Name: isFraud, dtype: int64
As we can see, this dataset is unbalanced. Although we are dealing with a binary classification problem, we may not evaluate the outcome by accuracy only, as the accuracy will appear to be high if we classify all the data as ‘Not fraud’.
'''
# Just for data checkingfor col in train.columns:def check(mit):print(mit.value_counts())print(mit.isnull().value_counts())check(test.TransactionAmt)
'''
2.3 Summary
After some simple analytical work, we can see that this dataset contains all kinds of data:
TransactionDT/TransactionAmt：Continuous variable
ProductCD：Categorical variable (Five classes)
card1/2/3/5：Features with integers
card4/6：Categorical variable (Four classes, very unbalanced)
addr1/2：Strange features with integers
dist1/2：Strange features with integers (Many missing points, extremely unbalanced)
P_emaildomain：Categorical variable
R_emaildomain：Categorical variable (With lots of missing values)
C1-14：Strange features with integers (Some are really unbalanced, but without missing values)
D1-15：Strange features with integers (Some are really unbalanced, some have lots of missing values)
M1-9：Categorical features (T or F)
V1-339：Strange features with integers (Some are really unbalanced, some have lots of missing values)
id_01-38：Contain all kinds of features
Device Type/Info：Categorical features
3 Data Visualization
3.1 TransectionDT/TransectionAmt
We need to do some ‘Artisitic Work’ in this section, first let’s find out the distribution of TransactionDT in the training set and testing set.
# data visualization
# TransactionDTplt.figure(figsize=(18,10))
plt.title('Distribution of TransactionDT')
sns.distplot(train.TransactionDT,color='red',kde=True,label='train')
sns.distplot(test.TransactionDT,color='blue',kde=True,label='test')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
# 30 Days gap between train and test
We can see that this feature represents the time and there’s a gap around 30 days between the training set and testing set.
Then we visualize the distribution of TransactionAmt, we also plot the distribution in both training set and testing set.
# TransactionAmt & log-TransactionAmtplt.figure(figsize=(18,10))
plt.suptitle('Distribution of TransactionAmt')
plt.subplot(221)
g1=sns.distplot(train.TransactionAmt,color='red',kde=True,bins=960,label='train')
g1=sns.distplot(test.TransactionAmt,color='blue',kde=True,bins=960,label='test')
g1.set_title("Transaction Amount Distribuition", fontsize=18)
plt.axis([-10,3000,-0.0001,0.01])
plt.legend()plt.subplot(222)
g2=sns.distplot(np.log(train.TransactionAmt),color='red',kde=True,bins=180,label='train')
g2=sns.distplot(np.log(test.TransactionAmt),color='blue',kde=True,bins=180,label='test')
g2.set_title("Transaction Amount Distribuition(Log)", fontsize=18)
plt.axis([-1,10,-0.01,1.5])
plt.legend()
plt.show()
We can see that the data has obvious amesiality, so we use log function to transform the data, after the transformation we can see that the distribution of data becomes clearer.
3.2 Product/Card
Product CD is a categorical feature, and we calculate the total for each category, and we separate the two types of target values.
# product CDfig,ax=plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(11,11))
sns.countplot(x="ProductCD", ax=ax, hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax.set_title('ProductCD train', fontsize=14)
plt.show()
cards 4 and cards 6 are also categorical features so we do the same process.
# cards 4 & 6fig,ax=plt.subplots(1,4,figsize=(26,8))
sns.countplot(x="card4",ax=ax[0],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==0])
ax[0].set_title("card4 isFraud=0",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="card4",ax=ax[1],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==1])
ax[1].set_title("card4 isFraud=1",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="card6",ax=ax[2],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==0])
ax[2].set_title("card6 isFraud=0",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="card6",ax=ax[3],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==1])
ax[3].set_title("card6 isFraud=1",fontsize=14)
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'card6 isFraud=1')
card 1,2,3,5 are numerical features, so we plot the distributions.
# card 1,2,3,5fig,ax=plt.subplots(1,4,figsize=(26,8))
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['card1'],bins=50,ax=ax[0],label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['card1'],bins=50,ax=ax[0],label='isFraud==1')
ax[0].legend()
ax[0].set_title("card1")
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['card2'],bins=50,ax=ax[1],label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['card2'],bins=50,ax=ax[1],label='isFraud==1')
ax[1].legend()
ax[1].set_title("card2")
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['card3'],bins=50,ax=ax[2],label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['card3'],bins=50,ax=ax[2],label='isFraud==1')
ax[2].legend()
ax[2].set_title("card3")
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['card5'],bins=50,ax=ax[3],label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['card5'],bins=50,ax=ax[3],label='isFraud==1')
ax[3].legend()
ax[3].set_title("card5")Text(0.5, 1.0, 'card5')
We can see that the distributions may show the correlation with fraud or not.
3.3 Addr/Dist
Let see the order columns in the data set.
# addr1/2fig,ax=plt.subplots(2,1,figsize=(16,12))
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['addr1'],ax=ax[0],bins=200,label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['addr1'],ax=ax[0],bins=200,label='isFraud==1')
ax[0].legend()
ax[0].set_title('addr1')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['addr2'],ax=ax[1],bins=200,label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['addr2'],ax=ax[1],bins=200,label='isFraud==1')
ax[1].legend()
ax[1].set_title('addr2')
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'addr2')
Addr1 is relatively decentralized, but addr2 basically gathering around a particular number, that’s weird before we know the actual meaning of the data.
What about the dist features?
# dist1/2fig,ax=plt.subplots(2,1,figsize=(16,12))
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['dist1'],ax=ax[0],bins=200,label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['dist1'],ax=ax[0],bins=200,label='isFraud==1')
ax[0].legend()
ax[0].set_title('dist1')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==0]['dist2'],ax=ax[1],bins=200,label='isFraud==0')
sns.distplot(train.loc[train['isFraud']==1]['dist2'],ax=ax[1],bins=200,label='isFraud==1')
ax[1].legend()
ax[1].set_title('dist2')
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'dist2')
We can see that most of the values for these two characteristics are zero, and there are a few other values lie scattered.
3.4 Emails
# emailfig,ax=plt.subplots(1,3,figsize=(26,10))
sns.countplot(y="P_emaildomain",ax=ax[0],data=train)
ax[0].set_title("P_emaildomain",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(y="P_emaildomain",ax=ax[1],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==1])
ax[1].set_title("P_emaildomain isFraud==1",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(y="P_emaildomain",ax=ax[2],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==0])
ax[2].set_title("P_emaildomain isFraud==0",fontsize=14)
fig,ax=plt.subplots(1,3,figsize=(26,10))
sns.countplot(y="R_emaildomain",ax=ax[0],data=train)
ax[0].set_title("R_emaildomain",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(y="R_emaildomain",ax=ax[1],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==1])
ax[1].set_title("R_emaildomain isFraud==1",fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(y="R_emaildomain",ax=ax[2],data=train.loc[train['isFraud']==0])
ax[2].set_title("R_emaildomain isFraud==0",fontsize=14)
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'R_emaildomain isFraud==0')
3.5 C/D/M/V columns
These features are numerous in the dataset, up to hundreds. However, we can not infer their actual meaning by the column names only. So we process a basic visual chart to see what’s going on in these columns.
# C columnsc_cols = [c for c in train if c[0] == 'C']
sampled_train = pd.concat([train.loc[train['isFraud'] == 0].sample(1000),train.loc[train['isFraud'] == 1].sample(1000)])
sns.pairplot(sampled_train, hue='isFraud',vars=c_cols)
plt.show()
# D columnsd_cols = [c for c in train if c[0] == 'D']
sampled_train = pd.concat([train.loc[train['isFraud'] == 0].sample(1000),train.loc[train['isFraud'] == 1].sample(1000)])
sns.pairplot(sampled_train, hue='isFraud',vars=c_cols)
plt.show()
fig,ax=plt.subplots(1,3,figsize=(18,8))
sns.countplot(x="M1", ax=ax[0], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[0].set_title('M1', fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="M2", ax=ax[1], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[1].set_title('M2', fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="M3", ax=ax[2], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[2].set_title('M3', fontsize=14)
fig,ax=plt.subplots(1,3,figsize=(18,8))
sns.countplot(x="M4", ax=ax[0], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[0].set_title('M4', fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="M5", ax=ax[1], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[1].set_title('M5', fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="M6", ax=ax[2], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[2].set_title('M6', fontsize=14)
fig,ax=plt.subplots(1,3,figsize=(18,8))
sns.countplot(x="M7", ax=ax[0], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[0].set_title('M7', fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="M8", ax=ax[1], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[1].set_title('M8', fontsize=14)
sns.countplot(x="M9", ax=ax[2], hue = "isFraud", data=train)
ax[2].set_title('M9', fontsize=14)
plt.show()
v_cols = [c for c in train if c[0] == 'V']
train['v_mean']=train[v_cols].mean(axis=1)
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, sharex=True, figsize=(15, 6))
train.loc[train['isFraud'] == 1]['v_mean'].sample(10000) \.apply(np.log) \.plot(kind='hist',bins=339,title='log transformed mean of V columns - Fraud',ax=ax1)
train.loc[train['isFraud'] == 0]['v_mean'].sample(10000) \.apply(np.log) \.plot(kind='hist',bins=339,title='log transformed mean of V columns - Not Fraud',ax=ax2)
plt.show()
3.6 Device type
# device typetrain.groupby('DeviceType') \.mean()['isFraud'] \.sort_values() \.plot(kind='barh',figsize=(15, 5),title='Percentage of Fraud by Device Type')
plt.show()
# device infotrain.groupby('DeviceInfo') \.mean()['isFraud']\.sort_values()\.plot(kind='barh',figsize=(10,60),title='Percentage of Fraud by Device Info',fontsize=10)
plt.show()
We can see that the precentage of fraud with different devices may vary a lot. This may contain important information.
Finally, let’s look at the correlation of these variables visually, some features may just contain same information, so it will be inefficient for us to build the models with all the features.
col=['isFraud','TransactionAmt','C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6','C7','C8','C9','C10','C11','C12','C13','C14','D1','D2','D3','D4','D5','D6','D7','D8','D9','D10','D11','D12','D13','D14','D15','V126','V127','V128','V129','V130','V131','V132','V133','V134','V135','V136','V137']
data_corr=train[col]
corrmat=data_corr.corr()
plt.subplots(figsize=(18,18))
sns.heatmap(corrmat,vmax=0.9,square=True)
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x2f8d84190b8>
We can see that the features in the same types (For example, with same initial) have strong correlation, the features in different types may be not so relevant.
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