定语与名词的左二右六规则
限定词+形容词+名词+介词短语/分词短语/不定式短语/形容词短语/定语从句/同位语从句

限定词的种类 7个
1.冠词(the, a, an);2.基数词和序数词(one/first, two/second);3.指示限定词(this, that, these, those);4.物主限定词(my, your, his, her, our, their);5.数量限定词(a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, some, any, enough, several, most, all);6.个体限定词(each, every, either, neither, both);7.名词属格(Mary's, his father's)

名词的分类
专有名词+普通名词(可数名词(个体名词+集体名词)+不可数名词(物质名词+抽象名词))

专有名词中包括哪些类
人名、头衔、著作、月份、星期、节日、国家、大洲、地区、城市、江河湖、山脉、沙漠

七夕
the seventh of the seventh lunar month

名词表示不可数含义时的规律 5个
1.无法分割(气体、液体);2.太小不容易数(盐);3.表示总称大类别,equipment、furniture;4.抽象名词(情绪);5.学科名

不可数名词表示可数含义时的规律 3个
1.液体表示几杯、几瓶two beers;2.总称名词表示不同种类;3.抽象名词具体化

glass是可数还是不可数
无法回答,要看语境。表示玻璃材质时为不可数,表示一块儿玻璃用a piece of glass或a pane of glass,表示玻璃杯时为可数,表示眼镜时只用复数a pair of glasses

water是可数还是不可数
表示海域、领海时可数the waters of the East China Sea,表示水物质时不可数

art是可数还是不可数
不可数:艺术,可数:一项技艺

collection是可数还是不可数
不可数:收藏品总称,可数:具体的收藏品

站票
standing room

area是可数还是不可数
不可数:面积总称,可数:具体带数字的面积,或表示地区、区域

work是可数还是不可数
不可数:工作;可数:作品,a work,two works

word是可数还是不可数
不可数:信息、新闻;可数:字、单词、某人所言(写)

不可数名词有单复数么
只有单数形式,没有复数形式

可数名词有单复数么
既有单数形式,也有复数形式。只有可数名词才有复数

只用作单数的名词
不可数名词、专有名词,没有词形的变化

只用作复数的名词 2个
没有词形的变化,1.由两部分合在一起的(scales天平、scissors剪刀、slacks休闲裤);2.表示集体的名词(people人们,人民、cattle牛群、police警方、poultry家禽、livestock牲畜),表示民族时people可加s

我近视
I'm shortsighted

photo变复数
photos

bamboo变复数
bamboos

chief变复数
chiefs

belief变复数
beliefs

可数名词变复数规则 4个
1.一般在词尾加s;2.-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es,-ch结尾若发/k/音时加-s;3.辅音字母+y结尾的变ies,元音字母+y结尾的直接加s;4.-f,-fe结尾的变ves,life-lives,thief-thieves

man/woman+名词 变复数
两个都要变,man teacher -> men teachers

-man/-woman/-child结尾的名词变复数
fireman -> firemen,German特殊,不是合成词,Germans

名词+介词/介词短语变复数
名词变复数,passer-by -> passers-by,looker-on -> lookers-on,mother-in-law -> mothers-in-law

动词短语复合名词变复数
词尾加s,grown-up -> grown-ups

名词+形容词变复数
名词变复数,secretary general -> secretaries general

aircraft变复数
aircraft,单复数同形

单复数同形举例
1.3 billion Chinese,Japanese,British,Swiss,Portuguese,Vietnamese,sheep,deer,spacecraft

arm--arms
手臂--weapons武器、军事

quarter-quarters
四分之一--营房

custom--customs
风俗--海关

damage--damages
损坏--赔偿金

letter--letters
信、字母--文学

minute--minutes
分钟--会议记录

spirit--spirits
精神--烈酒

premise--premises
前提--房屋、营业场所business premises

security--securities
安全--证券securities market

line--lines
线、行--台词

heart--hearts
心脏--红桃

spade--spades
铁锹--黑桃

club--clubs
俱乐部--梅花

diamond--diamonds
钻石--方片

mean--means
平均值--方法、方式

economic--economics
adj.经济(上)的--n.经济学(学科)

mathematic--mathematics
adj.数学的、精确的--n.数学(学科)

physic--physics
没有这个词--物理学(学科)

steelwork--steelworks
钢结构--炼钢厂

earnings
收入

savings
存款

wages
工资,通常用复数,也可以是单数,a weekly wage

ancient times还是ancient time
ancient times古代、上古

modern times还是modern time
modern times近代

news
新闻、消息,不可数名词,不是复数,two pieces of news才加复数动词

circumstances
表示条件、情况、状况时通常用复数形式

“我要一美元的糖果”怎么说
I want a dollar's worth of candy.

“一个月的假期”怎么说
a month's holiday

“有白头发”怎么说
a few white hairs

“十头牛”怎么说
ten head of cattle,head后没有s

“大量信息”怎么说
a large amount of information,a great deal of information

“我腿上的肌肉”怎么说
my leg muscles

“20分钟的走路路程”怎么说
twenty minutes' walk

“自行车的重量”怎么说
the weight of a bike

“有很多坏消息”怎么说
there is too much bad news

什么名词使用's所有格
有生命的、集体(company,party)、年月日、时间、重量单位、金钱单位、国家、城市、组织、地理名词、交通工具

单数名词's所有格形式
词尾加's

复数名词's所有格形式
1.不以s、es结尾的,在词尾加's;2.以s结尾的,在词尾加'

复合名词's所有格形式
最后一个词尾加's

并列名词's所有格形式
1.共有的,在最后一个词尾加's;2.分开的,在每个词后都加's

's的逻辑语义 4个
1.所属,“……的”:student's book;2.不及物动词变成的名词,“……的”:the visitor's departure;3.及物动词变成的名词,“受到的”:the children's education;4.同位语关系

什么名词使用of所有格 2个
无生命的和有生命的名词被从句修饰What is the name of the boy sitting next to her?

of的逻辑语义 4个
1.所属,“……的”;2.不及物动词变成的名词,反向翻译:the arrival of my mother我妈妈到了;3.及物动词变成的名词,正向翻译:a statement of the facts陈述事实;4.同位语关系:the news of the team's victory

lost与loss辨析
lost动词or形容词,丢失;loss名词,失去、损失、亏损

breath与breathe辨析
breath不可数名词,一口气;breathe动词,呼吸

prose与poet与poetry辨析
prose不可数名词,散文;poet可数名词,诗人;poetry不可数名词,诗、诗歌

the的读音
在辅音音素前读[ðə],在元音音素前或接专有名词时表强调读[ði],the MVP,the L letter

如何表示泛指 4个
1.不可数名词前无冠词;2.复数名词前无冠词,但有特例(1)the+以ese/sh/ch结尾的国籍名词,(2)the+形容词,也可以表示泛指;3.the+单数名词,既可以表示泛指,也可以表示特指,要根据上下文语境判断;4.a/an+单数名词,可以表示泛指,指某一类事物中任何一个具有代表性的成员,相当于any

对话中如何表示特指
只能用the。在你觉得被修饰名词你自己知道,且觉得对方也知道时,就用the,但其实对方可能并不知道,这时他应该会追问。举例:1.the sun全世界的的人都知道(你和所有人对话);2.the President同一个国家的人都知道(你和本国人之间对话);3.the train station同一地区的人都知道(你和同一地区的人之间对话);4.the bus即时情景(bus正从两个人面前经过)。

文章中如何表示特指 3个
只能用the。1.相同的名词第二次出现时,用the修饰;2.在前文给出大背景后说其中的细节,用the修饰,如I went to New York last week. The traffic is awful.;3.名词被后置定语修饰,且名词是表达被限定的、特殊的事物时,若是表示没有限制的、广泛的事物则不加the

特指、定指/不定指、泛指
特指:说者和听者都知道(定指);定指/不定指:说者或听者有一方不知道;泛指:说者和听者都不知道(不定指)。除了特指,其他情况都用a/an

表示定指和不定指的代词是什么
定指用it,不定指用one

a/an后接什么类型的名词
大多数情况接可数名词单数,不能接复数名词,可接部分不可数名词(在表示一种、一类、一杯时)

a/an与one
one偏向数量的表达;a/an偏向单位中“每一”的表达,如每周,每千克,The rent is $100 a week.

一些短语中用冠词与不用冠词的原则
用冠词时强调的是具体的地点,不用冠词时强调的是地点应该发生的活动

at table;at the table
吃饭;在桌边

go to bed;go to the bed
上床睡觉;到床边

in bed;in the bed
在睡觉;躺在床上

in hospital;in the hospital
生病住院;在医院里

come out of hospital;come out of the hospital
痊愈出院;从医院出来

go to school;go to the school
上学;去学校

in school;in the school
在学校读书;在学校里

in class;in the class
在上课;在这个班级

at desk;at the desk
在读书;在桌边

go to sea;go to the sea
(水手)出海;去海边

be at sea;be at the sea
在海上航行;在海边

by sea;by the sea
乘船;在海边

in office;in the office
在职、上台;在办公室里

out of office;out of the office
离职、下台;离开办公室

behind time;behind the time
迟到;过时

in red;in the red
穿着红色的衣服;亏损、负债

by day;by the day
白天;按日计算

in secret;in the secret
秘密的;知道内情

in front of;in the front of
在……(外部)的前面;在……(内部)的前面

take place;take the place
发生;取代

out of question;out of the question
毫无疑问;完全不可能

men of age;men of an age
成年人;同龄人

keep house;keep the house
料理家务;守在家里

with child;with a/the child
怀孕;和孩子在一起

乐器、乐团要不要加the
要加,play the guitar,the Beatles

球类、棋类运动要不要加the
不要加,play chess,play football

一个机构中独一无二的头衔要不要加the
出现在表语、补足语、同位语时可以不加。如馆长、主席、总统

在大自然中怎么说
in nature

在社会中怎么说
in society

在太空中怎么说
in space

人类怎么说
man、mankind

在历史上怎么说
in history

on Monday什么意思
要根据时态来判断是离当前时间最近的已经过去的周一还是下个周一,具体日期,以说话时间作为参照的

on Mondays什么意思
每周一、每逢周一

on the Monday什么意思
要根据上下文中的时间作为参照,那个周一

on a Monday什么意思
不确定的某个周一

a few,few后接什么类型名词
可数名词复数

a little,little后接什么类型名词
不可数名词

a few,a little什么意思
有一些

few,little什么意思
很少、几乎没有

only a few,only a little什么意思
同few,little

very few,very little什么意思
强调否定,特别少

another few weeks是什么意思
“还有几个星期”,肯定的意思,等于a few more weeks,因为another不能和a连用

如何表示一些
some/any+不可数名词或可数名词复数。此时any常用在否定句和疑问句;some常用在肯定句,但在期望对方回答“是”时,可以用在疑问句

如何表示任何一个
any+可数名词单数,any person,可以用在任何句型中,比如肯定句

如何表示某一个
some+可数名词单数,some object某个物体。或带有蔑视含义,some bargain什么破烂货

如何表示大约
some+数词,暗指这是一个给人印象深刻的很大的数字,some 1500 passengers

each,every后接什么类型名词
都只能加可数名词单数

each,every什么词性
each可以是代词,也可以是限定词;every只作限定词,所以后面只能是名词,而不能是介词。each/every boy,each of the boys=every one of the boys,each has a gift

each,every什么意思
each两个或两个以上的每个,every三个或三个以上的每个。each强调每个独立个体,互相之间;every强调整体,泛泛的每个。each and every既强调个体差别,又强调整体。every可与数词搭配表示频率,every four years每四年

another,other后接什么类型名词
another只能加可数名词单数;other可以加可数名词单数、可数名词复数、不可数名词,the other boy,other boys,other water

another,other什么意思
another不确定的另一个、再一个,是“一个”;other不确定的另外的、其余的,可能是“多个”

another,other如何与数词搭配
another+数词+复数名词=数词+more+复数名词,表示在原有基础上延续,累加延续;数词+other+复数名词,单纯的表示另外的、其他的,不具有累加延续

other,others区别
other是限定词,后面必须有名词;others是代词,要单独使用,后面不能加名词

other,the other区别
other+名词表示不确定的其他的、另外的;the other+名词表示确定范围中的剩余的。others,the others同理

either,neither后接什么类型名词
都只能加可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数

either,neither什么词性
都既可以是限定词,接可数名词单数;也可以是代词,单独使用或接of短语(必须有限定词、名词用复数、后面谓语用单数),如:Either of the answers is right. Neither of my children has done that.

either的含义 2个
1.“两个中的任何一个”,前面要有语境表明范围是两个;2.“两个中的每一个”,either/each side of the river,或both sides of the river

neither的含义
“两者都不”,等于either……not……,如:Neither of the answers is correct等于Either of the answers is not correct.

如何表示“都” 2个
1.both,“两者都”,both of us、both John and Tom;2.all,“三者或三者以上都”,all of us、all of the students

如何表示“都不” 2个
1.neither,“两者都不”;2.none,“三者或三者以上都不”

如何表示“另外一个” 2个
1.the other,“两者中的另外一个”,确定,因为就两个;2.another,“三者或三者以上的另外一个”,不确定,因为有多个

如何表示“每一个” 2个
1.each,“两者或两者以上的每一个”;2.every,“三者或三者以上的每一个”

只与可数名词单数搭配的限定词 8个
a、an、each、every、another、either、neither、one

只与可数名词复数搭配的限定词 10个
few、a few、fewer、both、a number of、many、several、these、those、two、three等基数词

只与不可数名词搭配的限定词 7个
little、a little、less、much、a bit of、a great deal of、a great amount of

可以与可数名词复数和不可数名词搭配的限定词 6个
a lot of、lots of、plenty of、more、most、all

可以与任何名词搭配的限定词 7个
any、some、other、no、the、物主限定词(my、your)、名词属格(Tom's)

限定词与of搭配规则
数量或个体词+of+特指限定词+复数名词或不可数名词,特指限定词:如this,that,these,those,my,your,his,her,its,their,our,Mary's,the teacher's,the

all/most/some/any+of+特指限定词+?
all/most/some/any+of+特指限定词+可数名词复数/不可数名词,如:most of the people、most people

many/a few/few/several/both/two/three+of+特指限定词+?
many/a few/few/several/both/two/three+of+特指限定词+可数名词复数,如:many of these students、many students

much/a little/little+of+特指限定词+?
much/a little/little+of+特指限定词+不可数名词,如:much of the water或much water

all,both怎么接
all和both用法相同,可以all students,all of my students,all my students

不定代词+of规则
someone/anyone/everyone/no one后不加of,如:Everyone is here;some one/any one/every one/none后加of,如:None of us has a gift,Every one of us has a gift

限定词之间的位置关系
(倍数half/twice/double 互斥 分数one third/two-thirds 互斥 all/both) + (冠词the/a/an 互斥 形容词性物主代词my/your/their 互斥 指示代词this/those 互斥 名词所有格Mary's) + (序数词first/next/previous/other/another + 基数词one/two 数量限定词many/more/few)。如:half/double my salary,all my salary,half an hour,twice that size,the two children,my next plan,my many friends,my next two plans,several other people,the first two weeks

限定词与形容词的区别
1.限定词是限定名词的范围,形容词是描述名词的性质、特征;2.限定词一般不做表语

前置形容词的顺序
主观评价+大小+形状+年龄/新旧+颜色+ing/ed+国籍+材质+用途 + 名词,由外到内

形容词后置修饰名词形式 4个
1.adj+介词:a jacket similar to yours;2.adj+不定式短语:parents eager to support their children's efforts;3.adj+动名词:a waiter busy serving the guests;4.形容词用and并列

单音节adj“一个元音+辅音”变比较级最高级规则
双写词尾辅音加er或est

little的比较级、最高级
less,least

many/much的比较级、最高级
more,most

far的比较级、最高级
farther,farthest:更远,最远;further,furthest:除了可以表示更远,最远,还可以表示抽象上的远,即更进一步,更深入的

old的比较级、最高级
older,oldest指年龄上的长幼;elder,eldest主要指家庭成员间的长幼

late的比较级、最高级
later时间上较迟的,latest最近的、最新的;latter顺序上的后者,last上一个,最后一个

than的比较级句型 3个
1.A+比较级+than+B,A、B为同类型的人或事物,如:This question is less difficult than that question;2.A+比较级+情形1+than+情形2,如:He did much better in the finals this term than last term;3.比较级+than+(any)+other,比较对象是包含关系,要用other或else区分开,如:Iron is more useful than any other metal

什么情况下比较级前面加the
当of the two出现在比较级中时,如:I think this painting is the more interesting of the two.

more and more后面接什么句型
more and more+多音节adj,如:The city is becoming more and more beautiful.

哪些词可以修饰比较级
a bit、a little bit、a little、a lot、a great deal、any、even、far、by far、much、very much、no、rather、still、slightly,如:He makes far fewer mistakes in spelling than before.他犯的拼写错误比以前少多了

否定意义的词+比较级表达什么意思
相当于最高级,few、nothing、never、not,如:It coulden't be worse,Few are better qualified for the job than he is再没有谁比他更适合做这项工作了,I have never heard a better song我从未听过比这更好的歌

最高级句型 3个
1.the+最高级+in+地点,如:It is the most expensive car in the world;2.the+序数词+最高级+in+地方,如:The Huanghe River is the second longest river in China;3.the+形容词/副词的最高级+of+所属范围,of短语可放在句首,如:Gold is the least useful of all metals等于Of all metals, gold is the least useful,Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used.

most前面没有the时是什么意思
“非常、很”,相当于very、very much,如:The story is most interesting,It is a most difficult problem.

-ing与-ed形容词特点
-ing表示引起人的某种感觉,外因引起;-ed表示自发的、内在的情绪、感觉

the exciting news;the excited man
激动人心的消息;显得很激动的人

a frightened boy;a frightening story
受到惊吓的男孩;让人毛骨悚然的故事

the annoyed man;the annoying words
被激怒的人;令人气愤的话

-ing可以修饰人么?
可以,-ing表示给别人的感觉。a boring man一个无趣的人,a bored man一个烦闷的人

-ed可以修饰物么?
可以,表面上-ed修饰物,但实际是反应主语人的心境、感受。Tom had a frightening look on his face汤姆的表情吓死人了,Tom had a frightened look on his face汤姆吓坏了,满脸都是惊恐的表情

如何区分动词后接的是双宾语还是宾语+宾补
在宾语后加上be动词,如果意思通顺,那后面就是补足语

简单体(一般体)的核心意义
被概念化的整体事件,这些事件是无法继续发展的。被静态化了而不是动作化。具有完整和不变的核心含义

进行体的核心含义
表示不完整的或未完成的,被看做是一个整体的某个部分,往往表示还有继续发展或变化的余地

一般现在时表达什么意思 2个
1.表示普遍的事实或真理,如科学事实、客观真理、谚语格言、感悟、结论、观点、总结,如:Knowledge is power;2.表示重复活动,如经常发生的、习惯性的动作、日常重复活动或是存在的状态,被状态化了,句中可能出现频率,every day,twice a day

一般现在时与完成进行时的区别
一般现在时无法表达明确的时间段,而现在完成进行时表达“到目前为止”,如:I swim 100 meters every afternoon我每天下午游100米,I have been swimming 100 meters every afternoon, but I think I'll make it a little longer later到目前为止,我是每天下午游100米

一般现在时如何表示正在发生的动作 2个
1.在以there或here开头的句子中,表示目前的短暂动作,Here comes your wife;2.对当前说话时正在发生的瞬间动作进行解释,如比赛解说、剧情介绍、给别人示范动作时的说明

一般现在时如何表示将来发生的动作 2个
1.条件状语从句或时间状语从句中;2.时间表,如The train starts at 2 o'clock. We move next week.

一般现在时如何表示过去发生的动作 2个
"有些类似于普遍的事实或真理,1.表示死者的理论或著作,如:Francis Bacon says, ""Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.""弗朗西斯培根说:“读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确”;2.引用书刊、报纸、通知或最近收到的信件的内容时,如:The newspaper reads报纸上写着,The sign on the washing machine says, ""Out of Order."",洗衣机上写着:“洗衣机坏了” "

一般过去时表达什么意思 2个
1.表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或状态,动作已经结束了,没有延续到现在的意思;2.表示在过去某一时间段内延续或重复的动作,动作已经结束了,没有延续到现在的意思

一般过去时可以和for连用么
可以,表示在过去一段时间内发生的动作,动作并没有持续到现在,结束时间与现在有断档,而现在完成时加for的动作,持续到现在,时间没有断档

I don't know和I didn't know的区别
如果别人问你个事情,你现在答不出来,就用I don't know;那么别人给你讲完了你明白了,那就用I didn't know,表示我之前不知道,但是现在知道了

I forget和I forgot的区别
比如别人考你个单词,但是你忘了,就是I forget the meaning of the word;比如你之前答应了别人什么事儿,但是在你看到那人时,才想起来忘了给那人办,之前忘了,就是I forgot to bring your earphone back;不会出现I forget to do的句子,因为表示的是我现在忘了之后要干什么,没有这种语境

I think和I thought的区别
发表自己的观点,用I think;表示我本来以为时,用I thought,即和自己之前想的不一样,之前认为是怎样但现在不这么想了

Nice to meet you和Nice meeting you的区别
刚见面时用Nice to meet you.(It is nice to meet you),分别时用Nice meeting you.(It was nice meeting you)

一般过去时在什么条件下表示礼貌表达
用在口语中。I wondered if you could help me. Could you give me a hand?

will可以表示什么意思 4个
1.表示临时想出的预测,只是说话人主观认为将要发生,没有证据支持,动作发生时间可近可远,语气正式;2.表示在某种条件下会发生的预测,if条件句中;3.表示意愿,“愿意”,当机立断的决定,必须人做主语,如:I'll answer the phone;4.疑问句中的请求或邀请,如:Will you marry me?

be going to do可以表示什么意思 3个
口语中可以是be gonna,1.表示有证据支持的预测,且发生时间较近,表预测时语气没有will正式,如:It's going to rain;2.表示说话者无法控制的即将发生的事情,如:Help! I'm going to fall不小心失足;3.表示事先计划好的要做的事情,个人的意图或打算,必须人做主语,而表预测时可以是物做主语

“补考”怎么说
a makeup test

现在进行时表将来的条件是什么 2个
1.上下文中要有将来的时间状语;2.必须是人做主语

现在进行时表将来的含义是什么
表示计划时比be going to方式更确定,已在日程表中

be to do表将来的含义是什么 2个
1.表示已经安排好要做的事情,比较正式,如:She is to be married next month;2.表示强烈的命令,相当于must、should,如:You are to finish your homework before you go to play

be about to do表将来的含义是什么
表示在5分钟之内要发生的动作,“正要,马上就要”,如:The train is about to leave

比be about to do发生还要近的短语是什么
be on the point/verge/brink/eve of doing,如:The child was on the verge of laughing, but he held back这孩子差一点笑出声来,但还是忍住了

进行时的核心含义是什么 4个
持续性,短暂性,未完成,可变化性

现在进行时能表达什么意思 6个
1.正在进行的动作,如:I'm doing my laundry;2.在最近一段时间内持续的一般活动,一种暂时的情况,并不一定正在发生,如:I am taking a grammar course in school;3.用户表示“改变、变化”的动词上强调“逐渐变化”的过程,如:It's getting dark;4.表达强烈的感情色彩,如:What are you saying?你tm说什么,What did you say?(没听到)你刚才在说什么,What are we waiting for then?我们还在等什么;5.表达将来确定的计划、安排,必须有上下文语境或时间状语来表达将来时间;6.与always连用表示多次重复,表达正面或负面的含义,如:He's always giving his friends gifts他总是送朋友礼物,He's always pulling my leg他总拿我开玩笑,He is forever looking for his keys他总是到处找钥匙

“你最近在和谁约会么?”怎么说
Are you seeing anybody?

“你那天是在可怜我么?”怎么说
You took pity on me?

“他们在谈恋爱”怎么说
They are going together.

“在某种意义上”怎么说
in a sense

过去进行时能表达什么意思 4个
1.过去某个时刻正在发生的事情,如:I was discussing my thesis with director at this time last night昨晚的这个时候我正在和导师讨论我的论文;2.给出故事的背景,如:I was watching TV when the telephone rang;3.表达两个同时在持续的动作,如:While I was studying last night, my wife was watching TV;4.在口语中表示委婉的请求或建议,如:I was wondering if……,I was hoping/thinking that……,“我希望……”

when与while的区别
when后面接短动作时用一般过去时,接长动作时用过去进行时;while只能接长动作,用过去进行时

will be doing与be doing表将来的区别 2个
口语中,1.be doing只表示最近的将来,而will be doing可以表示任意的将来,如:He will be giving a lecture next year;2.be doing上下文必须有明确的表将来的时间状语,而will be doing没有限制

将来进行时能表达什么意思 5个
1.将来某个时刻正在发生的事情,如:I will be lying on the beach in the sun;2.在口语中表示将来计划好的事情,与be doing类似;3.给出时间背景,如:They probably will be watching TV when we get there;4.在疑问句中客气的询问,比will do委婉,will do有“质问、请求、命令”的意思,will be doing表示“会不会……”;5.否定陈述句中表示客观的将来,如:He won't resign他拒绝辞职,He won't be resigning他不会辞职,He is not going to resign他不打算辞职

进行时可以谈论次数么
不可以,因为把动作割裂开了,谈论次数时可用过去时或完成时

按动词词义可以把动词分为哪3类
静态意思的动词、短暂动词、延续动词

静态含义的动词有哪7类
1.感官动词smell、see、hear、taste、feel;2.认知相关know、believe、imagine、want、realize、remember、forget、recognize、think、understand、mean、doubt;3.所属关系have、belong、own、possess、bear(拥有);4.观点、态度like、love、hate、care、envy、fear、mind、dislike、want、desire、need、prefer、wish、doubt、appreciate;5.度量equal、measure、weigh、cost;6.相互关系contain、entail、consist of、include;7.描述be、resemble、sound、appear、seem、look

短暂含义动词举例
kick,hit,get up

延续含义动词举例
run、swim、walk、work、write、grow、become、change、learn

静态含义动词的进行时态表示什么
表示静态含义的动词不能用进行时,动词形式不变但是动词的意思变了,系动词和表结果的动词不能用在进行时,表动作的动词可以用在进行时,如:The chef is tasting the soup品尝(表动作),It tastes good尝起来(系动词),I taste ginger in these spring rolls尝到(表结果)

“我就是喜欢”怎么说
I am loving it,其实就是动词的强调

短暂含义动词的进行时态表示什么
表示动作反复发生,如:He is nodding his head in agreement他不断地点头表示同意,He is kicking the soccer ball他正在踢球,Someone is coughing有人正在咳嗽

延续含义动词的进行时态表示什么
表示延续事件,如:I thought you would be studying for the exam,He is swimming

静态形容词举例
某一事物具有长时间难以改变的性质或状态的,如:tall、red、big、long、important

动态形容词举例
某一事物具有随时可改变的性质或状态的,如描述人的性格特征的,clever、foolish、lazy、nice、polite、rude、stupid

静态形容词进行时表示什么
静态形容词不能与进行时搭配

动态形容词进行时表示什么
表示短时间内的特点,“显得……”,“装出来……”,如:I was just being polite那时我只是出于礼貌而已,He is being foolish他正在犯傻,He is foolish他挺傻的

完成时的核心意义是什么
回顾某个时间点之前的事件,即从一个时间点回顾到之前的一个时间点,还有就是事件可重复性,如:His father has been dead就是错的,但可以说His father has been dead for two years去世已经三年了。现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时

完成时的回顾怎么理解(翻译)
已经(完成)、一直、曾经、之前、最近(发生)、刚刚

完成时能表达什么事件 3个
1.延续事件,动作从之前的时间点开始,一直持续到“回顾点”;2.重复事件,动作从之前的时间点开始,不断重复发生到“回顾点”;3.单一事件对“现在”有影响(近的过去、远的过去),动作从之前的时间点开始,(很快)就结束了,但是带来的作用影响到“回顾点”

完成时表示延续的条件 2个
1.要用延续意思的动词或延续意思的状态动词(be);2.要有延续性的时间状语,或上下文语境给出之前的一段时间,注意:如果没有延续的时间状语,那么就是单一事件中的“远的过去”,“曾经”

延续性的时间状语有哪些 10个
since+从句或时间点、for+时间段、until、up to now、so far、in the past few years、over the past few years、for the last few years、during the last three months、through centuries

完成时表示重复的条件 2个
其实可以不用和“完成时表延续”的情况做严格区分,差不多,1.要用短暂意思动词或短暂意思的状态动词(have在一些情况下),要有延续性的时间状语,或上下文语境给出之前的一段时间,如I've been in Canada for six months. I've met many new friends我来加拿大已经六个月了,我认识了很多新朋友,前者延续,后者重复;或2.句中有表示频率或多个的词,如复数或最高级,I have had teachers in school我曾遇到过很多老师

如何理解完成时中单一事件对现在的影响
句子本身看不出影响,影响要结合上下文才能知道,句子翻译时为曾经、刚刚。有点像因果关系或假设关系,句中只是给出了原因或假设,结果由上下文给出,所以若单独拿出完成时态的句子,我们很难理解其所有表达的真正含义

一般过去时与现在完成时单一事件的相同点
都表示过去开始并结束的动作

一般过去时与现在完成时单一事件的区别
一般过去时偏向时间,说动作发生的时间,用来描述那时发生了什么(事件本身),那个动作可能现在不会再做了,也可能那个动作和现在没有联系了,过去时句子本身就能表达完整意思;现在完成时偏向动作本身,说发生过什么动作和带来了什么影响,动作可能还会发生,也可能动作与现在有联系,要结合上下文才能知道完成时句子真正要说什么

完成时表示单一事件接什么时间状语
肯定句不接持续的时间状语,否定句可以接持续的时间状语,有时会用一些副词。较远的过去:ever曾经、before之前;较近的过去:already已经、yet已经、recently最近、lately最近;更近的过去:just刚刚

完成时表示近的过去的特点 2个
有时和是什么类型的动词关系不大,要看语境,1.没有时间状语;2.用动作动词或短暂动词。这时可以约等于状态动词的一般现在时,如I have come here约等于I am here,完成时显得距离说话时间点更近,也带有感情色彩,“刚到这儿屁股还没坐热”,一般现在时显得稍远,“到了有一小会儿了”

完成时表示远的过去的特点 2个
有时和是什么类型的动词关系不大,要看语境,1.没有时间状语;2.用状态意思的动词。这时加上延续时间状语就变成了延续事件。He has been here表示他来过这里但现在不在这里了。

最高级用现在完成时句型 2个
1.That/This/It is/was + 最高级或序数词 + 名词 + (that) + 现在完成时/过去完成时;2.That/This/It + 现在完成时/过去完成时 + 最高级或序数词 + 名词

since加延续动词或状态动词时的过去时与完成时的区别
因为是延续动词,所以动作发生有时间段的感觉。用过去时表示自从动作刚结束到现在,用完成时表示自从动作刚开始到现在。如:It's been three years since I worked in this company.我不在这家公司工作有三年了(只有这种有坑,其他用法符合正常理解);It's been three years since I has worked in this company.我在这家公司工作有三年了。

since加短暂动词时的过去时与完成时的区别
表达意思相同,因为是短暂动词,所以相当于时间点,也就是自从动作结束后到现在的。如:I have worked in this company since I left school.自从毕业离校以来,我就一直在这家公司工作

过去完成时如何表示非真实的过去
某些特定动词用过去完成时并与but连用时,intend、mean、hope、want、plan、suppose、expect、think、propose、wish,如:I had intended to see you, but I was busy我本打算去看你,但是我太忙了

过去时和过去时搭配 vs 过去完成时和过去时搭配
过去时 + and/but + 过去时:两个动作相继发生或一个动作导致另一个动作发生。过去完成时和过去时搭配:没有上述关系,把两个动作独立来看或突然想到之前的动作

将来完成时动作的开始和结束时间在哪儿
可以开始于过去、现在或将来,说话者是站在将来的某一时间

将来完成时与将来时的区别
将来完成时是在将来的时间点回看之前的动作,动作已经发生,有“将(会)完成”的意思;将来时其实是预测将来的时间点可能发生的动作

完成进行时的核心意义是什么
动作发生在某个时间点之前,且有限地延续

完成进行时能表达什么事件
1.延续事件;2.重复事件

完成进行时表达延续事件时可以细分成哪几类 4个
1.长期在延续的一般性事件;2.近期在延续的事件;3.在说话时刻仍在延续的事件;4.刚刚在延续,但说话时停止

完成进行时表示长期延续事件特点
长时间持续的一般性活动。更像完成时的延续事件,这时一般用偏向于状态表达的动词,不能用动作意思很强的动词,如可用:study、live、work、learn、teach、wait,I have been waiting for this for months我等了好几个月了

完成进行时表示近期在延续的事件特点
最近一段时间内正在持续的一般性活动。有时与长期延续事件无法区分,更像进行时,如:I have been thinking about changing my job我最近一直在考虑换个工作

完成进行时表示在说话时刻仍在延续的事件特点
动作开始于说话时间之前,并且说话时刻仍在进行。更像进行时,但进行时不能接持续的时间状语,完成进行时通常会接持续的时间状语,如:I'm staring at this computer等于I've been staring at this computer for hours

完成进行时表示刚刚在延续,但说话时停止特点
动作在说话之前一直延续,但在说话时刻动作已经停止。一般用(有限)延续动词,有时与“在说话时刻仍在延续的事件”无法区分,更像完成时的近的过去,之前持续的动作对现在有影响,这时通常不加持续的时间状语,如:He returned home yesterday. He has been traveling他昨天回到家里了,在这之前他一直在外面旅游来着

“我一直想干什么”或“我早就想干什么”怎么说
I have been wanting to do…… 或 I have been meaning to do……,如I have been wanting to meet you for long我早就想见你了

完成时的近的过去 vs 完成进行时的刚刚在延续
都在说话时已结束,且对现在有影响,都不加持续的时间状语。完成时强调动作的成果、效果,一般用短暂动词或动作动词,完成进行时强调动作带来的直接结果,一般用(有限)延续动词。如:Be careful! I have been painting the door.门上的漆还没干所以小心点儿;I have painted the door green.门现在变成了绿色

延续事件 完成进行时 vs 完成时 2个
1.都加持续时间状语时区别不大,只是完成进行时偏向动作还会持续,完成时偏向动作可能会持续;2.不加持续时间状语时,完成进行时还可以表示延续,但完成时不表示延续事件,如果是延续动词或状态动词,则表示远的过去,如果是短暂动词,则表示近的过去

完成进行时表达重复事件
短暂动词或有限延续动词加较长的时间状语,有限延续动词加较短的时间状语就表示延续事件了,无限延续动词不管接短时间还是长时间都表示延续事件

重复事件 完成时 vs 完成进行时
短暂动词要加较长持续时间状语。完成进行时不可以说重复几次,模糊;完成时动作可分割,即可以指出重复次数,精确,短暂动词不加持续时间状语就是近的过去

重复事件 完成进行时 vs 一般现在时
完成进行时暗含有到目前为止的意思,之后怎样不清楚;一般现在时表示泛泛的日常习惯

完成进行时 vs 完成时
完成进行时强调动作持续,还未完成,不讲次数,用how long;完成时强调动作结果、成就,已完成,讲次数,用how many

什么条件下使用虚拟语气 2个
1.表示说话人认为可能性不大或与事实相反的if从句中;2.表示建议、命令、要求等的名词从句中

说话人认为可能性不大的假设与什么时间搭配
将来时间或现在时间,事情还没发生,但说话人认为不太会发生

与事实相反的假设与什么时间搭配
现在时间或过去时间,事情已经发生,不可改变了

对将来非真实虚拟条件句谓语形式
主句would/could/might + do,从句were to do(或should do),如:If I were to have the time tomorrow, I would help him如果我明天有时间,我就会帮他,言外之意是我可能帮不了他

对现在非真实虚拟条件句谓语形式
主句would/could/might + do,从句did/were,如:If I had the time now, I would help him如果我现在有时间,我就会帮他,言外之意是我现在没时间;If I were you, I would help him如果我是你,我就会帮他的,但我不可能是你,与事实相反

对过去非真实虚拟条件句谓语形式
主句would/could/might + have done,从句had done/been,如:If I had had the time yesterday, I would have helped him我昨天要是有时间的话,我就会帮他了,但我昨天没时间,与事实相反

真实条件句谓语形式
主将从现,或主现从现,如:What do you think is the value of the necklace if I sell it to you?如果我把这串项链卖给你,你能出什么价

如何区分真实与非真实条件句
真实的条件句都是用现在时相关的动词,非真实条件句用的都是过去时相关的动词,如:If it rains, I will stay at home如果下雨了我就待在家里,说话人认为将来会下雨,If it were to rain, I would stay at home万一要下雨我就待在家里,说话人认为将来不太可能下雨

主句对现在虚拟,从句对过去虚拟是什么形式,怎么理解
主句+would do,从句+had done/been,“如果(要是)之前...,现在就...”,if是从句,如:If I had married him, he would be the chief executive officer and you would be the gas station attendant,如果我当初嫁给他,那么现在他就是CEO,而你就是加油工了

主句对过去虚拟,从句对现在虚拟是什么形式,怎么理解
主句+would have done/been,从句did/were,“如果(要是) sb 一直...,之前就不会...”,主从句否定形式居多,if是从句,如:If I didn't love her, I wouldn't have married her如果我不爱她,我就不会娶她

倒装虚拟是什么形式
if条件句省去if,并将should、had、were至于句首。如If I should win the lottery=Should I win the lottery;If such a disaster had occurred=Had such a disaster occurred

跳层虚拟是什么形式 2个
1.主句主语 + 一般现在/过去时, or(or else)(otherwise) + 从句主语 + would do/would have done,从句对现在或过去事实的虚拟,“……要不然……”,如:He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then他一定是出事故了,要不然早就到了,对过去的推测和对过去的虚拟;2.从句主语 + would do/would have done, but 主句主语 + 一般现在/过去时,从句对现在或过去事实的虚拟,“本来……但是……”,如:He would put on weight, but he doesn't eat much等于He would put on weight if he ate much他本来是会发胖的,但是他从来不会多吃

名词从句中虚拟的形式
只能用should,要出现特定关键词。比如在宾语从句、it is + 形容词/过去分词/特定名词 + that句型、特定名词同位语中

宾语从句中用should的关键词
ask、advise、beg、command、demand、decide、deserve、desire、insist、move、order、prefer、propose、require、recommend、request、suggest、urge等,如:His father urged that he study medicine他父亲要求他学医

it is + 形容词/过去分词/特定名词 + that句型中用should的关键词
astonishing、amazing、advisable、appropriate、crucial、desirable、essential、important、imperative、keen、necessary、natural、normal、odd、proper、preferable、strange、sorry、shocked、surprising、urgent、unusual、vital等;decided、desired、demanded等;decision、suggestion、motion、resolution、wish、proposal、requirement、idea、order等,如:It is strange that he should not come here他竟然没来,这真是太奇怪了

特定名词同位语中用should的关键词
decision、suggestion、motion、resolution、wish、proposal、requirement、idea、order等,如:The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted要求会议暂停的动议被批准了

wish如何表示虚拟 3个
I wish...同样表示不太可能;1.将来:would/could do,如:I wish he could explain what he means我希望他可以解释一下他是什么意思;2.现在:did,如:I wish I could travel to the moon我希望我能够登上月球,但实际上我不能(I can't do that),这里could相当于can的过去时用;3.过去:had done(或would/could have done),如:I wish I had been there我真希望我当时在那儿

if only如何表示虚拟 3个
If only...,“但愿”,“要是...就好了”,用法同wish,1.将来:would/could do, 如:If only the rain would stop但愿雨能停;2.现在:did,如:If only I were taller我要是高点儿就好了;3.过去:had done(或would/could have done),如:If only I had followed your advice我要是听了你的建议就好了。only可放到句中,If he had only followed your advice!

as if(as though)如何表示虚拟 3个
“好像”、“似乎”,1.将来:should/were to,如:Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow我不断在想……;2.现在:did,如:It seems as if you were my father好像你是我爸似的;3.过去:had done,如:It seemed as if not a single day had gone by好像时光并未流逝。若为真实情况用现在时相关动词,如:It looks as if it's going to rain似乎要下雨了,It seems as if he has been to America他好像去过美国

It is (high/about) time (that)句型
“是该做...的时候了”,后面接过去时,但再接从句,动词要视情况而定,如:It's about time we cleared it off我们早该整理下了,It's high time you realized that you are not the most important person in the world.

would rather do句型
“宁愿做...”,“想做...”,用于现在或将来,1.would rather do sth,如:I would rather go there tomorrow我想(宁愿)明天去那里;2.would rather do A than do B 想做A而不是B,如:He would rather stay at home than go to the cinema tonight他今晚就想待在家里,而不想去看电影;3.would rather not do sth 不想做...,如:He would rather not stay at home tonight他今晚不想在家里呆着

would rather have done句型
“之前本来想做...(隐含其实没做的意思)”,用于过去,表示对过去的虚拟,如:I took Sally to the cinema last night, but I would rather have been there alone我昨晚带萨利看电影去了,但我还不如自己一个人去呢

would rather sb did句型
“想让某人做...”,用于现在或将来,rather后面是接的从句,如:I would rather you came next weekend我希望你下周末过来

would rather sb had done句型
“本来想让某人做...(隐含其实某人没做的意思)”,用于过去,rather后面是接的从句,如:I would rather he had given me a set of transformers我倒宁愿他能送我一套变形金刚

would (just) as soon句型
等同于would rather的4个句型,如:I would just as soon you didn't speak rudely to her我希望你不要那么粗鲁地对她说话

would sooner句型
等同于would rather的4个句型

would prefer句型
等同于would rather的4个句型

情态动词有哪些
can-could,may-might,must,shall-should,will-would

情态动词的否定形式和缩写
cannot(can't),could not(couldn't),may not(没有缩写),might not(mightn't),must not(mustn't),shall not(shan't),should not(shouldn't),will not(won't),would not(wouldn't)

情态动词短语有哪些
can(be able to),may(be allowed to),must(have (got) to),shall(be supposed to或ought to),will(be going to)

情态动词有哪三类用法
1.推测用法(以说话人掌握的信息为基础),如“一定”、“可能”、“也许”;2.基本用法(以说话人间的社会关系为基础),如“必须”、“许可”、“建议”;3.虚拟条件句(could/would/might/should)

情态动词+do/be可表示什么含义
既可以表示推测意思,也可以表示本身的基本意思,如:He must drink a lot of milk他得多喝牛奶 或者 他准是爱喝牛奶

情态动词+have done/been可表示什么含义
既可以表示推测意思,也可以表示虚拟的意思(或者理解成:认为可能性不大的推测),如:I think I may have annoyed Mary我想我可能是惹玛丽生气了

情态动词+have been doing可表示什么含义
只表示推测意思,推测“一直……”,如:He must have been working all day他准是忙了一整天了

情态动词+be doing可表示什么含义
只表示推测意思,推测“正在……”,如:He should be working right now他现在应该还在工作

情态动词+情态动词短语可表示什么含义
只表示推测意思,be able to, be allowed to, have to, be supposed to, ought to, be going to,如:He may be able to help他或许能够帮忙

表示对现在的推测的结构是什么
情态动词 + do/be (doing)

must表示推测时“一定是”的反义是什么
can't 不可能是

must表示基本意思时“必须”的反义是什么
don't have to 不必

对现在的肯定推测的可能性大小排序
is(100%) > must/will/should(90%) > may(50%) > might/could(25%) + do/be (doing),如:That will be the postman准是邮递员

对现在的否定推测的可能性大小排序
isn't(100%) > can't/couldn't(90%) > may not(50%) > might not(25%) + do/be (doing)

表示对将来的推测的结构是什么
情态动词 + do/be (doing)

对将来的肯定推测的可能性大小排序
will(90%) > would/should(75%) > may(50%) > might/could(25%) + do/be (doing),should有表示说话人期望发生的意思(正向 积极),如:Tom will know the address我肯定汤姆知道地址,She will make a come back她会反败为胜,The movie could be bad他或许不好看,The film should be really good电影应该很好看

对将来的否定推测的可能性大小排序
won't/can't/couldn't(90%) > shouldn't(75%) > may not(50%) > might not(25%) + do/be (doing)

表示对过去的推测的结构是什么
情态动词 + have done/been (doing)

表示虚拟时的结构是什么
would/could/might/should + have done/been

如何区分would/could/might/should+have done/been是表示过去的虚拟还是对过去的推测
要根据语境,如果说话人已经知道事情结果,那么就是虚拟,比如译成“本应该”,如果不知道事情结果,那么就是对过去的推测

对过去的肯定推测的可能性大小排序
同现在,was/were(100%) > must/should(90%) > may(50%) > might/could(25%) + have done/been (doing)

对过去的否定推测的可能性大小排序
同现在,wasn't/weren't(100%) > can't/couldn't(90%) > may not(50%) > might not(25%) + have done/been (doing),如果是表示虚拟,那么只能用couldn't不能用can't

如何表示现在或将来的能力
用can,可表示先天或后天能力,如:a fish can swim、I can drive a car;若句中有将来的时间状语,就用will be able to

如何表示过去的理论的能力
肯定句中通常用could,较少用was/were able to;否定句中couldn't等于was/were not able to

如何表示过去的具体的能力
用was/were able to do, succeeded in doing, managed to do,理解上是“之前成功地做成了某事”,因为是过去发生,所以能不能已经知道了;而在表示过去“没能力、没成功做”时,用couldn't或wasn't able to do, didn't succeed in doing, didn't manage to do都行

表示实际“可能”与理论“可能”时的区分 2个
1.实际的可能,根据说话时的现状来判断的,也就是情态动词表推测的用法,比如“可能”,可用may或might或could或can't或couldn't;2.理论的可能,与说话时的现状无联系的,只是泛泛说下可能会出现,比如“可能(性)”,可用may或might或can或could(之前能够)

用什么表示现在或将来的“允许”
常用can或may或be allowed to do,这时can可以接时间状语,can表示将来的能力时通常不加时间状语,如:You can use my car tomorrow、May I turn on TV?

用什么表示现在或将来的“不允许” 4个
不允许程度由高到低:mustn't > cannot/can't ~= may not = are not allowed to do

用什么表示过去的“允许” 2个
1.表示社会关系中具体的允许,要用was/were allowed to do,如:Yesterday evening, he was allowed to watch TV for an hour,2.表示被规则等客观的、一般的允许时用could或might或was/were allowed to do,如:I could/might read what I liked when I was a child

用什么表示“建议” 4个
1.could,这时没有过去的含义,表示给出在多种可能性中一种,如:It is a nice day. We could go for a walk;2.should(ought to),“忠告”,表示给出的是多种可能性中最好的,或者是责任或义务,如:You should brush your teeth twice a day、Drivers should obey the speed limit遵守;3.had better (not) do,常用在口语,表示最好选择这个,不然可能会有不好的后果,不是过去时,如:You had better do your homework你最好把作业写了;4.may/might (just) as well,表示“不妨”、“还不如”、“倒不如”,如:We may as well stay here tonight今晚我们最好呆在这里

用什么表达征求对方的建议
Shall I/we……,如:Shall I open the window?

用什么表达“承诺”
will,I'll talk to you about this later我之后再和你讲

用什么表达“威胁”
will,I'll talk to you about this later我之后再找你算账

用什么表达“执意要做……”
will或would,I will=I insist我就要,will或would不能用缩写'll或'd

用什么表达“执意不做……”
won't或wouldn't,I won't=I refuse我就不

用什么询问对方“我可以……吗?”
1.礼貌用Could/May I,如:May I have your name, please、Can I use your pen;2.熟人、非正式用Can I,如:Can I join you我能坐在你这儿么;3.过于正式用Might I

用什么询问对方“你能帮我……吗?”
1.礼貌用Could you,如:Could you put out your cigarette, please?请你把烟息了好么;2.熟人、非正式用Can you,如:Can you pass me the salt, Mom?盐

用什么询问对方“你愿意(可以)……吗?”
1.礼貌用Would you,如:Would you please open this door你能把门打开吗;2.熟人、非正式用Will you,如:Will you please cover for me你能替我一下么

陈述句中用什么表示客气的请求
用wonder相关句型,不是过去的意思,I wonder(wondered)(was wondering) if I/you could/would do、I was wondering if you would mind doing

用什么表达过去常常
1.would do,“会”,表示过去反复发生或习惯性的动作,不能表示过去常常的状态,如:When I was a child, my mother would read me a story at night before bed小时候晚上睡觉前妈妈常会给我讲故事;2.used to do/be,表示过去常常的动作或状态,但有“现在不再是”的含义,如:My own mother used to be very busy the whole day以前我母亲每天总是忙忙碌碌的

用什么表达“竟然” 2个
1.should在特定形容词句型中,It is/was absurd/amazing/annoying/strange/ surprising/unthinkable that……should……,如:It is ridiculous that we should be short of water in a country where it is always raining在经常下雨的国家里,我们竟然会缺水,这简直是荒谬;2.特定结构中,can't think why、I don't know why、I see no reason why,如:I don't know why he should think that I did it我真不知道他竟然认为这件事是我干的

用什么表达“万一”
should在lest、for fear that、in case从句中,如:I've brought my umbrella in case it should rain我带了伞,以防万一下雨

用什么表达主动提供帮助、建议或请求给予指示
用shall,Shall I/we...?如:Shall I open the window?、Shall we meet at the theater?、How shall I cook it?这东西我该怎么做着吃

用什么表达许诺
shall用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的许诺,如:You shall have the money back next week等于I promise you will have the money back next week我答应你下周一定能拿回这笔钱

用may怎么表达“尽管” 2个
1.may……but……句型,如:You may be older than me, but that doesn't mean you're cleverer更聪明;2.however……may……句型,如:However amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之遥远感到多么吃惊,他们的长相将和我们一样,这里however有倒装,实际是Our descendants may be amazed at……

情态动词在表推测时用否定的含义
这时通常是否定的动词,而不是情态动词,如:Tom will come, but John may not come. may的推测用法,译成“可能 不”,汤姆会来,约翰可能不来。有个特例是mustn't和can't,如:You can't be serious你不可能是当真的吧

情态动词在基本用法时用否定的含义
这时通常是否定的情态动词,而不是动词;You can leave now, but he may not leave. may的许可用法,译成“不可以”、“不允许”,你现在可以走了,但他不可以走

“我不可能不知道”怎么翻译
I couldn't not know.

can可以表示什么 5个
“潜在的可能”,1.现在或将来的能力,“能够”,“有能力做但不一定真去做”,如:My son can play the piano;2.理论的可能,“有某种可能性”,不是来预测之后可能发生,如:Don't go out along at night. That can/may/might be very dangerous;3.现在或将来的允许,如:You can use my car tomorrow;4.询问对方“我可以……吗?”;5.询问对方“你能帮我……吗?”

can't可以表示什么 2个
1.将来现在过去推测中的不可能90%,can't do或can't have done;2.现在或将来的不允许

could可以表示什么 7个
1.将来现在过去推测中的可能25%,could do或could have done;2.虚拟语气中的本应该,could have done;3.过去的能力,理论的可能,“能够”;4.过去的被规则允许,一般的允许;5.建议,这时并不表示过去;6.询问对方“我可以……吗?”;7.询问对方“你能帮我……吗?”

couldn't可以表示什么 2个
1.将来现在过去推测中的不可能90%,couldn't do或couldn't have done;2.过去的能力,实际的不可能,“没能力、没成功做”;

may可以表示什么 5个
1.将来现在过去推测中的可能50%,may do或may have done;2.现在或将来的允许、许可;3.提建议,may as well,“不妨”“还不如”“倒不如”;4.请求,询问对方“我可以……吗?”;5.表示让步,may...but...,“尽管”,

may not可以表示什么 2个
1.将来现在过去推测中的不可能50%,may not do或may not have done;2.现在或将来的不允许

might可以表示什么 4个
1.将来现在过去推测中的可能25%,might do或might have done;2.虚拟语气中的本应该;3.过去的被规则允许;4.提建议,might as well,“不妨”“还不如”“倒不如”

mightn't可以表示什么 1个
将来现在过去推测中的不可能25%,mightn't not do或mightn't have done

must可以表示什么 2个
1.现在或过去的推测中的可能90%,分别用must do和must have done,要想表示将来或其他时态,用will have to等变形;2.义务中的必须,用must do,要接动作动词

表示外界的不可控行为用什么
have to,如:Excuse me, but I have to sneeze对不起我要打喷嚏

mustn't可以表示什么 1个
现在或将来的不允许、禁止

should可以表示什么 5个
1.将来推测中的可能75%,有表示说话人期望发生的意思;2.名词从句中的虚拟;3.建议,表示给出的是多种可能性中最好的,或者是责任或义务;4.竟然,在特定形容词句型中;5.万一,在特定状语从句中

shouldn't可以表示什么 1个
将来推测中的不可能75%

shall可以表示什么 1个
问句中表达主动提供帮助、建议或请求给予指示

will可以表示什么 5个
1.将来推测中的可能90%,就是将来时;2.意愿,愿意做,就是将来时;3.承诺;4.威胁;5.执意要做

won't可以表示什么 2个
1.将来推测中的不可能90%;2.执意不做,拒绝做

would可以表示什么 5个
1.将来或过去推测中的可能75%,过去将来时;2.虚拟语气中的本应该;3.执意要做;4.询问对方“你愿意(可以)……吗?”;5.表示过去反复发生或习惯性的动作

wouldn't可以表示什么 1个
执意不做,拒绝做

陈述句变为名词从句时做什么变化
在陈述句前加that,that不做成分,也没有含义,如:That English is important is an undoubted fact

一般疑问句变为名词从句时做什么变化
在陈述句前加whether/if,whether/if不做成分,但有“是否”的含义;if通常只引导宾语从句,没有if or not,只有if……or not,如:I don't know whether or not he comes我不知道他是否会来

特殊疑问句变为名词从句时做什么变化
不加其他词,原有疑问词保留,既做成分又有含义,并将倒装语序变为陈述语序,但当疑问词作主语时,不用调整语序,如:Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided谁将会主持这个会议,目前还没有决定

特殊疑问词有哪些?在从句中充当什么成分 3个
1.在从句中作状语:when、where、why、how;2.在从句中做主语、宾语、表语:who、whom、what;3.在从句中作定语,后面接名词:which、whose

主语从句的形式有什么 5个
1.That/Whether/What等 + A + verb + B;2.It is/was/were 过去分词/形容词/名词短语 + that + A;3.It + 不及物动词 + that……,如:It seems that……;4.其他固定搭配,如:It dawns/dawned upon/on sb that……某人突然想起……,It occurs to sb that……某人突然想起……,It doesn't need to be bothered that……不必担忧……,It makes no difference that…… ……无所谓;5.because+陈述句,“仅仅是”,“只是”,如:Just because something appears valuable does not mean that it really is valuable只是看起来很值钱的东西并不意味着真的很值钱

什么从句的that可以省略
通常只有宾语从句

宾语从句能出现在什么位置 5个
1.及物动词的后面;2.在双宾语动词后作直接宾语;3.在双宾语动词后作间接宾语;4.在介词后;5.宾语从句后置,用it代替,如:We believe it true that……

同位语从句是干什么用的
为了补充说明所修饰的名词,同位语从句和所修饰的名词之间可能会插入定语(如介词短语)、状语或主句谓语,导致同位语从句与所修饰名词分开,如:They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft他们到处散布谣言说汤姆犯有盗窃罪,Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old有证据表明六个月大的婴儿就能分辨出特定的说话声

先行词可以是什么 5个
定语从句所修饰的主句中的名词、代词(he、that/those、one)、名词短语、分句、完整句子

先行词与定语从句的位置关系 4个
1.先行词+定语从句;2.先行词+其他定语(介词短语)+定语从句,如:There comes a time in most couples' lives when a break-up seems inevitable对于大多数恋人来说,分手似乎都是难免的,先行词是time;3.先行词+状语+定语从句,如:Never leave that until tomorrow which you can do today今日事今日毕,先行词是that;4.先行词+主句谓语+定语从句,如:It can be predicted that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers可以预见的是,将来会经常出现一些问题,这些问题需要给出专门的科学的回答

对于先行词与定语从句分离的情况,如何确定先行词 3个
1.弄懂定语从句的意思;2.关系词作主语时,可根据从句动词的单复数来确定先行词;3.关系代词指人还是指物来确定先行词

关系词在从句中能充当什么成分 5个
1.从句中的主语;2.从句中动词的宾语;3.从句中介词的宾语;4.从句中的表语;5.从句中的状语。注意关系词在从句中充当动词的宾语或介词的宾语时可以省略,宾语从句是在主句中做动词的宾语的that可以省去

关系代词有哪些 7个
1.只能指人who/whom;2.只能指物which;3.指人指物都可以的that/whose;4.as;5.than;6.but;7.what

关系副词有哪些 3个
1.指时间when;2.指地点where;3.指原因why

关系副词引导的定语从句的作用
关系副词在从句中作状语,而不是主句的状语,修饰从句谓语,如果从句缺少成分,不能用关系副词

关系代词who与whom的区别
1.who前面不能有介词;2.whom在从句中不能作主语,只能作动词宾语、介词宾语或表语

关系代词whose怎么使用
1.作用如同物主代词my、your、her、his、their、our、its等;2.后面要接名词,“whose+名词”在从句中作主语、动词的宾语或介词的宾语,如:It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time这个会议的重要性当时我并没有意识到

which和that在指物时的差别 6个
1.先行词中同时出现人和物时,用that;2.先行词为指物的all、little、few、much、none、the first时,用that,如:The book contains little that is useful这本书里几乎没有有用的东西;3.先行词是不定代词something、anything、nothing、everything时,用that;4.先行词被any、only、all、every、no、some、much、few、little、序数词、形容词最高级、the very、the right、the last修饰时,用that,如:Tell us all things that you know;5.非限制性定语从句中,用which;6.介词后面,用which

介词+关系代词的搭配规律有哪些 7个
读的时候可以先忽略介词,别纠结,1.介词与从句中的动词形成搭配,subscribe to赞同;2.介词与从句中的形容词形成搭配,be familiar with、be expert in;3.介词与从句中的名词形成搭配,attention to处理,I am sending you an inquiry, to which your prompt attention is highly appreciated兹寄去询价单一纸,望尽快办理,不胜感激;4.介词与先行词构成搭配,是做主句动词的状语;5.根据句意需要选介词;6.表示所属关系时用介词of;7.固定的介宾结构,如in this case要变成in which case

根据从句选介词与根据先行词选介词区分 3个
1.根据从句选出的介词,可以将介词放到从句中,而根据先行词选出的介词不行;2.根据从句选出的介词,在从句中作补足语,补充说明所修饰的动词、形容词、名词,而根据先行词选出的介词,在从句中作状语,修饰从句的动词;3.根据从句选介词,先行词通常是一般性的名词,而根据先行词选介词,先行词通常与介词构成固定搭配

介词与先行词构成搭配,常见的有哪些 4个
这些是做主句动词的状语,1.at the speed/rate变成the speed/rate at which,“以这种速度”;2.to the extent/degree变为the extent/degree to which,“在某种程度上”;3.by the means变为the means by which,“通过这种方式”;4.with ease变为ease with which,“轻而易举地、熟练地”

of+关系词的使用特点
表示所属关系,如:The total cultivated area is 1300 acres, 1000 acres of which are irrigated fields,这种结构往往出现在“不定代词/数量词/形容词比较级或最高级+of which/whom”结构中,如all/each/both/either/neither/none /little/few/many/much/some/most /any/half/several/a number,of前面的成分可以后置,如of which 1000 acres are ...

介词+关系词的倒装形式 2个
正常情况:A + prep + which + verb + B,可变形为:1.prep + which + A + verb + B;2.prep + which + verb + B + A

介词+关系词的简化形式
prep + which + A + verb + B可以简化成prep + which + to + verb + B,如:She is not a person who you can rely on等于She is not a person on whom you can rely等于She is not a person on whom to reply等于She is not a person to rely on

限制性与非限制性定语从句区别
限制性定语从句是限制或缩小主句中所修饰名词的范围的,但非限制性定语从句不是为了限制范围,而是给出补充说明,有点儿像同位语从句或各种状语从句

什么先行词一般用非限制性定语从句 2个
因为先行词意思明确,不需要用从句限定就能表意清楚,1.专有名词;2.类指名词,如:An elephant, which is the earth's largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings

关系代词as 2个
as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,1.引导非限定性定语从句时,修饰整个主句,即先行词是整个主句,as从句可以放到主句前、主句中或主句后,如as we all know,“正如、正好、由……而知”;2.引导限定性定语从句时只能用如下结构such/as/(the same) + 名词 + as + 从句,“这、那、这样、那样、这种、那种、这个、那个、同样 + 名词”,as在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语,可以修饰人或物,如:Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed这样用功的学生将来一定会成功的、He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid他尽量避免犯错误、He is not such a fool as we would assume him to be他不像我们想象的那样傻

关系代词than 3个
1.可以作主语或宾语;2.主句要有比较级;3.比较级修饰的名词就是先行词,如:Don't drink more wine than is good for health不要过量饮酒,适量饮酒有益于健康

关系代词but 4个
1.具有否定意思=that……not;2.主句常具有否定意思;3.作主语或宾语,可以指物也可以指人;4.通常只用在限定性定语从句中;如:There are very few rules of grammer but have exceptions很少有语法规则是没有例外的;There are very few people in this club but he knows这个俱乐部里的人他几乎都认识

关系代词what 6个
1.主句中不能出现先行词,因为what=先行词+that;2.what后不接名词时,可以指人也可以指物,等于the things that、something that、the person that,如:She is not what she used to be她不再是以前的她了;3.what后接名词时,通常指物,what + noun等于all the + noun + that,“所有的……、尽可能多的……”,如:What money I have has been given to you我身上所有的钱都给你了;4.what little + noun等于all the little + noun + that,“仅有的这些……”,如:The accident completely wiped out what little sight he had left这次事故使他原本仅有的一点视力也完全丧失了;5.what用在固定结构中表示“所、所谓的、所说的”,如what is called、what he calls;6.what引导的名词从句和定语从句区别不大,可以不做区分

关系副词when可以引导什么定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,在从句中作时间状语

关系副词when与时间状语从句的区别 3个
1.定语从句是“时间+when”,而状语从句when前没有时间名词;2.定语从句的when这个词修饰从句的谓语,而状语从句的when从句修饰主句谓语;3.定语从句中译为“当时、那时、到时”,而状语从句中译为“当……时”

关系副词where可以引导什么定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,在从句中作地点状语

关系副词where与地点状语从句的区别 2个
1.定语从句的先行词是“地点/抽象名词+where”,而状语从句where前没有时间名词;2.定语从句的where这个词修饰从句的谓语,而状语从句的where从句修饰主句谓语

关系副词why可以引导什么定语从句
只能引导限制性定语从句

关系副词有how么
没有,要表示方式时用以下句型替代,1.the way + 从句;2.the way + that/in which + 从句;3.the manner that + 从句,如:Care for others the way you would like them to care for you以希望别人对待你的方式来对待别人(己所不欲勿施于人)

带有插入语的定语从句的形式 2个
插入语可能是主谓(he said、they believe)或各种从句(通常有逗号分隔),1.关系词+插入语+从句谓语,如:They have to study a subject that they think is difficult他们必须学一门他们认为很难的课;2.关系词+插入语+从句主语+从句谓语,如:The millionaire had a very ugly girl who (I could not have dreamed) many boys fell in love with

什么是双层定语从句
<先行词 + 限定性定语从句> + 限定性定语从句,两个从句并不是并列关系,如:He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages他是我们所认识的人当中唯一一个会说这么多外语的人

使用that时定语从句与同位语从句的区分 2个
1.在定语从句中,that要充当主语或宾语,但在同位语从句中,that不做成分;2.在定语从句中,从句是限制或缩小主句中所修饰名词的范围的,从句相当于形容词,但在同位语从句中,从句是等同于主句中所修饰名词的,从句相当于名词

状语从句的本质是什么
通过连接词来使两个句子连起来,从而表达句子之间的逻辑关系

状语从句省略的条件 2个
1.主句主语和从句主语一致,或从句主语是it;2.从句谓语含有be动词,可将从句主语和be动词省去,这种省略多出现在时间、地点、条件、让步状语从句中,如:Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled金属具有热胀冷缩的特性

时间状语从句的本质是什么
表示主从句动作发生时间上的先后关系,但要注意动词的延续性和短暂性

时间状语从句的连词有哪些 20+个
when、while、as、before、after、since、till、until、as soon as、the moment、the instant、the minute、the day、next time、every time、instantly、immediately、directly、no sooner……than、hardly……when、scarcely……when

一般过去时+when+一般过去时表示什么
when引导的从句动作先于主句发生,并可能表示从句动作“导致”主句动作发生或两个动作相继发生,如:I started my dinner when he left他走之后我才开始吃饭

一般过去时+when+过去完成时表示什么
从句动作先发生,并且从句动作与主句动作有脱节,如:When I had written my letters I did some gardening我把信写完后,就到花园里干了些活儿

过去完成时+when+一般过去时表示什么
主句动作先发生,如:He had already left when I got there我到的时候,他已经离开了

一般过去时+when+过去进行时表示什么
从句动作先发生,“当……时”,当从句发生时,主句发生了,如:The doorbell rang when I was telephoning当门铃响的时候,我正在打电话

过去进行时+when+一般过去时表示什么
主句动作先发生,“那时、当时”,当时主句发生了,突然从句发生了,有突然的意思,能在when后跟suddenly,如:I was telephoning when (suddenly) the doorbell rang我当时正在打电话,突然门铃响了

一般将来时+when+一般现在时表示什么
表示将来的动作,从句动作先发生,从句一般用短动词,并可能表示从句动作“导致”主句动作发生或两个动作相继发生,如:I'll speak to him when he arrives他来了以后我会和他谈谈

一般将来时+when+现在完成时表示什么
从句动作先发生,从句一般用长动词,并且从句动作与主句动作有脱节,如:I'll go when I have had my dinner我吃完饭就去

将来完成时+when+一般现在时表示什么
主句动作先发生,如:The performer will already have played the music when we get there一会儿我们到的时候,那位演奏家一定已经弹完那首曲子了

将来进行时+when+一般现在时表示什么
主句动作先发生,如:The performer will be playing the music when we get there一会儿我们到的时候,那位演奏家一定正在弹奏那首曲子

一般现在时+when+一般现在时表示什么
从句动作先发生,通常表达名言警句、谚语或格言

when it comes to + 名词类 表示什么意思
“当说到……、当提到……、对于……来说”,It is especially true when it comes to classroom test尤其是对于课堂测试来说

whenever与when的区别
相当于when的强调形式,“无论何时”

while引导时间状语从句用法
接延续意思的动作,常用进行时,相当于during that time在……期间,如:The phone rang while I was taking my bath电话铃响的时候,我正在洗澡

as引导时间状语从句用法
同while,后面接延续动词,译成“当……时、随着……、一边……”

before的用法
与when类似,可接多种时态搭配,但常用句型是:过去完成时+before+一般过去时,主句动作先发生,“在从句之前,主句……”,如:It took a few months of investigation before it became clear经过了几个月的调查之后,情况才开始变的明朗

after的用法
与before类似,常用句型是:一般过去时+after+过去完成时,从句动作先发生,“在从句之后,主句”,如:I moved to America after I had learned English for ten years我学了10年英语后搬到了美国

until是什么词性
介词或连词,后面可接名词短语或时间状语从句

until的本质含义是什么
主语动作持续到某一时间点,所以主句要用延续动词或短暂动词的否定形式,主句可以是任何时态,不一定是进行时,而until从句要用时间点或短暂动词肯定形式,如:Wait until he comes back等他回来吧、Until I came back, he was waiting for me at my home在我回来之前,他一直在我家里等我、We'll stay here until it stops raining我们将一直呆到雨停了再走、I will be away from my office until next Tuesday我将要离开办公室,要到下周二才能回来

not……until……4种句型是什么样
1.正常,The little boy didn't smile until he saw his mother.这个小孩在看到他妈妈之后才开始笑起来(这个小孩一直没笑,直到他看到他妈妈);2.until置于句首,Until he saw his mother, the little boy didn't smile;3.主句部分倒装,Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile;4.强调,不倒装,It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled.

如何表达从句动作发生后,紧接着主句动作发生
“一……就……”,这类似于when,从句引导词可用as soon as、once、the minute、the moment、the instant、immediately、directly、instantly;若表示将来,用主将从现,若表示过去,主从句都用一般过去时,如:It began to rain as soon as I arrived home我刚到家就开始下雨了

如何表达主句动作发生后,紧接着从句动作发生
“一……就……”,先译主句再译从句,通常用来表示过去的事件,1.hardly/scarcely+主句+when+从句;2.no sooner+主句+than+从句;主句通常用过去完成时,从句用过去时,主句通常要半倒装,如:No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain等于It began to rain as soon as I arrived home我刚到家就开始下雨了

by the time引导时间状语从句用法
含义同before,“在从句之前……”,主句要用完成时,1.表示过去,had done + by the time + did,如:We had already left by the time they arrived那天他们到的时候,我们已经先走了;2.表示将来,will have done + by the time + do,如:We will have already left by the time they arrive等他们来的时候,我们将已经离开了

the first time和for the first time的异同
都表示“第一次”,the first time是连词,后接从句,如:You know the first time I danced with a boy, he danced worse than me你知道么,我第一次跳舞的时候,男舞伴就比我跳的差;for the first time是介词,不能接从句,如:The speech will be available as a podcast for the first time这个致辞将首次在播客上公开

地点状语从句的引导词有哪些 4个
where、wherever、anywhere、everywhere

地点状语表达什么
表达主句动作发生的场所,用where+陈述句,在句首时常含有抽象意思,不能译成地点,就像定语从句中where前的先行词除了地点名词外还可以是抽象名词一样,如:Where there is a will, there is a way有志者,事竟成

表示因果关系的常用连词辨析 4个
1.because:语气最强,只有这个才能用来回答why,引出对方感兴趣的或不知道的事情,because后的从句显得比主句重要;2.since:不强调原因,而是说出人们已知的事情,众所周知的原因,译成“既然”,通常放在句首,since后的从句没有主句重要,从句用逗号与主句分开;3.as:引出原因,和since差不多,说出人们已知的事情,众所周知的原因,译成“由于”,通常放在句首,主从句平等;4.for:为主句所推断的内容给予支撑条件,译成“因为”,要放在句中,对前面的分句解释或说明,主从句平等,如:It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning昨晚下雨了,因为今天早上地是湿的

表示因果关系的强调句中用什么连词
只能用because,如:It was because he was so young that he couldn't do it

表示因果关系的介词有哪些及其在句中的位置 3个
because of、due to、owing to,其中owing to常置于句首,而due to常放句中,后面接名词短语,翻译时可译成“由于”,如:We had an accident due to his carelessness等于Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.

表示因果关系的其他连词与辨析 4个
1.in that:引导的从句要放在主句后面,“原因就在于”;2.seeing/now/considering/given (that):与since类似,“鉴于某个事实、由于、考虑到、既然”;3.not that……but that,“不是因为……而是因为……”,I haven't finished writing the report yet, not that I'm lazy, but that I have no time;4.inasmuch as、insomuch as、in as/so much as,不常用,显得文绉绉

because的否定转移如何理解
“不是因为……”,主句中有否定,可能是否定转移,也可能不是,要根据上下文判断是不是否定转移,如:I didn't attend the meeting because he was present, too.可以正常理解“我没参加那个会因为他也去了”,也可以按否定转移理解“我去参加那个会不是因为他也参加了”

表达目的的常用连词有哪些“以便、为了” 3个
so that、in order that、that,从句中常含有情态动词may/might、can/could,如:I turned on the TV in order that I could listen to the news

表达目的的不定式有哪些 3个
in order to、so as to、to + do,只有so as to不能用于句首,如果逻辑主语与主句不一致,可使用in order for sb to do形式

表达目的的连词还有那些 5个
1.lest(以免、以防);2.for fear that(以免、生怕);3.in case (of),“万一”,in the case of,“就……而言”;4.in the event of(万一);5.on purpose that(以便)、for the purpose that、to the end,如:The teacher raised his vioce on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly

如何表达结果状语“(因为)……所以……、……以至于……” 4个
1.主语 + verb + so + adj/adv + that……,如:The food is so bad that flies go there to lose weight;2.主句, so that……;3.主语 + verb + such + (noun) + that……;4.verb + such that + 从句,such相当于so+adj,有时很难判断such的含义,就表示程度强

结果状语从句中so的词性和用法 3个
so是副词,1.so+adj/adv,如:so bad;2.so+adj+a(n)+可数名词单数,如:so expansive a house;3.so+many/much/few/little+可数名词复数/不可数名词,如:so much noice、so few cars

结果状语从句中such的词性和用法 4个
such是限定词,1.such+a+可数名词单数,如:such a day;2.such+可数名词复数,如:such boys;3.such+adj+各种名词,如:such a nice day、such nice boys、such nice weather;4.限定词(many/much/few/no /every/all/one……)+such+各种名词,如:many such cars、no such man,such后无冠词

结果状语从句的简化 3个
1.so……as to do;2.such……as to do;3.such as to do,如:He was such a fool as to believe him他可真蠢,竟然相信他

结果状语从句的倒装
为了强调结果,用半倒装形式,将so或such放到句首,需要补助动词,如:So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed等于Light travels so fast that……;So terrible was the strom that the roofs were all ripped off等于The strom was so terrible that……

结果状语从句的其他连词 4个
1.to the degree (that);2.to the extent (that);3.to such a degree (that);4.to such an extent (that);他们放到句首时从句也要倒装,如:To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze他一直不断地进行着自己空洞乏味的演讲,以至于我们当中都有人开始打瞌睡了

表达真实条件的连词 6个
if、unless(if……not)、suppose/supposing(that)、providing/provided(that)、so/as long as、on condition that,时态不能用过去相关的,如:If winter cames, can spring be far behind?冬天来了,春天还会远么、A man is not old as long as he is seeking something一个人只要还有追求,他就不算老、So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle只要功夫深铁杵磨成针

only if与if only的含义
1.only if,“只有”,如:He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus只有生产有了盈余,他才能够继续养活自己和家人;2.if only“只要,要是……就好了”,对时态没有要求,如:The senior librarian promised to get the book for me if only she could remember who last borrowed it高级管理员答应帮我找到这本书,只要她能记得上次是谁借走的

must(have to) do……if……be to do如何翻译
“如果……必须……,那么就不得不……”,如:The crops will have to be watered if they are to survive这些庄稼要想存活,就必须得浇水了

祈使句或省略句表示条件 2个
1.A(祈使句/省略句)+and+B等于if+A'(补全的祈使句/省略句), B,如:Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back等于If you give me 20 minutes, we will give you 10 years back给我20分钟,让你年轻10岁;2.A(祈使句/省略句)+or(or else)+B等于unless+A', B,如:Give it back to me or (else) I'll tell your parents等于Unless you give it back to me, I'll tell your parents把它还给我,不然我就告诉你父母

表达让步“尽管、即使、虽然”的连词 4个
though、although、even though、even if + 陈述句、形容词/分词(相当于省略句),主句前不能有but,但可以用yet或still,如:Although he tried hard, (yet/still) he failed尽管他努力了,但他还是失败了

表达让步“尽管、即使、虽然”的介词 3个
despite、in spite of、for all + 名词(短语)、动名词、what引导的从句,如:Despite his inexperience, he did a very good job尽管他没有经验,但是它表现的很不错、For all our kindness to help her, Sarah refused to listen to us

while如何表示让步
放在句首使用时常为“尽管”,如:While the government pushed for a total breakup of the software marker, Microsoft fought fiercely against any positions that would affect its ability to compete in the marketplace尽管美国政府积极要求彻底拆分微软这个软件巨人,但是微软公司积极反对任何影响其市场竞争力的动议positions,fight

no matter如何表示让步
“无论……”,在从句中做主语、宾语、状语等,1.no matter what/who/when/where/which/how,如:We have decided to do so, no matter what happens我们已经决定这么做了,无论发生什么;2.whatever/whoever/whenever /wherever/whichever/however,其中however后面要接形容词或副词,如:But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us但是不管我们的后代对我们离乌托邦之遥远感到多么吃惊,他们的长相将和我们一样,正常语序是Our descendants may be amazed at how far……

as如何表示让步 2个
用在句首,1.形容词/副词/分词/名词/短语+(插入语)+as/though+主语+谓语+逗号+主句,如:Young as/though he is, he is knowledgeable他虽然年轻,但知识渊博、Much as I respect him, I cannot agree with him虽然我非常尊重他,但是我仍旧不同意他的意见、Child as he is……、Lazy a boy as he is, he is kind to help others他虽然爱犯懒,但乐于助人;2.as/so+adj+as+主谓,如:As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight、As important as qualifications are,…… 资历固然重要……

be如何表示让步
这其实时whether或however的省略形式,译成“不论……”,1.如果表达两个或两个以上的情况,等于whether,如:All substances, be they gaseous, liquid or solid, are made up of atoms等于All substances, whether they may be gaseous……;2.如果表达一种情况,用however,如:Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.等于However humble it may be, there……

比较状语从句翻译的核心方法
A + verb + as/so + C(名词类) + as + B(名词类/句子),“A就像B一样(是)C”

比较状语从句两个as的区别
前面的是副词,后面的as才是从句的连词

比较状语从句as的基本结构 4个
“主句和从句(不)一样……”,1.as + adj/adv + as,如:The work is not as difficult as you think这项工作不像你想象的那么难;2.as + adj + a(n) + 可数名词单数 + as,如:Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes我们举一个像写信封地址一样简单的例子吧;3.否定句中可用so替代第一个as,如:This room is not so large as the one we saw yesterday;4.从句主语太长可以用倒装,as……as+助动词+主语,如:Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth尽管蚂蚁很小,但是它和地球上的任何其他动物一样,也是一种生物,其中all other animals on the earth是主语,are被倒置了

比较状语从句as much as结构
as/so much as或as/so much……as,“同等程度的、和……一样”,如:The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soil and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans地球周围的大气层,就如同地球上的泥土及湖泊、河流、海洋中的水一样,都是地球的组成部分,从句中的are被提前了

比较状语从句not so much……as结构 2个
1.not A so much as B;2.not so much A as B,“与其说A倒不如说B、是B不是A”,其中A、B为平行结构,如同为介词短语、动词不定式、名词短语等,如:The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning学校教育的伟大作用不在于教会你多少东西,而在于教会你学习的技巧

比较状语从句(just)as……,so结构
as要放到句首,“正如……所以……”,so后可能会出现倒装,如:Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment善有善报恶有恶报、Just as food nourishes the body, so do books enrich the mind食物滋养身体,书本丰富心灵

比较状语从句than的使用条件 2个
比较内容出现level不对等,比如更高、更少,1.主句中要有比较级;2.同类事物相对比,如果从句主语太长会出现倒装,than+助动词+主语,如:The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North、Ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition,其中those with little ambition是主语,are被倒置

比较状语从句no more……than结构
用作类比,no more……than+从句 等于not……any more than+从句,than后面用肯定形式,但翻译为否定意思,“……不能……,就如同(从句)……不能……一样”,正向翻译,如:A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears傻瓜看不到自己的愚蠢,就像他看不到自己的耳朵一样

比较状语从句表达倍数 3个
“A是B的n倍”,1.倍数+比较级+than,如:A is three times bigger than B;2.倍数+as+adj原级+as,如:A is three times as big as B、There are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago现如今的渔场数量仅是15年前的一半;3.倍数+名词+of,如:A is three times the size of B、Prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending自1997年以来,处方药费用的增长速度是整个医疗费用增长速度的两倍

比较状语从句the more结构
the+比较级+从句,the+比较级+主句,其中the 修饰的adj/adv要在各句子中做成分,主将从现或主现从现,正向翻译,先译从句,后译主句,如:The more we study, the more we konw学的越多,知道的就越多、The greater population there is in a locality, the greater need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse;前面the more从句中的be动词可以省略,如:The lower the level of lighting (is) in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus

比较状语从句A is to B what/as C is to D结构
用作类比,“A与B的关系就像C与D的关系”,A is to B what/as C is to D 等于 What/As C is to D, so is A to B(或,A is to B),如:Personality is to man what perfume is to flower人的品格犹如花的芬芳、As blood vessel is to man's body, railway is to transportation(或so is railway to transportation)铁路网络对于整个交通系统来说,就如同人体的血管对于整个人体一样重要

如何表示动作的方式“像” 5个
as、like、as if、as though、the way,如:When in Rome, do as the Rome do入乡随俗、Do it the way you were taught按照教给你的那样做、He looks as though/if he is an actor他看上去像个演员、Love like you have never been hurt去爱吧,犹如你从未被伤害过

as引导方式状语从句修饰什么
修饰主句谓语,如:They look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship他们看待一种生物就像野蛮人看着一艘船一样

as引导方式状语从句的倒装形式
as+助动词+主语,如:Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate瞬间记忆力会下降,决策力和集中力同样也会减弱

as用于否定结构 2个
“……而……”,1.否定+as+肯定,如:Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, he recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America他并没有像同时代的人那样提倡与美国文化完全分离,而是主张一种文化多元主义,艺术家们借此可以丰富美国文化;2.肯定+as+否定,如:John had taken to that young woman as he did to few people约翰深爱那个年轻女子,而他很少这么爱一个人、She described the scene as no other people described it她这样描写这个场景,而没有其他人会这样描写

不定式可以充当什么成分
除了动词外的其他任何成分

不定式作主语的位置 3个
1.直接在句首,如:To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic为了被爱而爱是人之常情,为了爱而爱则难能可贵;2.It is adj to do结构,如:It is impossible for us to master English in a short time我们不可能在短时期间内掌握英语;3.其他结构,如:It takes time and effort to master English要掌握英语得花时间,付出努力、It is my duty to help you with your English帮你学习英语是我的责任

不定式作动词的宾语的结构 3个
1.及物动词+to do,动词和do都是由全句主语发出,谓语多是描写态度的动词,agree、appear、ask、attempt、hope、promise、refuse to do等;2.动词+疑问词+to do,what/who/which/how/when/where/ whether,动词ask、decide、imagine、know、learn,这实际是宾语从句的省略,如:I wonder who to invite(=who I should invite)我想知道该邀请谁、This book teaches you how to acquire new habits如何培养新习惯;3.动词+it+宾补+to do,因为带了宾补,所以先用it站位,it就是指to do的内容,如:I think it hard to answer the question in one go我觉得很难一下子回答这个问题

动词+宾语+宾补 变成 动词+宾补+宾语 时加不加it的问题 2个
1.如果宾语是动词不定式或that引导的从句,则需要加it;2.如果宾语是名词短语或what引导的从句时,则不加it,如:The development of steel nibs makes it possible to develop pens等于The development of steel nibs makes possible the development of pens钢制笔尖的发展使钢笔的发展成为可能

不定式作宾语补足语的结构
动词+宾语+to do,常用在某些特定动词后,如:advice/allow/ask/encourage/invite/ like/prefer/teach/want sb to do

不定式作定语的结构
都是作后置定语修饰名词,名词+to do,通常译为“……来……”,重点是要弄清不定式和名词的逻辑语义关系

不定式作定语时,被修饰名词在不定式中作及物动词的宾语
I have a letter to write我有一封信要写,逻辑宾语是letter、We had a long journey to make before nightfall在天黑前,我们还有很长的路要赶,逻辑宾语是journey

不定式作定语时,被修饰名词在不定式中作介词的宾语 2个
1.介词与不定式中的动词是固定搭配,如:I had no place to live in当时我没地方可住;2.介词与被修饰的名词构成搭配,如:I need to buy an outfit for the gym to exercise in我需要买一套运动装在健身房里穿,in the gym

不定式作定语时,被修饰名词在不定式中作动词的主语
被修饰名词前通常有only、last、next、序数词、最高级等,如:I don't think he is the best man to do the job我认为他不是做这项工作的最佳人选、The man to help you is Mr. Johnson能够帮你的人就是约翰逊先生

不定式作定语时,被修饰名词与不定式为同位语关系
即不定式补充名词的意思,仅限于名词是由动词或形容词变化而来的,如:His refusal to co-operate makes us angry他拒绝与我们合作让我们很生气、She was relucatant to accept his invitation她很不愿意接受他的邀请 与 Her reluctance to accept his invitation upset him她很不愿意接受他的邀请,这是他很心烦。用不定式修饰时可以多个动词

不定式作定语时,被修饰的名词在不定式中作状语
即修饰不定式中的动词,如方式状语way、地点状语place、时间状语time,如:Role playing is a safe and enjoyable way to learn English角色扮演是一个安全并且自得其乐的英语学习方式、The time to go is July应该在7月份去、A good place to eat is the Sichuan restaurant around the corner一个吃饭的好地方就是拐角的那家川菜馆

adj+to do的宾语关系 2个
重点是句子主语在不定式中作宾语,1.当adj的含义偏向于描述活动、事情、事件时,句子主语并不是真正的主语,句子的真实主语是不定式,不定式中的动词不能用被动,去掉不定式会影响句子本意,如:He is interesting to listen to等于It is interesting to listen to him等于To listen to him is interesting听他讲话很有意思,是说:听他讲话这件事儿,很有意思;2.当adj的含义偏向于描述人或物时,句子的主语就是真正的主语,“……可以……”,这里的不定式像是补充说明的意思,去掉不定式不太会影响句子本意,如:The book is interesting to buy这本书很有趣可以买,是说:书有趣,而不是买书这件事儿有趣

adj+to do的主语关系
这里的adj主要是表达外界对主语的行为的评价、主语自身的感受或态度的形容词,这里的adj像是补充说明的意思,句子主语同时也在不定式中作逻辑主语,也可以通过不定式前加for或of的方式改变不定式的逻辑主语,如:He is kind to help us等于It is kind of him to help us等于He is so kind as to help us等于How kind of him (it is) to help us他真好,来帮我们

不定式作状语的目的
都是为了修饰主句的动词,通常不看to前面是什么词性,to相当于是其他连词的替代物

不定式作目的状语
典型应用,“……为了……”,相当于in order to或so as to的简写形式,通常不定式的逻辑主语要和句子主语一致,如:To acquire knowledge, one must study要想获得知识就必须学习、For any adhesive to make a really strong bond, the surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease对于任何黏合剂,要想粘的结实,被粘的面儿必须绝对清洁且不能潮湿或有油渍,注意这里是for开头的;而表示否定“……为了不……”时要用in order not to或so as not to,不能用not to,如:We'd better start early, in order not to miss the train.

不定式作结果状语 6个
“……所以……、……以至于……、……结果……”,1.only to do,表示主语不希望的结果,如:We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left我们匆匆忙忙赶到火车站结果却发现火车刚刚出站;2.so……as to do或such as to do,结果状语从句的省略形式,如:She looks so beautiful as to attract all of us她的这般美貌吸引了我们所有人;3.adj+enough to do,“……足够adj来……”,如:The opening is big enough for the hand to slide in开口的大小足够把手伸进去;4.too……to do,“……太……以至于不能……”,如:Too small for the fist to come out太小了以至于拳头不能拿出来,“……(太)……所以能……”,如:I am only too pleased to help you我非常乐意帮助你;5.not too……to do,“……不(很)……所以能够……”,如:We are never too old to learn活到老学到老;6.too……not to do,“……很……所以不会不……”,如:He is too smart not to see your point他很聪明不会不明白你的意思

不定式作条件状语
句子中通常含有情态动词will/would/should/must/can/could,to do相当于是条件状语从句省去了if+主语+谓语,如:I would have been happy to be invited to the party等于I would have been happy if I had been invited to the party当时如果有人邀请我参加那个聚会,我当然会非常高兴(但实际上没有人邀请我)、One must be out of his mind to do such a thing等于One must be out of his mind if he does such a thing如果有人真的做出这种事来,那他一定是脑子有问题

不定式作原因状语
不常见,表示某种感情的原因,如:They laughed to see the clown等于They laughed as they saw the clown看到那个小丑他们都大笑起来

不定式引导独立的句子
To think/imagine/spend,“你想想看,主语竟然……”,如:To think she wanted to walk all the way to the park你想想看,她竟然想大老远地走到公园去、To imagine even for a minute that I would do a thing like that on purpose等于I would never do that intentionally你想想看,我能故意做出那种事儿来么?前面的would是虚拟,表示不太会发生

不定式动作的逻辑主语有什么规则 3个
1.和句子的主语一致,这时不需要显性指出;2.for+名词/代词+to do,常见用法,不定式可作句子的主语、状语、定语、表语,如:It is very common for him to be absent without leave不请假就擅自离开是他的一贯作风;3.of+名词/代词+to do,只有of前有表示人的性格特征或行为表现的形容词出现时使用,仅用于作主语的不定式,如:It is generous of him to lend me his car

不定式一般式的主被动形式
主动:to do,被动:to be done

不定式完成式的主被动形式
主动:to have done,被动:to have been done

不定式进行式的主被动形式
主动:to be doing,无被动形式

不定式完成进行式的主被动形式
主动:to have been doing,无被动形式

不定式的被动式to be done用法
句中没有出现不定式的主语,或不定式修饰的成分是不定式的承受者,说白了就是中文的被动关系,如:He wants some photographs to be taken他想找人拍几张照片、These sheets are to be washed这些床单是要洗的、The house is to let这房子要出租,to let和to blame都是主动表被动、The book is not allowed to be taken out of the library双重被动,这本书不允许带出图书馆

不定式的普通形式to do与句子谓语动作发生先后
不定式中的动作或状态发生在谓语的动作或状态之后,或是同一时态下,如:I'm sorry to bother you about this, but that music is really loud对不起打扰一下,您播放的音乐声音太大了,先am sorry后bother

不定式的完成式to have done与句子谓语动作发生先后
不定式中的动作或状态发生在谓语的动作或状态之前,如果谓语表示现在,那么不定式类似于过去时,如果谓语表示过去,那么不定式类似于过去完成时,谓语动词主要是表示情感、观点、推断,如:I'm sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion很抱歉,在这个时候还问了你这么多问题来打扰你,先打扰问问题,后道歉

不定式的完成式to have done中句子谓语动词是表达态度情感的
sorry/happy,相当于adj+to do,如:I'm sorry not to have come on Thursday很抱歉我周四没能来,on Thursday是个过去的时间;I'm sorry to keep you waiting对不起请稍等一下;I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long很抱歉让你久等了

不定式的完成式to have done中句子谓语动词是表达观点的
say/said/believe/think/consider/report,相当于verb+to do,如:The marathon is said to have come from this event据说马拉松比赛就源于这次事件,先发生了事件,才有的马拉松;Albert Einstein is estimated to have had the incredible intelligence quotient of 200据估计爱因斯坦的智商高达200,这真让人难以置信;

不定式的完成式to have done中句子谓语动词是表达推断的
seem/appear,相当于verb+to do,如:I seem to have lost some weight我好像瘦了些,先减了体重,再(现在)看起来;It seems to have rained last night昨晚似乎下雨了,先下了雨,再(现在)似乎;It seems to rain any time soon似乎很快要下雨了,先似乎,再可能要下雨

不定式的完成式to have done中表示虚拟 3个
非真实的过去(过去想做而实际没做),谓语要用过去相关时态,1.meant/intended/thought/planned/ hoped/wished/proposed to have done,表示“本来……”,如:I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot我本来打算打电话的,但是我忘了;2.was/were to have done或would/should like to have done句型;3.had meant/intended/thought/planned/ hoped/wished/proposed to do句型

不定式的进行时to be doing用法
表示现在或过去与句子谓语同时发生的动作,“正在……”或最近反复发生的动作,如:He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by当老师走过时,他假装正在专心听讲,不定式相当于过去进行时;You know money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately你知道,最近我有钱在口袋里就搁不住,就要花掉

不定式的完成进行式to have been doing用法
表示在谓语之前已经开始,并且一直持续进行,如:He seems to have been sitting there all day他似乎整天都坐在那里;I seem to have been learning English for over 10 years我好像已经学了十几年英语了

省去to的不定式,某些动词的宾补中 9个
感官动词see、hear、watch、notice、feel、observe,使役动词make、let、have,但在这些动词的被动式中要加to,如:I saw a man enter the shop我看见一个人进了商店;The mother makes her son play the violin three hours a day这个母亲让儿子每天练习三个小时的小提琴;The minister had his secretary arrange a press conference部长让他的秘书安排一次新闻发布会;A man was seen to enter the shop

省去to的不定式,表示不得不、不妨结构中 6个
had better、would rather/sooner、would just as soon、might (just) as well、cannot but、cannot help but,如:I cannot but admire his courage我不得不敬佩他的勇气;We might as well put up here for tonight今晚我们不妨就在这里过夜;I couldn't help but fall in love with you我情不自禁地坠入爱河

省去to的不定式,在than后面的结构中 3个
more than、rather than、other than、than,如:Teacher do much more than impart knowledge老师不只是授业解惑;Students do far more than just attend classes学生们除了上课还要做其他很多事情;Rather than wait anymore, I decided to go home by taxi我决定打车回家,而不想再等下去了;Rather than go on with his work, he went home他回家了不再继续工作;She preferred to give herself up rather than hide herself他宁愿自首而不是躲起来;No one could do other than admire it大家都很崇拜他,即“除了”,除了崇拜什么也做不了

省去to的不定式,在“除了”“只有”结构中 3个
1.do nothing/anything/everything but do,因为前面有do所以but后不加to,如:I have nothing to do but wait等于I have no choice but to wait我没办法,只好等、He will do anything but give in他绝不会屈服,即他会做任何事情,除了屈服、He needs nothing but to succeed他要的只是成功;2.no choice/alternative but to do,如:He had no alternative but to take a taxi home though he did not like the idea他只好打车回家,虽然他并不愿意这样;3.解释do的含义的主语从句或定语从句中,主句谓语be动词后直接加do,如:All we can do is let ourselves be loved我们能做的是让自己有人爱,let前不加to

省去to的不定式,在why句型中
why (not) do,如:Why pay to see that movie, since you can see it on TV for nothing?既然你不花钱就可以在电视上看到那部电影,那为什么还要花钱去看呢;Why not take a holiday为什么不休个假呢

省去to的不定式,在固定搭配中
make do设法应付,make believe假装,let drop使……掉下来,let fall让……倒下,如:Let's make believe we are now on a deserted island现在让我们来假想自己是在一座孤岛上

动名词的构成形式是什么样
动词+ing

动名词能充当什么成分
相当于名词,在句中能作主语、宾语、表语、定语

动名词作主语的位置 2个
通常直接放在句首,句子谓语用单数,1.动名词+动名词的宾语放在句首,如:Getting mad at others means other people are getting control of my emotions如果我生别人的气,就意味着我让别人控制了我的情绪;2.在特殊句型中可以放在句中

动名词作主语放在句中的特殊句型有哪些 3个
1.it is no/any/some good/use doing sth,或it is a waste of time doing sth,“做某事没有用”,“做某事有点儿用”,如:It's no use crying over spilt milk后悔没有用、Is it any good trying to explain?努力解释有用吗、It's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie看那部电影纯粹是浪费时间和金钱;2.there is no good/use/point (in) doing sth,“做某事没有必要、做某事没有意义”,如:There is no/little use your arguing with him你没必要和他争论;3.there is no doing sth,等于it's impossible to do sth或等于we can't do sth,“无法做某事、不可能做某事”,如:There is no telling what will happen tomorrow谁也无法预知明天会发生什么、There is no knowing the future等于It's impossible to know the future等于We can't know the future谁也无法预知未来

For goodness sake!什么意思
看在老天的份上

如何表示“毋庸置疑” 2个
1.there is no denying the fact that……;2.there is no gainsaying the fact that……

动名词在动词后作宾语
如admit、advise、appreciate、avoid、consider、deny、feel like、finish、can't help、imagine、mind、miss、can't stand、involve、practice、suggest、understand等,如:Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to archieve a satisfactory result要想取得满意的结果,我们必须冒一些风险、She was so angry that she felt like throwing something at him她当时是那么生气,以至于真想找些东西砸他

动名词在介词后作宾语
如look forward to(期望)、object to(反对)、be/get used to doing(习惯于)、be accustomed to do/doing(习惯于)、prefer doing to doing、insist on、amount to(意味着)、take to(开始喜欢做)、devote……to doing、be devoted to doing、be opposed to doing等,如:I am used/accustomed to sleeping with the light on我习惯了开着灯睡觉、The students object to increasing their tuition学生反对提高学费

“拼车”怎么说
carpooling

动名词在特定句型中作宾语,“做某事遇到了麻烦”
have difficulty/trouble/problems/(a difficult/hard time) (in) doing sth,如:I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place我还没有适应(习惯)住这么大的房子、We are having all kinds of trouble finding a new apartment for next year我们在为明年租房找房子遇到了各种麻烦

不定式在特定句型中作宾语,“做某事遇到了麻烦”
take the trouble to do sth、trouble to do sth、have (no) time to do sth,如:I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time  to catch the last bus我昨晚加班到很晚,几乎都来不及赶末班车了

动名词在特定句型中作宾语,“做某事很开心”
have a good time (in) doing sth,have an easier time (in) doing sth,如:If I work hard at remaining positive and view changes as opportunities to grow, I have an easier time dealing with them如果我努力保持乐观积极的心态,并且把变化当做是成长的机会,我就会比较容易应对变化

动名词在特定句型中作宾语,“……在……方面、……就……而言”
……in terms of doing sth,在句子中作状语

动名词在特定句型中作宾语,“情不自禁”“不得不”
can't help/resist/(keep from)/(hold back from) doing,如:No one can help liking Tom; he is such a cute boy没有人不喜欢汤姆,他实在太可爱了

不定式在特定句型中作宾语,“情不自禁”“不得不”
can't help/choose but do、can't but do

动名词在特定句型中作宾语,“值得做”
be worth doing、be worthy of being done、be worthy to be done,“……是值得做的”,如:The book is worth reading等于The book is worthy of being read等于The book is worthy to be read这本书值得一读

动名词在特定句型中作宾语,“忙于……”
be busy doing,如:The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy sending back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon这些钱将被用来使月球上的航空飞行器持续不停地把有关月球表面的图片和其他信息发回到地球

动名词作表语结构
直接放在be动词后,如:His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮、Reading is permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer阅读,就如同允许作者一个人长时间地说,而你却无权回应

动名词作定语结构
通常修饰名词的用途,要放到名词前面,如:a sleeping car卧铺车厢、a reading room阅览室、a swimming pool游泳池;动名词作定语的情况较少,远没有现在分词作定语常见

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之省略
与句子主语一致,如:He disliked working late他不喜欢加班

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之物主代词
his/my/your/its等+doing,动名词在句中作主语或宾语,如:His refusing to accept the invitation upset me他拒绝接受邀请,这让我很恼火、He disliked his wife's working late他不喜欢他妻子加班、Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen在自然界找不到游离的铝,因为它总是与其他元素,尤其是氧元素,发生化合反应,前半句正常语序是Aluminum is nowhere in nature found free……

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之所有格
(Mary's)+doing,动名词在句中作主语或宾语,如:Tom's refusing to accept the invitation upset me汤姆拒绝接受邀请,这让我很恼火、Would you mind Tom's telling us the whole story?你是否愿意让汤姆把事情的经历告诉我们

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之宾格代词
(me/him等)+doing,动名词在句中作宾语,如:Do you mind me/my making a suggestion?我提个建议,你介意么

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之无生命名词
(the desks/the project/the young)+doing,动名词在句中作宾语,如:The noice of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street课桌开关的声音在大街上到能听得到、In the event of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 millions万一这个项目投资失败,投资者将会损失3000万美元、Anyone with half an eye on the unempolyment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue只要稍稍看看目前失业率的数字,任何人就都知道,有关经济复苏即将到来的断言是完全没有根据的,逻辑主语是economic recovery

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之不定代词
(someone/anyone/everyone)+doing,动名词在句中作宾语,如:He was awakened by someone knocking on the door有人敲门,把他吵醒了

动名词的逻辑主语结构,之较长名词短语
动名词在句中作宾语,如:There is no point any one of us arguing with him我们谁与他争论都没有用、I've always had in my mind a dream of my father, mother and I living together我一直梦想和父母生活在一起,逻辑主语是my father, mother and I

动名词一般式的主被动形式
主动:doing,被动:being done

动名词完成式的主被动形式
主动:having done,被动:having been done

动名词进行式的主被动形式
没有

动名词完成进行式的主被动形式
没有

动名词的一般被动式being done
动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者,如:I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time我还记得第一次被带到动物园去的情景、I have not the least objection to the child being punished对这孩子进行惩罚,我丝毫不反对

主动表被动的动词举例 5个
demand、deserve、need、require、want+doing表被动,或接to be done表被动,如:The garden needs watering等于The graden needs to be watered花园需要浇水、He deserved praising等于He deserved to be praised他应该受到表扬、Your hair wants cutting等于Your hair wants to be cut你的头发需要剪了、He deserves shooting first他应该第一个被枪毙、He deserves to shoot first他应该第一个开始射击

动名词的完成式having done
动名词的动作发生在句子谓语动作之前,如:He denied having been there他否认去过那里、He regretted not having gone to university他很后悔当初没有上大学、I repented having shot the bird我后悔射杀了那只鸟、The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of the company墙角处的那个人承认对这家公司的经历说了谎

动名词的完成被动式having been done
动名词的动作发生在句子谓语之前,并且动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者,如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad to two years ago我很感激两年前得到的那次出国留学的机会、He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess他为自己在棋弈上从未被击败而自豪

there be的动名词形式
there being,“有……”,多用于介词后面,如:He spoke of there being danger他当时提到过有危险,如果是He spoke of being danger就变成了他当时提到是危险,意思不通

there be的不定式形式
there to be,“有……”,用在接不定式的动词后面,或介词for后面,如:I don't want there to be any misunderstandings on this point我不希望在这一点上有什么误解、The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exam同学们都希望在期末考试之前能够多上一些复习课、For there to be life, there must be air and water要想有生命,首先得要有空气和水、It was too late for there to be any buses当时太晚了,一趟公交都没了

分词相当于什么成分
相当于形容词或副词,在句中能作状语、定语、补足语、表语

分词与所修饰的名词的位置关系是怎样的 2个
1.只有一个分词时,要放到被修饰名词前面;2.分词短语要放到被修饰名词后面

现在分词的意义 2个
分词为及物或不及物动词时没有区别,1.主动的、正在进行的动作,“正在…(分词)…的……”,如:the sinking ship正在下沉的船、falling leaves正在飘落的叶子、the rising sun旭日、the setting sun落日、a sleeping child熟睡中的孩子、The man standing at the gate is my English teacher站在大门口的那个男的是我的英语老师;2.主动的、一般的动作(状态化),flying fish飞鱼、a promising young man有前途的年轻人、the exploiting class剥削阶级、an understanding man善解人意的人、a puzzling problem令人迷惑的问题、a room facing the south朝南的房间;区分到底表示进行还是一般要根据上下文判断

过去分词的意义 3个
分词为及物动词时,1.被动的、一般的动作(状态化),“被…(分词)…的……”,如:the exploited class被剥削阶级、the oppressed nations被压迫的国家、a respected writer受人尊敬的作家;2.被动的、完成的动作,“已经被…(分词)…的……”,如:the broken cup(已)被打碎了的杯子、an annoyed man被惹恼了的男子、trained empoyees训练有素的职员、boiled water凉白开。分词为不及物动词时,3.主动的、完成的动作,“已经…(分词)…的……”,如:the sunken ship已沉于水底的船、fallen leaves地上的落叶、a retired general退伍的将军、faded colors褪了的颜色,departed friends久别的朋友、a developed country发达国家、returned students归国留学生、a married man已婚男子

不及物动词的现在分词和过去分词都能表示主动的区别是什么
不及物动词的现在分词多表示主动进行,不及物动词的过去分词表示主动完成

分词作状语,之单独的分词或分词短语
现在分词或过去分词开头的半个句子,分词的逻辑主语和主句一致,能表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等意思,注意不是完整的句子,而动名词作主语时有谓语,是完整的句子,如:Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street我朝窗外看,发现街上有很多人、Opening the freezer, he took out some ice他打开冰柜,取出一些冰块、Being a pop fan, she likes Jay Zhou most作为一个流行乐迷,周杰伦是她最喜欢的歌手、Good relationships are hard to find and once developed should be nurtured知己难觅,一旦建立好关系,应当精心呵护,其中once developed作状语,逻辑主语是Good relationships;但有一些惯用语可以主语不一致,如:Generally speaking,……一般来说、Judging from his expression, he is in a lousy mood从他的面部表情判断,他情绪不好(Judging from从……判断)、Allowing for her inexperience, she has done a good job考虑到她缺乏经验,她能做成这样已经不错了(Allowing for考虑到)、Talking of English, she is the best speaker说到英语,她的口语最好(Talking of当说到……)

分词作状语,之名词+分词
名词+现在分词或过去分词的半个句子,逻辑主语就是分词前的名词,能表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等意思,如:Weather permitting, we'll be going fishing tomorrow如果天气允许的话,我们明天就去钓鱼、All the money having been spent, we started looking for work当钱花光后,我们就开始找工作、Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed因为谁都无话可说了,会议就结束了

分词作状语,之with+名词+分词
with+名词+现在分词或过去分词的半个句子,逻辑主语就是分词前的名词,由于加了with,所以只能表示原因、伴随、补充说明、举例的意思,如:A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust一辆小汽车呼地开了过去,(伴随着)排气管冒出了一团黑烟、London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 percent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 percent调查显示,伦敦是最不守时的城市,(因为)有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时,好像也有with+名词+to do结构

分词作状语的意义 2类
1.非with结构:可以表示条件、时间、原因、结果、方式、补充或伴随的意思,要结合上下文判断,也可以保留连词,如:After talking to you, I always feel much better和你交谈之后,我总是感觉好多了、Although/Though exhausted by the walk, he continued his journey虽然走得很累了,他还是继续旅行;2.with结构:可以表示原因、补充说明、伴随、举例的意思

分词作定语与被修饰名词的位置关系 2个
1.单个现在分词或过去分词时,放在被修饰名词前;2.现在分词或过去分词短语,放在被修饰名词后,如:man wearing a hooded top穿着带兜帽的上衣的男人、the expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness几乎完全致力于描述快乐的表现形式,被动关系正向翻译了

A, combined with B什么意思
A、B是句子,表示A和B是并列关系,可以理解成and

A, together with B什么意思
A、B是句子,表示A和B是并列关系,可以理解成and

A, coupled with B什么意思
A、B是句子,表示A和B是并列关系,可以理解成and

用不定式或分词作后置定语表被动的结构 3个
1.将来,to be done,“……将要被……”,如:Are you going to attend the meeting to be held next month?你会参加将于下个月召开的会议吗;2.进行,being done,“……正在被……”,如:The question being discussed is very important正在讨论的那个问题十分重要、If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected;3.一般过去或完成,done,“……已经被……”,如:Did you attend the meeting held last month in Shanghai?你参加了上个月在上海举行的会议吗

分词作补足语的用法
在感官动词find、hear、see、smell、observe、notice或使役动词have、get后,如:Do you hear all those different birds singing in the park?公园里有各种鸟在唱歌,你听到了吗、I can see the vapor rising from the wet clothes when they are hung on the fire当湿衣服晾在火炉边时,你能看见水蒸气从衣服上蒸发、I saw passengers engulfed in fire我看到乘客被大火吞没、In recent years we have seen cases of traditional Chinese brands being pirated or patented overseas近些年来,我们常常看到中国的传统品牌正在海外被盗版或被申请专利

感官动词或使役动词接不定式或分词的区别 4个
1.用不带to的不定式表示一般的动作或一个动作的完整的过程,如:I watched them climb the tower我看见他们爬到了塔顶,看到他们爬的全过程、In the park you often see people do Tai chi在公园,你经常能见到人们在打太极拳;2.用doing强调动作正在进行,如:I watched them climbing the tower我看见他们正在往塔顶爬、I saw him doing Tai chi when I came in我进来时,看见他们正在打太极拳;3.用being done强调动作正在被,如:In recent years we have seen cases of traditional Chinese brands being pirated or patented overseas近些年来,我们常常看到中国的传统品牌正在海外被盗版或被申请专利;4.用done强调动作被动,如:I'll have you arrested if you don't pay your taxes

catch sb doing什么意思
“发现某人做坏事”,如:He was caught stealing his classmate's money the other day

make oneself heard什么意思
“让别人听见自己的讲话”,如:The hall was too noisy for the speaker to make himself heard

不能用作定语的分词结构 2个
1.having done和having been done不能用在名词后作定语,前面更不行了,但可以用在名词后作状语,如:The Chinese children having been raised in the U.S., we find they have a totally different value from that of those raised in China由于这些孩子在美国长大,我们发现他们的价值观和中国孩子的完全不同;2.不及物动词的过去分词只能作前置定语,不能做后置定语,如:All the flowers grown here have developed from those that once grew in the forest种植在这里的花是利用森林中自然野生的花培养而来的,grown是作为grow的及物动词用法“种植”,而grew是作为grow的不及物动词用法“生长”,所以grew不能直接后置修饰those,而需要变成定语从句才行

不能用作状语的分词结构 1个
不及物动词的过去分词不能作状语,只能作前置定语,不及物动词若想作状语表示“曾经……”,要用having done形式,如:Having grown up in a small village, I developed a great interest in……

分词的一般式和完成式的使用规则
因为分词的完成式只能作状语,所以下面都是基于分词作状语来讨论,1.一般式doing,分词表示的动作或状态在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之后发生或同时发生或动作间隔很短,如:Singing a song, he sat down唱着歌的同时,他就坐了下来、Locking the door, he went home锁完门他就回家了;2.完成式having done或having been done,分词表示的动作或状态在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前多次发生(短暂动词)或持续一段时间(延续动词)或间隔较长,如:Having sung a song, he sat down他唱完一首歌后,就坐了下来、Having locked all the doors in the shop, he went home把商店里所有的门都锁好后,他才回家

现在分词一般式与主句谓语的先后关系 3个
1.与主句谓语动词同时发生,Reading the newspaper, I walked over to the windows我看着报纸,走到窗前;2.在主句谓语动词之后发生;3.分词动作先发生,紧接着主句谓语动词再发生,Hearing the joke, he brust out laughing一听完这个笑话,我们禁不住大笑起来

现在分词完成式与主句谓语的先后关系 2个
分词动作先发生,然后隔了一段时间,主句动作发生,1.分词是延续动词,表示在主句动作前持续发生了一段时间,Having failed to quailfy as a docter, I took up teaching当初没有当成医生,后来我改当老师了;2.分词是短暂动词,表示在主句动作前重复发生,Having failed three times, he didn't want to try again他已经失败了三次,不想再试了

分词一般式的主动和及物动词被动形式是什么
1.主动:doing,如:Unidentified Flying Object不明飞行物、Locking the door, he went home他锁上门回家去了;2.被动:done,如:a respected writer一位受尊敬的作家、Asked what he wanted to do in future, he answered……被问到将来想做些什么时,他回答道……

分词进行式的主动和(及物动词)被动形式是什么
1.主动:doing,如:the sinking ship正在下沉的船;2.被动:being done,如:The question being discussed is very important正在讨论的那个问题十分重要、Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe由于被一面厚厚的墙保护着,他们感到非常安全

分词完成式的主动和及物动词被动形式是什么
1.主动:having done,如:Having locked all the doors, he went home把商店里所有的门都锁好后,他才回家;2.被动:having been done,如:All flights having been canceled, they had to take the train由于所有的航班都被取消了,他们只好坐火车,这里是主语不一致,自带主语

如何表示将来的被动
to be done

分词构成的复合形容词的结构有哪些
名词/形容词/副词 + 现在分词/过去分词 + 被修饰的名词

由现在分词构成的复合形容词
被修饰的名词作分词的逻辑主语,主动关系,而名词/形容词/副词作分词的宾语/表语/状语,翻译时反向翻译,如:ice-thawing visit等于the visit can thaw the ice融冰之旅、face-swapping skill川剧变脸、peace-keeping force维和部队、a good-looking man英俊的男子、hard-working people勤劳的民族、a far-seeing politician一位远见卓识的政治家

由过去分词构成的复合形容词
被修饰的名词作分词的逻辑宾语,被动关系,而名词/形容词/副词可以理解成主语/补足语/状语,翻译时正向翻译,如:man-made fibers人造纤维、water-covered lands被水覆盖的陆地、a green-painted house一个被刷成绿色的房子、a newly-built library一座新建的图书馆、the newly elected president新当选的总统

其他结构的复合形容词
1.adj+名词ed,如:bad-tempered people坏脾气的人、warm-hearted people热心肠的人、cold-blooded animals冷血动物、narrow-minded people心胸狭窄的人、a blue-eyed man一个蓝眼睛的男人、middle-aged people中年人;2.数词+名词ed,如:a one-eyed camel一只眼的骆驼、a two-faced person两面三刀的人、a three-legged table三条腿的桌子、a ten-storyed building十层楼高的建筑物

名词从句可以用什么非谓语简化
动名词(that引导的主语、同位语、宾语从句) or 不定式(that引导的宾语从句、疑问词引导的从句)

that引导的主语从句变成什么非谓语
一般简化成动名词复合结构,如:That John won the marathon surprised us等于It surprised us that John won the marathon等于John's winning the marathon surprised us约翰赢得了马拉松比赛,这真让我们吃惊、That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody等于His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody他在比赛中失利,这让每个人都觉得很意外

that引导的同位语从句变成什么非谓语
通常是把that变成of,偶尔可以用about,然后接动名词复合结构,如:There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive等于There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive戴维不可能从战场上生还

that引导的宾语从句变成什么非谓语
要根据主句中的动词判断是用动名词还是不定式,有时还要补充和主句动词搭配的介词,如:I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future等于I consider emigrating to America in the future我在考虑将来移民到美国、Jane's mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother等于Jane's mother insisted on her going swimming with her brother简的妈妈坚持要求她和她哥哥(或弟弟)一起去游泳、I hope that I can drive to work in my own car等于I hope to drive to work in my own car我希望能够开着自己的车去上班

whether/which/what/how等疑问词引导的名词从句变成什么非谓语
从句中常有情态动词,要保留疑问词,后面接不定式,如:I don't know what clothes I should wear等于I don't know what clothes to wear我不知道我该穿什么衣服、I haven't decided whether I should vote for Clint等于I haven't decided whether to vote for Clint我还没有决定是否应该给克林特投票

定语从句可以用非谓语简化的大前提
只有先行词在定语从句中作主语时,才能被简化

定语从句与其他后置定语的关系
定语从句是一类后置定语,而其他的可用作后置定语的短语都可以看做是定语从句的简化,但简化可能造成意思不如定语从句表达的明确,因为可能会丢掉时态,如:The people who were responsible for the incident were all punished等于The people responsible for the incident were all punished对此事负责的人都受到了惩罚(形动词短语)、the girl who was standing in the corner当时正站在角落中的女孩,约等于the girl standing in the corner(分词短语)站在角落中的女孩,约等于the girl in the corner(介词短语)角落中的女孩

定语从句可以用什么非谓语简化
分词 or 不定式

定语从句可以用分词简化的规则 6个
1.从句中的谓语是实义动词;2.主句和从句的时态一致,不一致时,如果影响句意,则不能简化成分词形式,如:The men who were working on the site were in some danger等于The men working on the site were in some danger当时在工地上工作的那些人处境非常危险、The man who stole into the room was caught immediately约等于The man stealing into the room was caught immediately;3.原从句时态主动时用现在分词,原从句时态被动时用过去分词;4.因为分词的完成式不能做定语,所以定语从句时态是完成式时不能被简化;5.定语从句中有除will/shall外的情态动词时,不能被简化,因为失去了情态动词本意;6.定语从句中由be动词作谓语时,不能简化

什么形式的定语从句可以用不定式简化 5个
主句先行词被the only、the last、the next、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,如:You are the only one that can understand me等于You are the only one to understand me你是唯一能够理解我的人

状语从句可以用非谓语简化的大前提
一般当状语从句的主语和主句主语相同时,才能被简化,但有特例

状语从句可以用什么非谓语简化
分词 or 不定式

什么形式的状语从句可以用分词简化 2个
从句主语与主句主语一致,原从句时态主动时用现在分词,原从句时态被动时用过去分词,1.如果状语从句中还有be动词,直接去掉状语从句中的主语和be动词即可,如:A tiger can't be tamed unless it is caught very young等于A tiger can't be tamed unless caught very young老虎只有在年幼时抓来才能被驯服;2.如果状语从句中没有be动词,那么要去掉主语并把动词变成现在分词ing形式,如:After I finished my homework, I fed the dog等于After finishing my homework, I fed the dog

什么形式的状语从句可以用不定式简化
一般只有目的状语从句,从句主语可以与主句主语不一致,如:I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet等于I turned off the TV in order for my roommate to study in peace and quiet我关掉了电视,好让我的室友安静地学习

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