LearnOpenGL 光照—光照贴图—练习（放射光贴图）
2024-05-10 19:15:20
文章目录
- 初始代码
- 练习一
- 练习二
- 练习三
- 练习四
初始代码
l i g h t s h a d e r : light\ shader: light shader:
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;void main()
{gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos,1.0);
}#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;void main()
{FragColor = vec4(1.0); 将向量的四个分量全部设置为1.0
}
o b j e c t s h a d e r ： object\ shader： object shader：
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos; // 位置变量的属性位置值为 0
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;uniform mat4 model; //模型
uniform mat4 view; //观察
uniform mat4 projection; //投影out vec3 Normal;
out vec3 FragPos;
out vec2 TexCoords;void main()
{// 注意乘法要从右向左读gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);Normal = mat3(transpose(inverse(model))) * aNormal;FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));TexCoords = aTexCoords;
}#version 330 corestruct Material
{sampler2D diffuse;sampler2D specular;float shininess;
};struct Light
{vec3 position;vec3 ambient;vec3 diffuse;vec3 specular;
};in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec2 TexCoords;out vec4 FragColor; uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
uniform vec3 viewPos;void main()
{//环境光vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));//漫反射vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - FragPos);float diff = max(dot(norm,lightDir),0.0);vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));//镜面反射vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir,norm);float spec = pow(max(dot(reflectDir,viewDir),0.0),material.shininess);vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular,TexCoords));//最终结果vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular;FragColor = vec4(result,1.0);
}c p p ： cpp： cpp：
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include "shader.h"
#include "stb_image.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "texture.h"
using std::cout;//窗口回调函数
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{//绘图视口 3D坐标到2D坐标的转换(映射)和这些参数(宽高)有关glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}//键盘回调
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);//鼠标回调
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);//滚轮回调
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);//窗口初始大小
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;//物体着色器
const char* vShaderPath = "ShaderFiles/shader.vert";
const char* fShaderPath = "ShaderFiles/shader.frag";
//光源着色器
const char* lightvShaderPath = "ShaderFiles/light_shader.vert";
const char* lightfShaderPath = "ShaderFiles/light_shader.frag";//混合颜色的插值
float mixValue = 0.2f;
//记录鼠标坐标
float lastX, lastY;
bool firstMouse = true;//摄像机
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));//光源位置
glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);int main()
{//glfw初始化glfwInit();//告诉glfw我们所使用的opengl版本 此处为3.3glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);//创建窗口GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);if (window == NULL){cout << "Failed to create GLFW window\n";glfwTerminate();return -1;}glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);//设置窗口回调函数glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);//键盘回调函数glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);//鼠标回调glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);//滚轮回调glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)){cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD\n";return -1;}//开启深度测试glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);//着色器对象Shader shaderProgram = Shader(vShaderPath, fShaderPath);Shader lightShaderProgram = Shader(lightvShaderPath, lightfShaderPath);float vertices[] = {// positions // normals // texture coords-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};//顶点缓冲对象 VBO//顶点数组对象 VAOunsigned int VBO, VAO;//渲染物体glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);glBindVertexArray(VAO);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);//设置顶点属性glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);//光源unsigned int lightVAO;glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);//漫反射贴图Texture diffuseTexture("diffuseTexture", "Images/container2_diffuse.png");//镜面光贴图//Texture specularTexture("specuTexture", "Images/container2_specular.png");Texture specularTexture("specuTexture", "Images/lighting_maps_specular_color.png");//线框模式//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);//这些uniform不会更新 可以放到循环外面shaderProgram.use();shaderProgram.setInt("material.diffuse", diffuseTexture.getTextureUnitID());shaderProgram.setInt("material.specular", specularTexture.getTextureUnitID());shaderProgram.setFloat("material.shininess", 64.0f);shaderProgram.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);shaderProgram.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);shaderProgram.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);shaderProgram.setVec3("light.position", lightPos);while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)){glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);//矩阵运算glm::mat4 lightModel(1.0f);glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Fov), SCR_WIDTH * 1.0f / SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);//激活着色器shaderProgram.use();shaderProgram.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);shaderProgram.setMat4("model", lightModel);shaderProgram.setMat4("view", view);shaderProgram.setMat4("projection", projection);//贴图diffuseTexture.use();specularTexture.use();glBindVertexArray(VAO);glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);//光源着色器lightShaderProgram.use();lightModel = glm::translate(lightModel, lightPos);lightModel = glm::scale(lightModel, glm::vec3(0.2f));lightShaderProgram.setMat4("model", lightModel);lightShaderProgram.setMat4("view", view);lightShaderProgram.setMat4("projection", projection);glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);glfwSwapBuffers(window);glfwPollEvents();}//这一步是可选的glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);//glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);//释放资源glfwTerminate();return 0;
}void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
{if (action == GLFW_REPEAT || action == GLFW_PRESS){if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE){glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);return;}switch (key){case GLFW_KEY_UP:mixValue += 0.1f;if (mixValue >= 1.0f)mixValue = 1.0f;break;case GLFW_KEY_DOWN:mixValue -= 0.1f;if (mixValue <= 0.0f)mixValue = 0.0f;break;case GLFW_KEY_W:camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD);break;case GLFW_KEY_S:camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD);break;case GLFW_KEY_A:camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT);break;case GLFW_KEY_D:camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT);break;default:break;}}
}void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{if (firstMouse){firstMouse = false;lastX = xpos, lastY = ypos;}camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xpos - lastX, lastY - ypos);lastX = xpos;lastY = ypos;
}void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}注：若要查看封装的类的代码，请看我的其他博客。
练习一
调整光源的环境光、漫反射和镜面光向量，看看它们如何影响箱子的视觉输出。
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
增大环境光。
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.ambient", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
增大漫反射光。
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.diffuse", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
增大镜面反射光。
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
shaderProgram.setVec3("light.specular", 3.0f, 3.0f, 3.0f);
练习二
尝试在片段着色器中反转镜面光贴图的颜色值，让木头显示镜面高光而钢制边缘不反光（由于钢制边缘中有一些裂缝，边缘仍会显示一些镜面高光，虽然强度会小很多）。
修改object的片段着色器即可：
#version 330 corestruct Material
{sampler2D diffuse;sampler2D specular;float shininess;
};struct Light
{vec3 position;vec3 ambient;vec3 diffuse;vec3 specular;
};in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec2 TexCoords;out vec4 FragColor; uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
uniform vec3 viewPos;void main()
{//环境光vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));//漫反射vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - FragPos);float diff = max(dot(norm,lightDir),0.0);vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));//镜面反射vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir,norm);float spec = pow(max(dot(reflectDir,viewDir),0.0),material.shininess);//vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular,TexCoords));vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * (vec3(1.0) - vec3(texture(material.specular,TexCoords)));//最终结果vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular;FragColor = vec4(result,1.0);
}
练习三
使用漫反射贴图创建一个彩色而不是黑白的镜面光贴图，看看结果看起来并不是那么真实了。如果你不会生成的话，可以使用这张彩色的镜面光贴图。
//镜面光贴图
//Texture specularTexture("specuTexture", "Images/container2_specular.png");
Texture specularTexture("specuTexture", "Images/lighting_maps_specular_color.png");
练习四
添加一个叫做放射光贴图(Emission Map)的东西，它是一个储存了每个片段的发光值(Emission Value)的贴图。发光值是一个包含（假设）光源的物体发光(Emit)时可能显现的颜色，这样的话物体就能够忽略光照条件进行发光(Glow)。游戏中某个物体在发光的时候，你通常看到的就是放射光贴图（比如 机器人的眼，或是箱子上的灯带）。将这个纹理（作者为 creativesam）作为放射光贴图添加到箱子上，产生这些字母都在发光的效果。
首先修改object的片段着色器：
#version 330 corestruct Material
{sampler2D diffuse;sampler2D specular;float shininess;
};struct Light
{vec3 position;vec3 ambient;vec3 diffuse;vec3 specular;
};in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec2 TexCoords;out vec4 FragColor; uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform sampler2D EmissionMap;void main()
{//环境光vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));//漫反射vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - FragPos);float diff = max(dot(norm,lightDir),0.0);vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));//镜面反射vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir,norm);float spec = pow(max(dot(reflectDir,viewDir),0.0),material.shininess);vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular,TexCoords));//放射光vec3 emission = texture(EmissionMap,TexCoords).xyz;//最终结果vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular + emission;FragColor = vec4(result,1.0);
}然后在main.cpp中修改以下几处代码：
//放射光贴图
Texture emissionTexture("emissionTexture", "Images/emission_map.jpg");
……
shaderProgram.setInt("EmissionMap", emissionTexture.getTextureUnitID());
……
emissionTexture.use();
其实就是多了一个放射光嘛。
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