大家都知道，数据库启动有几个阶段：closed → nomount → mount → open。每个阶段都用到了不同的文件，其中：

从closed →nomount 读取的是spfile或pfile参数文件，在此过程中，分配SGA和后台进程。

从nomount → mount 读取的是control file控制文件，在mount状态，可以调整数据库的归档模式，并能做备份和恢复动作。

从mount → open 读取的是联机数据文件和redo 文件。

所以当control file出现问题时，数据库启动会遇到什么问题，接下来做个试验：

一、模拟control file丢失环境

（关闭数据库拷贝控制文件，开启数据库执行DML操作后关闭数据库，备份最新的控制文件，并将旧的控制文件覆盖到新的控制文件中）

1.1 本数据库控制文件指定了两个镜像，现仅覆盖其中一个控制文件：

1.1.1 关闭数据库：

SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

1.1.2 备份控制文件为control01.ctl.bak、control02.ctl.bak：

[oracle@localhost ~]$ cd /oracle/app/oracle/oradata/
[oracle@localhost oradata]$ ls
mydb
[oracle@localhost oradata]$ cd mydb/
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ ls
control01.ctl  example01.dbf  redo01.log    redo02.log  redo04.log    system01.dbf  temp02.dbf  test1.dbf      users01.dbf
control02.ctl  example02.dbf  redo0201.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  temp01.dbf    temp03.dbf  undotbs02.dbf  users02.dbf
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cp control01.ctl control01.ctl.bak
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cp control02.ctl control02.ctl.bak
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ ls
control01.ctl      control02.ctl      example01.dbf  redo01.log    redo02.log  redo04.log    system01.dbf  temp02.dbf  test1.dbf      users01.dbf
control01.ctl.bak  control02.ctl.bak  example02.dbf  redo0201.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  temp01.dbf    temp03.dbf  undotbs02.dbf  users02.dbf
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cd ~

1.1.3 打开数据库，进行DML操作：

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdbaSQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Feb 23 18:19:14 2018Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.Connected to an idle instance.SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area  830930944 bytes
Fixed Size                  2257800 bytes
Variable Size             503319672 bytes
Database Buffers          318767104 bytes
Redo Buffers                6586368 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> create table hr.test033002 (test varchar2(10),num int);Table created.SQL> insert into hr.test033002 values('ubin',1);1 row created.SQL> commit;Commit complete.SQL> update hr.test033002 set test='dftugyoi' where num=1;1 row updated.SQL> commit;Commit complete.

1.1.4 关闭数据库：

SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

1.1.5 备份最新的控制文件为 control01.ctl.bak1、control02.ctl.bak1：

[oracle@localhost ~]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/mydb/
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ ls
control01.ctl      control02.ctl      example01.dbf  redo01.log    redo02.log  redo04.log    system01.dbf  temp02.dbf  test1.dbf      users01.dbf
control01.ctl.bak  control02.ctl.bak  example02.dbf  redo0201.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  temp01.dbf    temp03.dbf  undotbs02.dbf  users02.dbf
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cp control01.ctl control01.ctl.bak1
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cp control02.ctl control02.ctl.bak1
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ ls
control01.ctl      control01.ctl.bak1  control02.ctl.bak   example01.dbf  redo01.log    redo02.log  redo04.log    system01.dbf  temp02.dbf  test1.dbf      users01.dbf
control01.ctl.bak  control02.ctl       control02.ctl.bak1  example02.dbf  redo0201.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  temp01.dbf    temp03.dbf  undotbs02.dbf  users02.dbf

1.1.6 将第一次备份的控制文件覆盖，仅覆盖control.ctl：

[oracle@localhost mydb]$ rm control01.ctl
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cp control01.ctl.bak control01.ctl
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cd ~

1.1.7 此时，登录sys用户，执行startup,观察:

[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cd ~
[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdbaSQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Feb 23 18:21:58 2018Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.Connected to an idle instance.SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 830930944 bytes
Fixed Size 2257800 bytes
Variable Size 503319672 bytes
Database Buffers 318767104 bytes
Redo Buffers 6586368 bytes
ORA-00214: control file '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/control02.ctl' version
2642138 inconsistent with file '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/control01.ctl'
version 2642121SQL> select open_mode from v$database;
select open_mode from v$database
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01507: database not mounted

发现在启动数据库时，抛出ora-00214报错，控制文件版本不一致问题，且数据库状态为nomount。

1.2 本数据库控制文件指定了两个镜像，现全部覆盖控制文件：

1.2.1 基于1.1全部操作后续，继续覆盖control02.ctl

SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mountedORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
[oracle@localhost ~]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/mydb
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ ls
control01.ctl      control01.ctl.bak1  control02.ctl.bak   example01.dbf  redo01.log    redo02.log  redo04.log    system01.dbf  temp02.dbf  test1.dbf      users01.dbf
control01.ctl.bak  control02.ctl       control02.ctl.bak1  example02.dbf  redo0201.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  temp01.dbf    temp03.dbf  undotbs02.dbf  users02.dbf
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ rm control02.ctl
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cp control02.ctl.bak control02.ctl
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ ls
control01.ctl      control01.ctl.bak1  control02.ctl.bak   example01.dbf  redo01.log    redo02.log  redo04.log    system01.dbf  temp02.dbf  test1.dbf      users01.dbf
control01.ctl.bak  control02.ctl       control02.ctl.bak1  example02.dbf  redo0201.log  redo03.log  sysaux01.dbf  temp01.dbf    temp03.dbf  undotbs02.dbf  users02.dbf
[oracle@localhost mydb]$ cd ~

1.2.2 登录sys用户，执行startup 观察结果：

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdbaSQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Feb 23 18:23:10 2018Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.Connected to an idle instance.SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area  830930944 bytes
Fixed Size                  2257800 bytes
Variable Size             503319672 bytes
Database Buffers          318767104 bytes
Redo Buffers                6586368 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01122: database file 1 failed verification check
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/system01.dbf'
ORA-01207: file is more recent than control file - old control fileSQL> select status from v$instance;STATUS
------------------------
MOUNTED

发现在启动数据库时，抛出 ORA-01122，ORA-01110，ORA-01207错误，且此时数据库状态为mount。

二、进行恢复control 控制文件，开启数据库

通过mos文档，可参考文档：

ORA-1122, ORA-1110, ORA-1207 while open the database after crash (文档 ID 283927.1)

How to Recreate a Controlfile (文档 ID 735106.1)

第一步：将数据库打开至mount状态

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdbaSQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Feb 23 18:52:50 2018Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.Connected to an idle instance.SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area  830930944 bytes
Fixed Size                  2257800 bytes
Variable Size             503319672 bytes
Database Buffers          318767104 bytes
Redo Buffers                6586368 bytes
Database mounted.

第二步：将控制文件的创建语句放在trace里：

SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace;

Database altered.

SQL> oradebug setmypid;
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name;
/oracle/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/mydb/mydb/trace/mydb_ora_7350.trc

第三步：查看trace文件，提取语句

[oracle@localhost ~]$ more /oracle/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/mydb/mydb/trace/mydb_ora_7350.trc
Trace file /oracle/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/mydb/mydb/trace/mydb_ora_7350.trc
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
ORACLE_HOME = /oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
System name:    Linux
Node name:      localhost.localdomain
Release:        2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64
Version:        #1 SMP Tue Sep 16 01:56:35 EDT 2014
Machine:        x86_64
VM name:        VMWare Version: 6
Instance name: mydb
Redo thread mounted by this instance: 1
Oracle process number: 19
Unix process pid: 7350, image: oracle@localhost.localdomain (TNS V1-V3)*** 2018-02-23 18:57:48.660
*** SESSION ID:(125.3) 2018-02-23 18:57:48.660
*** CLIENT ID:() 2018-02-23 18:57:48.660
*** SERVICE NAME:() 2018-02-23 18:57:48.660
*** MODULE NAME:(sqlplus@localhost.localdomain (TNS V1-V3)) 2018-02-23 18:57:48.660
*** ACTION NAME:() 2018-02-23 18:57:48.660-- The following are current System-scope REDO Log Archival related
-- parameters and can be included in the database initialization file.
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST=''
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST=''
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.dbf
--
-- DB_UNIQUE_NAME="mydb"
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='SEND, RECEIVE, NODG_CONFIG'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4
-- STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=MANUAL
-- STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=?/dbs/arch
-- FAL_CLIENT=''
-- FAL_SERVER=''
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='MANDATORY NOREOPEN NODELAY'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='ARCH NOAFFIRM EXPEDITE NOVERIFY SYNC'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='NOREGISTER NOALTERNATE NODEPENDENCY'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='NOMAX_FAILURE NOQUOTA_SIZE NOQUOTA_USED NODB_UNIQUE_NAME'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='VALID_FOR=(PRIMARY_ROLE,ONLINE_LOGFILES)'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
--
-- Below are two sets of SQL statements, each of which creates a new
-- control file and uses it to open the database. The first set opens
-- the database with the NORESETLOGS option and should be used only if
-- the current versions of all online logs are available. The second
-- set opens the database with the RESETLOGS option and should be used
-- if online logs are unavailable.
-- The appropriate set of statements can be copied from the trace into
-- a script file, edited as necessary, and executed when there is a
-- need to re-create the control file.
--
--     Set #1. NORESETLOGS case
--
-- The following commands will create a new control file and use it
-- to open the database.
-- Data used by Recovery Manager will be lost.
-- Additional logs may be required for media recovery of offline
-- Use this only if the current versions of all online logs are
-- available.
-- After mounting the created controlfile, the following SQL
-- statement will place the database in the appropriate
-- protection mode:
--  ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE
STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "MYDB" NORESETLOGS  ARCHIVELOGMAXLOGFILES 16MAXLOGMEMBERS 3MAXDATAFILES 100MAXINSTANCES 8MAXLOGHISTORY 584
LOGFILEGROUP 1 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo01.log'  SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,GROUP 2 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo02.log'  SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,GROUP 3 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo03.log'  SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,GROUP 4 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo04.log'  SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE'/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/system01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/sysaux01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/users02.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/users01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/example01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/bigtbs_f2.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/example02.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/test1.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/undotbs02.dbf'
CHARACTER SET WE8MSWIN1252
;
-- Commands to re-create incarnation table
-- Below log names MUST be changed to existing filenames

第四步：创建生成控制文件的脚本：

[oracle@localhost ~]$ vi control.sqlCREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "MYDB" NORESETLOGS  ARCHIVELOGMAXLOGFILES 16MAXLOGMEMBERS 3MAXDATAFILES 100MAXINSTANCES 8MAXLOGHISTORY 584
LOGFILEGROUP 1 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo01.log'  SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,GROUP 2 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo02.log'  SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,GROUP 3 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo03.log'  SIZE 50M BLOCKSIZE 512,GROUP 4 '/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/redo04.log'  SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE'/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/system01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/sysaux01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/users02.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/users01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/example01.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/bigtbs_f2.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/example02.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/test1.dbf','/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/mydb/undotbs02.dbf'
CHARACTER SET WE8MSWIN1252
;
~
~
"control.sql" [New] 24L, 1015C written

第五步：将数据库打开到nomount状态，并执行生成控制文件的脚本：

SQL> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area  830930944 bytes
Fixed Size                  2257800 bytes
Variable Size             503319672 bytes
Database Buffers          318767104 bytes
Redo Buffers                6586368 bytes
SQL> @control.sqlControl file created

第六步：更改数据库状态为open，并查看数据库状态和表空间状态信息：

SQL> alter database open;Database altered.SQL> select status from v$instance;STATUS
------------------------
OPENSQL> select open_mode from v$database;            OPEN_MODE
----------------------------------------
READ WRITESQL> col TABLESPACE_NAME for a20
SQL> select TABLESPACE_NAME,STATUS,CONTENTS from dba_tablespaces;TABLESPACE_NAME      STATUS             CONTENTS
-------------------- ------------------ ------------------
SYSTEM               ONLINE             PERMANENT
SYSAUX               ONLINE             PERMANENT
TEMP                 ONLINE             TEMPORARY
USERS                ONLINE             PERMANENT
UNDOTBS2             ONLINE             UNDO
EXAMPLE              ONLINE             PERMANENT
BIGTBS_02            ONLINE             PERMANENT
TBS_TEMP_02          ONLINE             TEMPORARY
TEMP_DEMO            ONLINE             TEMPORARY
TEST                 ONLINE             PERMANENT10 rows selected.

此时，数据库已恢复正常。

其中、mos文档中还指出，需要创建临时表空间

ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP_TEST ADD TEMPFILE '/oradata/V11/temp01.dbf' reuse;

这个应该是因情况不同，本次实验不需要。

暂时记录到这里啦，接下来可以研究下数据文件丢失时如何恢复。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/qingora/p/8678961.html

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