3D数学之柏林噪声(Perlin Noise)
2024-04-27 10:58:10
好了,转入正题.
其实它的原理并不是很难,但是由于网上实现的版本太多太杂,真要实现起来竟然不知从何处下手,而且自己写的时候会遇到各种各样的问题.最终写出来了,所以很欣然.
先看下,我在网上找的一些资料吧
另外我还下载了libnoise源码,可以说这个是我能成功渲染出茶壶的关键.后面我会提到.
好了,这里我只讲1到3D的柏林噪声,4D的我没有实现,实在没有时间,不能在这个环节浪费太多了时间,因为项目里面只用到了2D的柏林噪声来渲染海面.
由于网上理论资料也很详细,我这里主要讲解实现过程中需要注意的地方.
先简单提一下理论,
Perlin噪声由多个coherent noise组成，每一个coherent noise称为一个octave.
octave越多，Perlin噪声就越细致，但计算时间也越长。
具体理论知识见
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_68f6e8a901013t7d.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/babyrender/archive/2008/10/27/BabyRender.html
coherent 噪声函数
输入为对应维数的向量(对于一维来说就是一个float,对于二维来说就是一个float[2],以此类推)
输出为[-1,1]的float
现在拿一维来举例,首选我们需要在值为整数的点为其生成随机的梯度(1维下是斜率),然后找出输入的float数f左边和右边的两个整数x0,x1,然后找到x0,x1到的梯度g0,g1,算出点f到点x0和x1的向量r0 = f - x0, r1 = f - x1 = r0 - 1,最后分别将两个整数点的梯度与f到这两个整数点的向量相乘,得到u,v两个值,最后需要通过r0算出混合权值h,公式为
h = s_curve_new(r0),最后得到范围在[-1,1]的随机数 u + h * (v - u)
#define s_curve(t) ( t * t * (3. - 2. * t) ) //即3t^2 - 2t^3 ,旧版本
#define s_curve_new(t) ( t * t * t * (t * (t * 6 - 15) + 10) ) //即 6t^5 - 15t^4 + 10t^3,新版本
好了,下面就一个版本一个版本的讲吧
首先是两个官方版本:
http://mrl.nyu.edu/~perlin/noise
第一个版本,只实现了3D的coherent noise
下面是我自己的代码
/*------------------------------------------------------------
main.cpp -- http://mrl.nyu.edu/~perlin/noise/
(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;int* p;int permutation[] = { 151,160,137,91,90,15,
131,13,201,95,96,53,194,233,7,225,140,36,103,30,69,142,8,99,37,240,21,10,23,
190, 6,148,247,120,234,75,0,26,197,62,94,252,219,203,117,35,11,32,57,177,33,
88,237,149,56,87,174,20,125,136,171,168, 68,175,74,165,71,134,139,48,27,166,
77,146,158,231,83,111,229,122,60,211,133,230,220,105,92,41,55,46,245,40,244,
102,143,54, 65,25,63,161, 1,216,80,73,209,76,132,187,208, 89,18,169,200,196,
135,130,116,188,159,86,164,100,109,198,173,186, 3,64,52,217,226,250,124,123,
5,202,38,147,118,126,255,82,85,212,207,206,59,227,47,16,58,17,182,189,28,42,
223,183,170,213,119,248,152, 2,44,154,163, 70,221,153,101,155,167, 43,172,9,
129,22,39,253, 19,98,108,110,79,113,224,232,178,185, 112,104,218,246,97,228,
251,34,242,193,238,210,144,12,191,179,162,241, 81,51,145,235,249,14,239,107,
49,192,214, 31,181,199,106,157,184, 84,204,176,115,121,50,45,127, 4,150,254,
138,236,205,93,222,114,67,29,24,72,243,141,128,195,78,66,215,61,156,180
};static double fade(double t) { return t * t * t * (t * (t * 6 - 15) + 10); }
static double lerp(double t, double a, double b) { return a + t * (b - a); }
static double grad(int hash, double x, double y, double z) //注意梯度产生[-1,1]的范围
{int h = hash & 15; // CONVERT LO 4 BITS OF HASH CODE INTO 12 GRADIENT DIRECTIONS.double u = h<8 ? x : y,v = h<4 ? y : h==12||h==14 ? x : z;return ((h&1) == 0 ? u : -u) + ((h&2) == 0 ? v : -v);//+号左边有四种情况,右边有八种情况
}double Noise3D(double x, double y, double z)//输出范围为[-1,1]
{int iX = (int)floor(x) & 255,iY = (int)floor(y) & 255,iZ = (int)floor(z) & 255;x -= floor(x);y -= floor(y);z -= floor(z);double u = fade(x),v = fade(y),w = fade(z);//index∈[0,511] p[index]∈[0,255] iX,iY,iZ ∈ [0,255]int A = p[iX] + iY, AA = p[A] + iZ, AB = p[A+1] + iZ,B = p[iX + 1] + iY, BA = p[B] + iZ, BB = p[B + 1] + iZ;return lerp(w, lerp(v, lerp(u, grad(p[AA], x, y, z), grad(p[BA], x - 1, y, z)),lerp(u, grad(p[AB], x, y - 1, z), grad(p[BB], x - 1, y - 1, z))),lerp(v,lerp(u, grad(p[AA + 1], x, y, z - 1), grad(p[BA + 1], x - 1, y, z - 1)),lerp(u, grad(p[AB + 1], x, y - 1, z - 1), grad(p[BB + 1], x - 1, y - 1, z - 1))));
}
int main()
{p = new int[512];for (int i=0; i < 256 ; i++)p[256+i] = p[i] = permutation[i]; //这里搞成两个是因为后面插值的时候+1了,有可能加到256去了for(double d1 = -10, d2 = -10, d3 = -10; d1 <= 10 && d2 <= 10 && d3 <= 10; d1 += 0.01, d2 += 0.01, d3 += 0.01)cout << Noise3D(d1, d2, d3) << endl;delete [] p;return 0;
}运行结果:
这个结果表面看上去能接受,但是要拿来真正渲染的时候就会出问题,所以我们需要对输入的数据进行处理,后面我会讲
第二个版本比较详细,实现了1到3D的noise
http://mrl.nyu.edu/~perlin/doc/oscar.html
下面我的代码
/*------------------------------------------------------------
main.cpp -- http://mrl.nyu.edu/~perlin/doc/oscar.html
(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>#define B 0x100 //256
#define BM 0xff //255#define N 0x1000 //4096
#define NP 12 // 2^N
#define NM 0xfffstatic int p[ B + B + 2];
static float g3[B + B + 2][3];
static float g2[B + B + 2][2];
static float g1[B + B +2];
static int start = 1;//是否需要初始化static void init(void);#define s_curve(t) ( t * t * (3. - 2. * t) )
#define s_curve_new(t) ( t * t * t * (t * (t * 6 - 15) + 10) )
#define lerp(t, a, b) ( a + t * (b - a) )// b0为小于vec[i]的整数,b1为大于vec[i]的整数,r0为中间点到b0的符号距离(为正),r1为中间点到b1的符号距离(为负)
#define setup(i, b0, b1, r0, r1) \t = vec[i] + N;\b0 = ((int)t) & BM;\b1 = (b0+1) & BM;\r0 = t - (int)t;\r1 = r0 - 1;double noise1(double arg)//输出范围[-1,1]
{int bx0, bx1;float rx0, rx1, sx, t, u, v ,vec[1];vec[0] = arg;if(start){start = 0;init();}setup(0, bx0, bx1, rx0, rx1 );sx = s_curve(rx0);//根据rx0算出混合权值,这里采用的是Hermit插值,老版本了//新版的公式为:weight = t * t * t * ( t * ( t * 6 - 15 ) + 10 );//sx = s_curve_new(rx0);u = rx0 * g1[ p[ bx0 ] ];//扰动下bx0,让bx0处梯度更加随机些v = rx1 * g1[ p[ bx1 ] ];return lerp(sx, u, v);//最后进行插值
}float noise2(float vec[2])//vec[0]为x,vec[1]为y
{int bx0, bx1, by0, by1, b00, b10, b01, b11;float rx0, rx1, ry0, ry1, *q, sx, sy, a, b, u, v, t;register int i,j;if( start ){start = 0;init();}setup(0, bx0, bx1, rx0, rx1);setup(1, by0, by1, ry0, ry1);i = p[bx0];j = p[bx1];b00 = p[i+by0];//得到四个随机值b10 = p[j+by0];b01 = p[i+by1];b11 = p[j+by1];sx = s_curve(rx0);//算出混合权值sy = s_curve(ry0);#define at2(rx,ry) ( rx * q[0] + ry * q[1] )// by1
// ↑
// ry1
// ↓
// bx0←rx0→⊕←rx1→bx1
// +y ↑
// ↑ ry0
// →+x ↓
// by0q = g2[b00]; u = at2(rx0, ry0);//将(bx0,by0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry0)相乘q = g2[b10]; v = at2(rx1, ry0);//将(bx1,by0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry0)相乘a = lerp(sx, u, v);q = g2[b01]; u = at2(rx0, ry1);//将(bx0,by1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry1)相乘q = g2[b11]; v = at2(rx1, ry1);//将(bx1,by1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry1)相乘b = lerp(sx, u, v);return lerp(sy, a ,b);//进行双线性插值}
float noise3(float vec[3])
{int bx0, bx1, by0, by1, bz0, bz1, b00, b10, b01, b11;float rx0, rx1, ry0, ry1, rz0, rz1, *q, sx, sy, sz, a, b, c, d, u, v, t;register int i, j;if (start){start = 0;init();}setup(0, bx0, bx1, rx0, rx1);setup(1, by0, by1, ry0, ry1);setup(2, bz0, bz1, rz0, rz1);i = p[bx0];j = p[bx1];b00 = p[i + by0];b10 = p[j + by0];b01 = p[i + by1];b11 = p[j + by1];//产生四个随机数,和bz0,bz1组合成8个随机数sx = s_curve(rx0);sy = s_curve(ry0);sz = s_curve(rz0);#define at3(rx, ry, rz) ( rx * q[0] + ry * q[1] + rz * q[2] )
// by1
// ↑
// 丨 bz1
// ry1 ↗
// 丨 rz1
// ↓↙
// bx0←rx0→⊕←rx1→bx1
// ↗↑
// rz0 丨
// +y +z ↙ ry0
// ↑↗ bz0 丨
// →+x ↓
// by0q = g3[b00 + bz0]; u = at3(rx0, ry0, rz0);//将(bx0,by0,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry0,rz0)相乘q = g3[b10 + bz0]; v = at3(rx1, ry0, rz0);//将(bx1,by0,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry0,rz0)相乘a = lerp(sx, u, v);q = g3[b01 + bz0]; u = at3(rx0, ry1, rz0);//将(bx0,by1,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry1,rz0)相乘q = g3[b11 + bz0]; v = at3(rx1, ry1, rz0);//将(bx1,by1,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry1,rz0)相乘b = lerp(sx, u, v);c = lerp(sy, a, b);q = g3[b00 + bz1]; u = at3(rx0, ry0, rz1);//将(bx0,by0,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry0,rz1)相乘q = g3[b10 + bz1]; v = at3(rx1, ry0, rz1);//将(bx1,by0,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry0,rz1)相乘a = lerp(sx, u, v);q = g3[b01 + bz1]; u = at3(rx0, ry1, rz1);//将(bx0,by1,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry1,rz1)相乘q = g3[b11 + bz1]; v = at3(rx1, ry1, rz1);//将(bx1,by1,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry1,rz1)相乘b = lerp(sx, u, v);d = lerp(sy, a, b);return lerp(sz, c, d);//进行三次线性插值}
static void normalize2(float v[2])
{float s;s = sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1]);v[0] = v[0] / s;v[1] = v[1] / s;
}
static void normalize3(float v[3])
{float s;s = sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]);v[0] = v[0] / s;v[1] = v[1] / s;v[2] = v[2] / s;
}
static void init(void)
{int i, j, k;for( i = 0; i < B; i++) // [0 , 255]{p[i] = i;g1[i] = (float)((rand() % (B + B)) - B) / B;// [0 , 511] - 256 -> [-256 , 255] / 256 -> [-1 , 255/256 = 0.99609375]for( j = 0; j < 2 ; j++)g2[i][j] = (float)((rand() % (B + B)) - B) / B;//[-1 , 0.99609375]normalize2(g2[i]);for( j = 0; j < 3; j++)g3[i][j] = (float)((rand() % (B + B )) - B) / B;//[-1 , 0.99609375]normalize3(g3[i]);}//为整数点生成随机的梯度while( --i ) //[255,1]{k = p[i];p[i] = p[ j = rand() % B];// j∈[0,255]p[j] = k;}//使p前256个数随机,数的范围为[0,255]//注意p的范围为[0,513]for( i = 0; i < B + 2; i++)//[0,257]{p[B + i] = p[i];// 0->256,1->257,...,255->511,256->512,257->513//所以最后p[0~255]序列中为[0,255]的随机数,p[256~511]为p[0~255]的拷贝,p[512],p[513]为p[0],p[1]的拷贝g1[B + i] = g1[i];for( j = 0; j < 2; j++)g2[B + 1][j] = g2[i][j];for( j = 0; j < 3; j++)g3[B + i][j] = g3[i][j];//同理,将1~3维的随机梯度也按照上面的方法处理}
}int main()
{
// for(double d = -100.0; d < 100.0; d += 0.001)
// printf("%lf\n", noise1(d) );
// for(double d1 = -100.0,d2 = -100.0 ; d1 < 100 && d2 < 100 ; d1 += 0.001, d2 += 0.001)
// {
// float vec[2] = {d1,d2};
// printf("%lf\n", noise2(vec));
// }for(double d1 = -100.0,d2 = -100.0,d3 = -100.0 ; d1 < 100 && d2 < 100 && d3 < 100 ; d1 += 0.001, d2 += 0.001, d3 += 0.001){float vec[3] = {d1,d2,d3};printf("%lf\n", noise3(vec));}
}输出结果:
看了一下输出结果,不是太理想,绝对值超过0.5的数几乎没有.哎,官方版本也坑啊!!!!!!尽管如此,我的茶壶例子还是基本这个版本的3D noise写的,谁叫它是官方版本呢,
但是我看了下libnoise的输出,0.6,0.7都很常见,以后估计我会用libnoise这个库
/*------------------------------------------------------------
main.cpp -- use libnoise to generate noise
(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <iostream>
#include <noise.h>
#include "noiseutils.h"
using namespace noise;
#define lecture1 1
#define lecture2 0
int main (int argc, char** argv)
{module::Perlin myModule;
#if lecture1for(double d1 = -100.0,d2 = -100.0,d3 = -100.0 ; d1 < 100 && d2 < 100 && d3 < 100 ; d1 += 0.001, d2 += 0.001, d3 += 0.001){std::cout << myModule.GetValue (d1,d2,d3) << std::endl;}#endif
#if lecture2utils::NoiseMap heightMap;utils::NoiseMapBuilderPlane heightMapBuilder;heightMapBuilder.SetSourceModule (myModule);heightMapBuilder.SetDestNoiseMap (heightMap);heightMapBuilder.SetDestSize (256, 256);heightMapBuilder.SetBounds (2.0, 6.0, 1.0, 5.0);heightMapBuilder.Build ();utils::RendererImage renderer;utils::Image image;renderer.SetSourceNoiseMap (heightMap);renderer.SetDestImage (image);renderer.Render ();utils::WriterBMP writer;writer.SetSourceImage (image);writer.SetDestFilename ("tutorial.bmp");writer.WriteDestFile ();
#endifreturn 0;
}
另外,我根据<<三维游戏引擎设计技术及其应用>>这本书的提示生成了一个2D Perlin noise渲染了上面Displacement mapping讲过的海洋,只不过这里的移位贴图是我们通过2D Perlin noise生成的,不是预先设定的,虽然版本有点山寨,但是效果还是可以接受
它的倍频的采样方法有点特别,最低倍频,波长最长,振幅最大,如果我们需要生成129*129的2D图(它的方法最好采用2^n + 1的大小的图),最低倍频,我们设波长为32,那么我们就分别
在0,32,64,96,128处进行采样(也就是生成0到振幅的随机数),然后中间的进行以这些点进行插值,当为2倍频时,周期减少一倍为16,则在,0,16,32,48,64,80,96,112,128处进行采样,然后进行插值,注意采样时这里振幅也会减少一倍.后面的依次类推,最后将它们全部累加得到的就是2D的perlin noise
用这个版本渲染的海洋
用这个版本生成的海洋以及对应的位移贴图,颜色越白,海面越高
用这个版本生成 的2D Perlin noise(即移位贴图,只不过是两张Perlin noise按照某一权值比重进行累加后的结果)
下面给出这个DEMO的源代码
/*------------------------------------------------------------3D_Math_2DPerlinNoise_ocean.cpp -- achieve perlin noise(c) Seamanj.2013/9/4
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "DXUT.h"
#include "resource.h"// phase1 : add camera
// phase2 : add sky box
// phase3 : add grid mesh
// phase4 : add FX
// phase5 : add perlin noise
// phase6 : add flat technique
#define phase1 1
#define phase2 1
#define phase3 1
#define phase4 1
#define phase5 1
#define phase6 1
#if phase1
#include "DXUTcamera.h"
CFirstPersonCamera g_Camera;
#endif
#if phase2
// Vertex Buffer
LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 g_pVB = NULL;
// Index Buffer
LPDIRECT3DINDEXBUFFER9 g_pIB = NULL;
PDIRECT3DCUBETEXTURE9 g_pCubeTex = 0;
#endif
#if phase3
#include <vector>
int g_iVerticesNumPerRow = 128 + 1;
int g_iVerticesNumPerCol = 128 + 1;
float g_fDeltaX = 0.25f;
float g_fDeltaZ = 0.25f;const float EPSILON = 0.001f;
IDirect3DVertexDeclaration9* g_pVertexDecl;
ID3DXMesh* g_pMesh;
// The two normal maps to scroll.
IDirect3DTexture9* g_pNormalTex1;
IDirect3DTexture9* g_pNormalTex2;// The two displacement maps to scroll.
IDirect3DTexture9* g_pDisplacementTex1;
IDirect3DTexture9* g_pDisplacementTex2;//===============================================================
// Colors and Materialsconst D3DXCOLOR WHITE(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
const D3DXCOLOR BLACK(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
const D3DXCOLOR RED(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
const D3DXCOLOR GREEN(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
const D3DXCOLOR BLUE(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);struct DirectionalLight
{D3DXCOLOR ambient;D3DXCOLOR diffuse;D3DXCOLOR specular;D3DXVECTOR3 directionInWorld;
};struct Material
{Material():ambient(WHITE), diffuse(WHITE), specular(WHITE), specularPower(8.0f){}Material(const D3DXCOLOR& a, const D3DXCOLOR& d, const D3DXCOLOR& s, float power):ambient(a), diffuse(d), specular(s), specularPower(power){}D3DXCOLOR ambient;D3DXCOLOR diffuse;D3DXCOLOR specular;float specularPower;
};DirectionalLight g_structDirectionalLight;Material g_structMaterial;D3DXVECTOR2 g_scaleHeights = D3DXVECTOR2(0.5f, 0.5f);
float g_fTexScale = 8.0f;D3DXVECTOR2 g_normalMapVelocity1 = D3DXVECTOR2(0.05f, 0.07f);
D3DXVECTOR2 g_normalMapVelocity2 = D3DXVECTOR2(-0.01f, 0.13f);
D3DXVECTOR2 g_displacementMapVelocity1 = D3DXVECTOR2(0.012f, 0.015f);
D3DXVECTOR2 g_displacementMapVelocity2 = D3DXVECTOR2(0.014f, 0.05f);// Offset of normal maps for scrolling (vary as a function of time)
D3DXVECTOR2 g_normalMapOffset1(0.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXVECTOR2 g_normalMapOffset2(0.0f, 0.0f);// Offset of displacement maps for scrolling (vary as a function of time)
D3DXVECTOR2 g_displacementMapOffset1(0.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXVECTOR2 g_displacementMapOffset2(0.0f, 0.0f);#endif#if phase4
#include "SDKmisc.h"//加载文件时会用到
ID3DXEffect* g_pEffect = NULL; // D3DX effect interface
D3DXHANDLE g_hTech = 0;
#if phase6
D3DXHANDLE g_hFlatTech = 0;
#endif
D3DXHANDLE g_hWorld = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hWorldInv = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hWorldViewProj = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hEyePositionInWorld = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hDirectionalLightStruct = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hMaterialStruct = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hNormalTex1 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hNormalTex2 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hDisplacementTex1 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hDisplacementTex2 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hNormalOffset1 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hNormalOffset2 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hDisplacementOffset1 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hDisplacementOffset2 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hScaleHeights = 0; //缩放移位1,2纹理得到的高度
D3DXHANDLE g_hDelta = 0; //网格X,Z轴方向的步长#endif
#if phase5
#include "Perlin2D.h"
Perlin2D myPerlinNoise(4, 32, 256, 0.5);
#endif
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Rejects any D3D9 devices that aren't acceptable to the app by returning false
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CALLBACK IsD3D9DeviceAcceptable( D3DCAPS9* pCaps, D3DFORMAT AdapterFormat, D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat,bool bWindowed, void* pUserContext )
{// Typically want to skip back buffer formats that don't support alpha blendingIDirect3D9* pD3D = DXUTGetD3D9Object();if( FAILED( pD3D->CheckDeviceFormat( pCaps->AdapterOrdinal, pCaps->DeviceType,AdapterFormat, D3DUSAGE_QUERY_POSTPIXELSHADER_BLENDING,D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE, BackBufferFormat ) ) )return false;return true;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Before a device is created, modify the device settings as needed
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CALLBACK ModifyDeviceSettings( DXUTDeviceSettings* pDeviceSettings, void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1pDeviceSettings->d3d9.pp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
#endifreturn true;
}
#if phase3
//create Vertex Declaration
HRESULT createVertexDeclaration( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice )
{D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 decl[] = {// offsets in bytes{0, 0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION, 0},{0, 12, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT2, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 0},{0, 20, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT2, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT, D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 1},D3DDECL_END()};return pd3dDevice->CreateVertexDeclaration(decl, &g_pVertexDecl);}
struct GridVertexFormat
{D3DXVECTOR3 pos;D3DXVECTOR2 scaledTexCoord; // [a, b]D3DXVECTOR2 normalizedTexCoord; // [0, 1]
};
//将顶点位置以及索引写入指定的vector中,为后面写入缓冲区打下基础
void writeVertexPosAndIndicesToVectors(int iVerticesNumPerRow, int iVerticesNumPerCol,float fDeltaX, float fDeltaZ, const D3DXVECTOR3& center,std::vector<D3DXVECTOR3>& vecVertexPosData,std::vector<DWORD>& vecIndexData)
{int iVerticesNum = iVerticesNumPerRow * iVerticesNumPerCol;int iCellsNumPerRow = iVerticesNumPerRow - 1;int iCellsNumPerCol = iVerticesNumPerCol - 1;int iTrianglesNum = iCellsNumPerRow * iCellsNumPerCol * 2;float fWidth = (float)iCellsNumPerCol * fDeltaX;float fDepth = (float)iCellsNumPerRow * fDeltaZ;//===========================================// Build vertices.// We first build the grid geometry centered about the origin and on// the xz-plane, row-by-row and in a top-down fashion. We then translate// the grid vertices so that they are centered about the specified // parameter 'center'.从左上角开始,列序优先的方式放置顶点数据vecVertexPosData.resize( iVerticesNum );// Offsets to translate grid from quadrant 4 to center of // coordinate system.float fOffsetX = -fWidth * 0.5f; float fOffsetZ = fDepth * 0.5f;int k = 0;for(float i = 0; i < iVerticesNumPerRow; ++i){for(float j = 0; j < iVerticesNumPerCol; ++j){// Negate the depth coordinate to put in quadrant four. // Then offset to center about coordinate system.vecVertexPosData[k].x = j * fDeltaX + fOffsetX;vecVertexPosData[k].z = -i * fDeltaZ + fOffsetZ;vecVertexPosData[k].y = 0.0f;// Translate so that the center of the grid is at the// specified 'center' parameter.D3DXMATRIX T;D3DXMatrixTranslation(&T, center.x, center.y, center.z);D3DXVec3TransformCoord(&vecVertexPosData[k], &vecVertexPosData[k], &T);++k; // Next vertex}}//===========================================// Build indices.vecIndexData.resize(iTrianglesNum * 3);// Generate indices for each quad.k = 0;for(DWORD i = 0; i < (DWORD)iCellsNumPerRow; ++i){DWORD j;for(j = 0; j < (DWORD)iCellsNumPerCol; ++j){vecIndexData[k] = i * iVerticesNumPerCol + j;vecIndexData[k + 1] = i * iVerticesNumPerCol + j + 1;vecIndexData[k + 2] = (i+1) * iVerticesNumPerCol + j;vecIndexData[k + 3] = (i+1) * iVerticesNumPerCol + j;vecIndexData[k + 4] = i * iVerticesNumPerCol + j + 1;vecIndexData[k + 5] = (i+1) * iVerticesNumPerCol + j + 1;// 1---2 5
// | / / |
// | / / |
// 3 4---6// next quadk += 6;}
// vecIndexData[k] = i * iVerticesNumPerCol + j;
// vecIndexData[k + 1] = i * iVerticesNumPerCol ;
// vecIndexData[k + 2] = (i+1) * iVerticesNumPerCol + j;
//
// vecIndexData[k + 3] = (i+1) * iVerticesNumPerCol + j;
// vecIndexData[k + 4] = i * iVerticesNumPerCol ;
// vecIndexData[k + 5] = (i+1) * iVerticesNumPerCol ;
// k += 6;}
}#endif
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create any D3D9 resources that will live through a device reset (D3DPOOL_MANAGED)
// and aren't tied to the back buffer size
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CALLBACK OnD3D9CreateDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc,void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase3HRESULT hr;
#endif
#if phase1
// Setup the camera's view parameters D3DXVECTOR3 vecEye( 0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f ); D3DXVECTOR3 vecAt ( 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.0f ); g_Camera.SetViewParams( &vecEye, &vecAt ); g_Camera.SetEnablePositionMovement( true );
#endif
#if phase2D3DXCreateCubeTextureFromFile(pd3dDevice, L"grassenvmap1024.dds", &g_pCubeTex);
#endif
#if phase3createVertexDeclaration(pd3dDevice);DWORD dwTrianglesNum = (g_iVerticesNumPerRow - 1) * (g_iVerticesNumPerCol - 1) * 2;DWORD dwVerticesNum = g_iVerticesNumPerRow * g_iVerticesNumPerCol;D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 elems[MAX_FVF_DECL_SIZE];UINT uElemsNum = 0;g_pVertexDecl->GetDeclaration(elems, &uElemsNum);V( D3DXCreateMesh(dwTrianglesNum, dwVerticesNum, D3DXMESH_MANAGED, elems, pd3dDevice, &g_pMesh) );//===============================================================// Write the grid vertices and triangles to the mesh.GridVertexFormat *pVertices = NULL;V( g_pMesh->LockVertexBuffer(0, (void**)&pVertices) );std::vector<D3DXVECTOR3> vecVertexPosData;std::vector<DWORD> vecIndexData;writeVertexPosAndIndicesToVectors(g_iVerticesNumPerRow, g_iVerticesNumPerCol, g_fDeltaX, g_fDeltaZ, D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), vecVertexPosData, vecIndexData);for(int i = 0; i < g_iVerticesNumPerRow; ++i){for(int j = 0; j < g_iVerticesNumPerCol; ++j){DWORD index = i * g_iVerticesNumPerCol + j;pVertices[index].pos = vecVertexPosData[index];pVertices[index].scaledTexCoord = D3DXVECTOR2((float)j / (g_iVerticesNumPerCol-1), (float)i / (g_iVerticesNumPerRow-1))* g_fTexScale;//g_fTexScale表示Grid里面用几个纹理,值越大表示纹理重复次数越多pVertices[index].normalizedTexCoord = D3DXVECTOR2((float)j / (g_iVerticesNumPerCol-1), (float)i / (g_iVerticesNumPerRow-1));}}V( g_pMesh->UnlockVertexBuffer() );//===============================================================// Write triangle data(Indices & Attributes) so we can compute normals.WORD* pIndices = NULL;V( g_pMesh->LockIndexBuffer(0, (void**)&pIndices) );DWORD* pAttributes = NULL;V( g_pMesh->LockAttributeBuffer(0, &pAttributes) );for(UINT i = 0; i < g_pMesh->GetNumFaces(); ++i){pIndices[i*3+0] = (WORD)vecIndexData[i*3+0];pIndices[i*3+1] = (WORD)vecIndexData[i*3+1];pIndices[i*3+2] = (WORD)vecIndexData[i*3+2];pAttributes[i] = 0; // All in subset 0.}V( g_pMesh->UnlockIndexBuffer() );V( g_pMesh->UnlockAttributeBuffer() );//===============================================================// Optimize for the vertex cache and build attribute table.// D3DXMESHOPT_ATTRSORT optimization builds an attribute table.DWORD* adj = new DWORD[g_pMesh->GetNumFaces() * 3];// Generate adjacency infoV(g_pMesh->GenerateAdjacency(EPSILON, adj));V(g_pMesh->OptimizeInplace(D3DXMESHOPT_VERTEXCACHE|D3DXMESHOPT_ATTRSORT,adj, 0, 0, 0));delete[] adj;//===============================================================// Create textures.V(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(pd3dDevice, L"normal_map1.dds", &g_pNormalTex1));V(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(pd3dDevice, L"normal_map2.dds", &g_pNormalTex2));
#if !phase5V(D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(pd3dDevice, L"Mytex1.jpg", g_iVerticesNumPerRow, g_iVerticesNumPerCol,1, 0, D3DFMT_R32F, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, 0, 0, &g_pDisplacementTex1));V(D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(pd3dDevice, L"Mytex2.jpg", g_iVerticesNumPerRow, g_iVerticesNumPerCol,1, 0, D3DFMT_R32F, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, 0, 0, &g_pDisplacementTex2));
#else//这里通过perlin noise来生成随机的高度值V( D3DXCreateTexture(pd3dDevice, g_iVerticesNumPerCol, g_iVerticesNumPerRow, 0,0, D3DFMT_R32F, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, &g_pDisplacementTex1) );V( D3DXCreateTexture(pd3dDevice, g_iVerticesNumPerCol, g_iVerticesNumPerRow, 0,0, D3DFMT_R32F, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, &g_pDisplacementTex2) );D3DLOCKED_RECT lockedRect1,lockedRect2;g_pDisplacementTex1->LockRect(0, &lockedRect1, 0, 0);float* imageData1 = static_cast<float*>(lockedRect1.pBits);g_pDisplacementTex2->LockRect(0, &lockedRect2, 0, 0);float* imageData2 = static_cast<float*>(lockedRect2.pBits);myPerlinNoise.CopyPerlin2DToBuffer(g_iVerticesNumPerCol, g_iVerticesNumPerRow, imageData1);myPerlinNoise.CopyPerlin2DToBuffer(g_iVerticesNumPerCol, g_iVerticesNumPerRow, imageData2);g_pDisplacementTex1->UnlockRect(0);g_pDisplacementTex2->UnlockRect(0);// fill mipmaps//尼玛这里太帅了,必须要填充mipmap,创建的时候虽然创建了mipmap,但是没有填充,视角一旦太斜,就会出现//黑色,原因就是因为高层的mipmap是黑色,啊啊啊,尼玛这地方又花了3个小时啊!!!!!!!!!!!!!V( D3DXFilterTexture(g_pDisplacementTex1,// texture to fill mipmap levels0, // default palette0, // use top level as source for lower levelsD3DX_DEFAULT)); // default filterV( D3DXFilterTexture(g_pDisplacementTex2,0, 0, D3DX_DEFAULT));// D3DSURFACE_DESC dd1,dd2;
// g_pDisplacementTex1->GetLevelDesc(0,&dd1);
// g_pDisplacementTex1->GetLevelDesc(0,&dd2);//D3DXSaveTextureToFile(L"Mytex2.jpg", D3DXIFF_JPG,g_pDisplacementTex2,NULL);#endif #endif
#if phase4WCHAR str[MAX_PATH];// Read the D3DX effect fileV_RETURN( DXUTFindDXSDKMediaFileCch( str, MAX_PATH, L"PerlinNoise.fx" ) );// Create the effect LPD3DXBUFFER pErrorBuff = NULL;V_RETURN( D3DXCreateEffectFromFile(pd3dDevice, // associated devicestr, // effect filenameNULL, // no preprocessor definitionsNULL, // no ID3DXInclude interfaceD3DXSHADER_DEBUG, // compile flagsNULL, // don't share parameters&g_pEffect, // return effect&pErrorBuff // return error messages) );if( pErrorBuff )MessageBoxA(0, (char*)pErrorBuff->GetBufferPointer(), 0, 0);// get handleg_hTech = g_pEffect->GetTechniqueByName("myTech");
#if phase6g_hFlatTech = g_pEffect->GetTechniqueByName("flatTech");
#endifg_hWorld = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_mWorld");g_hWorldInv = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_mWorldInv");g_hWorldViewProj = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_mWorldViewProj");g_hEyePositionInWorld = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_eyePositionInWorld");g_hDirectionalLightStruct = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_structDirectionalLight");g_hMaterialStruct = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_structMaterial");g_hNormalTex1 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_texNormalMap1");g_hNormalTex2 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_texNormalMap2");g_hDisplacementTex1 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_texDisplacementMap1");g_hDisplacementTex2 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_texDisplacementMap2");g_hNormalOffset1 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_normalOffset1");g_hNormalOffset2 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_normalOffset2");g_hDisplacementOffset1 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_DisplacementOffset1");g_hDisplacementOffset2 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_DisplacementOffset2");g_hScaleHeights = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_scaleHeights");g_hDelta = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_delta");// We don't need to set these every frame since they do not change.D3DXMATRIXA16 mWorld, mWorldInv;D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mWorld);V(g_pEffect->SetMatrix(g_hWorld, &mWorld));D3DXMatrixInverse(&mWorldInv, 0, &mWorld);V(g_pEffect->SetMatrix(g_hWorldInv, &mWorldInv));V(g_pEffect->SetTexture(g_hNormalTex1, g_pNormalTex1));V(g_pEffect->SetTexture(g_hNormalTex2, g_pNormalTex2));V(g_pEffect->SetTexture(g_hDisplacementTex1, g_pDisplacementTex1));V(g_pEffect->SetTexture(g_hDisplacementTex2, g_pDisplacementTex2));g_structDirectionalLight.directionInWorld = D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, -1.0f, -3.0f);D3DXVec3Normalize(&g_structDirectionalLight.directionInWorld, &g_structDirectionalLight.directionInWorld);g_structDirectionalLight.ambient = D3DXCOLOR(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);g_structDirectionalLight.diffuse = D3DXCOLOR(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);g_structDirectionalLight.specular = D3DXCOLOR(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f);V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hDirectionalLightStruct, &g_structDirectionalLight, sizeof(DirectionalLight)));g_structMaterial.ambient = D3DXCOLOR(0.4f, 0.4f, 0.7f, 0.0f);g_structMaterial.diffuse = D3DXCOLOR(0.4f, 0.4f, 0.7f, 1.0f);g_structMaterial.specular = 0.8f*WHITE;g_structMaterial.specularPower = 128.0f;V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hMaterialStruct, &g_structMaterial, sizeof(Material)));V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hScaleHeights, &g_scaleHeights, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));D3DXVECTOR2 delta(g_fDeltaX, g_fDeltaZ);V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hDelta, &delta, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));#endifreturn S_OK;
}#if phase2
struct MyVertexFormat
{FLOAT x, y, z;FLOAT u, v, w;
};
#define FVF_VERTEX (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_TEX1 | D3DFVF_TEXCOORDSIZE3(0) )
static HRESULT initVertexIndexBuffer(IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice)
{static const MyVertexFormat Vertices[] = {//+X{ 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },{ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1 },{ 1, 1, 1 , 1, 1, 1 },{ 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1 },//-X{ -1, -1, -1,-1, -1, -1 }, { -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1 }, { -1, 1, 1 , -1, 1, 1 }, { -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1}, //+Y{ -1, 1, -1 ,-1, 1, -1 }, { 1, 1, -1 ,1, 1, -1 },{ 1, 1, 1 ,1, 1, 1},{ -1, 1, 1 ,-1, 1, 1 },//-Y{ -1, -1, -1,-1, -1, -1 }, { -1, -1, 1,-1, -1, 1 },{ 1, -1, 1,1, -1, 1 },{ 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1},//Z{ -1, -1, 1,-1, -1, 1 }, { -1, 1, 1,-1, 1, 1 },{ 1, 1, 1,1, 1, 1 },{ 1, -1, 1,1, -1, 1 },//-Z{ -1, -1, -1,-1, -1, -1 }, { 1, -1, -1,1, -1, -1 },{ 1, 1, -1,1, 1, -1 },{ -1, 1, -1,-1, 1, -1 }};if (FAILED(pd3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer(sizeof(Vertices),0, FVF_VERTEX,D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,&g_pVB, NULL))) {return E_FAIL;}void* pVertices;if (FAILED(g_pVB->Lock(0, 0, /* map entire buffer */&pVertices, 0))) {return E_FAIL;}memcpy(pVertices, Vertices, sizeof(Vertices));g_pVB->Unlock();// Create and initialize index bufferstatic const WORD Indices[] ={0, 1, 2,0, 2, 3,4, 5, 6,4, 6, 7,8, 9, 10,8,10, 11,12,13,14,12,14,15,16,17,18,16,18,19,20,21,22,20,22,23};if (FAILED(pd3dDevice->CreateIndexBuffer(sizeof(Indices),D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY, D3DFMT_INDEX16,D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,&g_pIB, NULL))) {return E_FAIL;}void* pIndices;if (FAILED(g_pIB->Lock(0, 0, /* map entire buffer */&pIndices, 0))) {return E_FAIL;}memcpy(pIndices, Indices, sizeof(Indices));g_pIB->Unlock();return S_OK;
}#endif
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create any D3D9 resources that won't live through a device reset (D3DPOOL_DEFAULT)
// or that are tied to the back buffer size
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CALLBACK OnD3D9ResetDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc,void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE ); //关闭光照处理, 默认情况下启用光照处理 pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE );
//Setup the camera's projection parameters float fAspectRatio = pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Width / ( FLOAT )pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Height; g_Camera.SetProjParams( D3DX_PI / 2, fAspectRatio, 0.1f, 5000.0f ); #endif
#if phase4#if phase3HRESULT hr;if( g_pEffect )V_RETURN( g_pEffect->OnResetDevice() );
#endif
#endif
#if !phase2return S_OK;
#elsereturn initVertexIndexBuffer(pd3dDevice);
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle updates to the scene. This is called regardless of which D3D API is used
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnFrameMove( double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1g_Camera.FrameMove( fElapsedTime );
#endif
#if phase4g_normalMapOffset1 += g_normalMapVelocity1 * fElapsedTime;g_normalMapOffset2 += g_normalMapVelocity2 * fElapsedTime;g_displacementMapOffset1 += g_displacementMapVelocity1 * fElapsedTime;g_displacementMapOffset2 += g_displacementMapVelocity2 * fElapsedTime;// if(g_normalMapOffset1.x >= 1.0f || g_normalMapOffset1.x <= -1.0f)
// g_normalMapOffset1.x = 0.0f;
// if(g_normalMapOffset2.x >= 1.0f || g_normalMapOffset2.x <= -1.0f)
// g_normalMapOffset2.x = 0.0f;
// if(g_normalMapOffset1.y >= 1.0f || g_normalMapOffset1.y <= -1.0f)
// g_normalMapOffset1.y = 0.0f;
// if(g_normalMapOffset2.y >= 1.0f || g_normalMapOffset2.y <= -1.0f)
// g_normalMapOffset2.y = 0.0f;
//
// if(g_displacementMapOffset1.x >= 1.0f || g_displacementMapOffset1.x <= -1.0f)
// g_displacementMapOffset1.x = 0.0f;
// if(g_displacementMapOffset2.x >= 1.0f || g_displacementMapOffset2.x <= -1.0f)
// g_displacementMapOffset2.x = 0.0f;
// if(g_displacementMapOffset1.y >= 1.0f || g_displacementMapOffset1.y <= -1.0f)
// g_displacementMapOffset1.y = 0.0f;
// if(g_displacementMapOffset2.y >= 1.0f || g_displacementMapOffset2.y <= -1.0f)
// g_displacementMapOffset2.y = 0.0f;
//注意这里不应该是以1来为单位,应该为2,因为是纹理是MIRROR方式,我就懒一下,不改了
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render the scene using the D3D9 device
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnD3D9FrameRender( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
{HRESULT hr;// Clear the render target and the zbuffer V( pd3dDevice->Clear( 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_ARGB( 0, 45, 50, 170 ), 1.0f, 0 ) );// Render the sceneif( SUCCEEDED( pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) ){
#if phase2pd3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, false);// Set world matrix D3DXMATRIX M;D3DXMatrixIdentity( &M ); // M = identity matrixD3DXMatrixScaling(&M,2000, 2000, 2000);pd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &M) ; // Set view matrix D3DXMATRIX view = *g_Camera.GetViewMatrix() ; pd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &view) ; // Set projection matrix D3DXMATRIX proj = *g_Camera.GetProjMatrix() ;pd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &proj) ; pd3dDevice->SetStreamSource(0, g_pVB, 0, sizeof(MyVertexFormat));pd3dDevice->SetIndices(g_pIB);//sets the current index buffer. pd3dDevice->SetFVF(FVF_VERTEX);//Sets the current vertex stream declaration.pd3dDevice->SetTexture(0, g_pCubeTex);pd3dDevice->DrawIndexedPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 0, 24, 0, 12); #endif
#if phase6g_pEffect->SetTechnique(g_hFlatTech);UINT iPass, cPasses;D3DXMATRIXA16 mWorldViewProjection;mWorldViewProjection = *g_Camera.GetViewMatrix() * *g_Camera.GetProjMatrix();V( g_pEffect->SetMatrix( g_hWorldViewProj, &mWorldViewProjection) );V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hDisplacementOffset1, &g_displacementMapOffset1, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hDisplacementOffset2, &g_displacementMapOffset2, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));V( g_pEffect->Begin( &cPasses, 0 ) );for( iPass = 0; iPass < cPasses ; iPass++ ){V( g_pEffect->BeginPass( iPass ) );g_pMesh->DrawSubset(0);V( g_pEffect->EndPass() );}V( g_pEffect->End() );
#endif
#if phase4V(g_pEffect->SetTechnique(g_hTech));//set WorldViewProject matrixmWorldViewProjection = *g_Camera.GetViewMatrix() * *g_Camera.GetProjMatrix();V( g_pEffect->SetMatrix( g_hWorldViewProj, &mWorldViewProjection) );V( g_pEffect->SetFloatArray( g_hEyePositionInWorld, (const float*)(g_Camera.GetEyePt()), 3) );V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hNormalOffset1, &g_normalMapOffset1, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hNormalOffset2, &g_normalMapOffset2, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hDisplacementOffset1, &g_displacementMapOffset1, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));V(g_pEffect->SetValue(g_hDisplacementOffset2, &g_displacementMapOffset2, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR2)));//UINT iPass, cPasses;V( g_pEffect->Begin( &cPasses, 0 ) );for( iPass = 0; iPass < cPasses ; iPass++ ){V( g_pEffect->BeginPass( iPass ) );g_pMesh->DrawSubset(0);V( g_pEffect->EndPass() );}V( g_pEffect->End() );
#endifV( pd3dDevice->EndScene() );}
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle messages to the application
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LRESULT CALLBACK MsgProc( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam,bool* pbNoFurtherProcessing, void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1g_Camera.HandleMessages( hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam );
#endifreturn 0;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release D3D9 resources created in the OnD3D9ResetDevice callback
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnD3D9LostDevice( void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase2SAFE_RELEASE(g_pVB);SAFE_RELEASE(g_pIB);
#endif
#if phase3SAFE_RELEASE(g_pVertexDecl);
#endif
#if phase4if( g_pEffect )g_pEffect->OnLostDevice();
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release D3D9 resources created in the OnD3D9CreateDevice callback
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnD3D9DestroyDevice( void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase2SAFE_RELEASE(g_pCubeTex);
#endif
#if phase3SAFE_RELEASE(g_pMesh);SAFE_RELEASE(g_pNormalTex1);SAFE_RELEASE(g_pNormalTex2);SAFE_RELEASE(g_pDisplacementTex1);SAFE_RELEASE(g_pDisplacementTex2);
#endif
#if phase4SAFE_RELEASE(g_pEffect);
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize everything and go into a render loop
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INT WINAPI wWinMain( HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPWSTR, int )
{// Enable run-time memory check for debug builds.
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)_CrtSetDbgFlag( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF );
#endif// Set the callback functionsDXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceAcceptable( IsD3D9DeviceAcceptable );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceCreated( OnD3D9CreateDevice );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceReset( OnD3D9ResetDevice );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9FrameRender( OnD3D9FrameRender );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceLost( OnD3D9LostDevice );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceDestroyed( OnD3D9DestroyDevice );DXUTSetCallbackDeviceChanging( ModifyDeviceSettings );DXUTSetCallbackMsgProc( MsgProc );DXUTSetCallbackFrameMove( OnFrameMove );// TODO: Perform any application-level initialization here// Initialize DXUT and create the desired Win32 window and Direct3D device for the applicationDXUTInit( true, true ); // Parse the command line and show msgboxesDXUTSetHotkeyHandling( true, true, true ); // handle the default hotkeysDXUTSetCursorSettings( true, true ); // Show the cursor and clip it when in full screenDXUTCreateWindow( L"3D_Math_2DPerlinNoise_ocean" );DXUTCreateDevice( true, 1024, 768 );// Start the render loopDXUTMainLoop();// TODO: Perform any application-level cleanup herereturn DXUTGetExitCode();
}/*------------------------------------------------------------PerlinNoise.fx -- achieve Perlin noise(c) Seamanj.2013/9/4
------------------------------------------------------------*/struct Material
{float4 ambient;float4 diffuse;float4 specular;float specularPower;
};struct DirectionalLight
{float4 ambient;float4 diffuse;float4 specular;float3 directionInWorld;
};uniform extern float4x4 g_mWorld;
uniform extern float4x4 g_mWorldInv;
uniform extern float4x4 g_mWorldViewProj;
uniform extern float3 g_eyePositionInWorld;
uniform extern DirectionalLight g_structDirectionalLight;
uniform extern Material g_structMaterial;// Two normal maps and displacement maps.
uniform extern texture g_texNormalMap1;
uniform extern texture g_texNormalMap2;
uniform extern texture g_texDisplacementMap1;
uniform extern texture g_texDisplacementMap2;// Texture coordinate offset vectors for scrolling
// normal maps and displacement maps.
uniform extern float2 g_normalOffset1;
uniform extern float2 g_normalOffset2;
uniform extern float2 g_DisplacementOffset1;
uniform extern float2 g_DisplacementOffset2;// User-defined scaling factors to scale the heights
// sampled from the displacement map into a more convenient
// range.
uniform extern float2 g_scaleHeights;// Space between grids in x,z directions in local space
// used for finite differencing.
uniform extern float2 g_delta;// Shouldn't be hardcoded, but ok for demo.
static const float DISPLACEMENTMAP_SIZE = 129.0f;
static const float DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA = 1.0f / DISPLACEMENTMAP_SIZE;sampler g_samNormalMap1 = sampler_state
{Texture = <g_texNormalMap1>;MinFilter = ANISOTROPIC;MaxAnisotropy = 12;MagFilter = LINEAR;MipFilter = LINEAR;AddressU = WRAP;AddressV = WRAP;
};sampler g_samNormalMap2 = sampler_state
{Texture = <g_texNormalMap2>;MinFilter = ANISOTROPIC;MaxAnisotropy = 12;MagFilter = LINEAR;MipFilter = LINEAR;AddressU = WRAP;AddressV = WRAP;
};sampler g_samDisplacementMap1 = sampler_state
{Texture = <g_texDisplacementMap1>;MinFilter = POINT;MagFilter = POINT;MipFilter = POINT;AddressU = MIRROR;AddressV = MIRROR;
};sampler g_samDisplacementMap2 = sampler_state
{Texture = <g_texDisplacementMap2>;MinFilter = POINT;MagFilter = POINT;MipFilter = POINT;AddressU = MIRROR;AddressV = MIRROR;
};struct OutputVS
{float4 posInHomogeneous : POSITION0;float3 toEyeInTangent : TEXCOORD0;float3 lightDirectionInTangent : TEXCOORD1;float2 texcoord1 : TEXCOORD2;float2 texcoord2 : TEXCOORD3;
};
float DoDisplacementMapping(float2 texCoord1, float2 texCoord2)
{// Transform to texel spacefloat2 texelPos = DISPLACEMENTMAP_SIZE * texCoord1;// Determine the lerp amounts. float2 lerps = frac(texelPos);float height1[4];//由于移位纹理显示青色(即B,G通道都为1,所以应该是R通道存储的是高度height1[0] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height1[1] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height1[2] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(0.0f, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height1[3] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;//这里取出来的值范围在[0,1]之内// Filter displacement map:float h1 = lerp( lerp( height1[0], height1[1], lerps.x ),lerp( height1[2], height1[3], lerps.x ),lerps.y );texelPos = DISPLACEMENTMAP_SIZE * texCoord2;lerps = frac(texelPos);float height2[4];height2[0] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height2[1] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height2[2] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(0.0f, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height2[3] = tex2Dlod(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;// Filter displacement map:float h2 = lerp( lerp( height2[0], height2[1], lerps.x ),lerp( height2[2], height2[3], lerps.x ),lerps.y );// Sum and scale the sampled heights. return g_scaleHeights.x * h1 + g_scaleHeights.y * h2;
}
OutputVS myVertexEntry(float3 positionInLocal : POSITION0, float2 scaledTexCoord : TEXCOORD0,//供法线纹理使用float2 normalizedTexCoord : TEXCOORD1)//供移位纹理使用
{// Zero out our output.OutputVS outVS = (OutputVS)0;// Scroll vertex texture coordinates to animate waves.float2 DisplacementTexCoord1 = normalizedTexCoord + g_DisplacementOffset1;float2 DisplacementTexCoord2 = normalizedTexCoord + g_DisplacementOffset2;
// float2 DisplacementTexCoord1 = normalizedTexCoord ;
// float2 DisplacementTexCoord2 = normalizedTexCoord ;// Set y-coordinate of water grid vertices based on displacement mapping.positionInLocal.y = DoDisplacementMapping(DisplacementTexCoord1, DisplacementTexCoord2) / 480 * 5 ;// Estimate TBN-basis using finite differencing in local space. float left = DoDisplacementMapping(DisplacementTexCoord1 + float2(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f), DisplacementTexCoord2 + float2(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f)) / 480 * 5;float front = DoDisplacementMapping(DisplacementTexCoord1 + float2(0.0f, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA), DisplacementTexCoord2 + float2(0.0f, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA))/ 480 * 5; float3x3 TBN; TBN[0] = normalize(float3(1.0f, (left - positionInLocal.y)/g_delta.x , 0.0f)); //TangentTBN[1] = normalize(float3(0.0f, (front - positionInLocal.y)/g_delta.y , -1.0f));//BinormalTBN[2] = normalize(cross(TBN[0], TBN[1]));//Normal// Matrix transforms from object space to tangent space.float3x3 toTangentSpace = transpose(TBN);// Transform eye position to local space.float3 eyePositionInLocal = mul(float4(g_eyePositionInWorld, 1.0f), g_mWorldInv).xyz;// Transform to-eye vector to tangent space.float3 toEyeInLocal = eyePositionInLocal - positionInLocal;outVS.toEyeInTangent = mul(toEyeInLocal, toTangentSpace);// Transform light direction to tangent space.float3 lightDirectionInLocal = mul(float4(g_structDirectionalLight.directionInWorld, 0.0f), g_mWorldInv).xyz;outVS.lightDirectionInTangent = mul(lightDirectionInLocal, toTangentSpace);// Transform to homogeneous clip space.outVS.posInHomogeneous = mul(float4(positionInLocal, 1.0f), g_mWorldViewProj);// Scroll texture coordinates.outVS.texcoord1 = scaledTexCoord + g_normalOffset1;outVS.texcoord2 = scaledTexCoord + g_normalOffset2;// Done--return the output.return outVS;
}float4 myPixelEntry(float3 toEyeInTangent : TEXCOORD0,float3 lightDirectionInTangent : TEXCOORD1,float2 texcoord1 : TEXCOORD2,float2 texcoord2 : TEXCOORD3) : COLOR
{// Interpolated normals can become unnormal--so normalize.// Note that toEyeW and normalW do not need to be normalized// because they are just used for a reflection and environment// map look-up and only direction matters.toEyeInTangent = normalize(toEyeInTangent);lightDirectionInTangent = normalize(lightDirectionInTangent);// Light vector is opposite the direction of the light.float3 toLightInTangent = -lightDirectionInTangent;// Sample normal map.float3 normalInTangent1 = tex2D(g_samNormalMap1, texcoord1);float3 normalInTangent2 = tex2D(g_samNormalMap2, texcoord2);// Expand from [0, 1] compressed interval to true [-1, 1] interval.normalInTangent1 = 2.0f * normalInTangent1 - 1.0f;normalInTangent2 = 2.0f * normalInTangent2 - 1.0f;// Average the two vectors.float3 normalInTangent = normalize( 0.5f * ( normalInTangent1 + normalInTangent2));//normalInTangent = float3(0,0,1);// Compute the reflection vector.float3 r = reflect(lightDirectionInTangent, normalInTangent);// Determine how much (if any) specular light makes it into the eye.float s = pow(max(dot(r, toEyeInTangent), 0.0f), g_structMaterial.specularPower);// Determine the diffuse light intensity that strikes the vertex.float d = max(dot(toLightInTangent, normalInTangent), 0.0f);// If the diffuse light intensity is low, kill the specular lighting term.// It doesn't look right to add specular light when the surface receives // little diffuse light.if(d <= 0.0f)s = 0.0f;// Compute the ambient, diffuse and specular terms separatly. float3 spec = s * ( g_structMaterial.specular * g_structDirectionalLight.specular).rgb;float3 diffuse = d * (g_structMaterial.diffuse*g_structDirectionalLight.diffuse.rgb);float3 ambient = g_structMaterial.ambient * g_structDirectionalLight.ambient;float3 final = ambient + diffuse + spec;// Output the color and the alpha.return float4(final, g_structMaterial.diffuse.a);
}technique myTech
{pass P0{// Specify the vertex and pixel shader associated with this pass.vertexShader = compile vs_3_0 myVertexEntry();pixelShader = compile ps_3_0 myPixelEntry();}
}struct FlatOutputVS
{float4 posInHomogeneous : POSITION0;float2 texcoord1 : TEXCOORD0;float2 texcoord2 : TEXCOORD1;
};
FlatOutputVS flatVertexEntry(float3 positionInLocal : POSITION0, float2 scaledTexCoord : TEXCOORD0,//供法线纹理使用float2 normalizedTexCoord : TEXCOORD1)//供移位纹理使用
{// Zero out our output.FlatOutputVS outVS = (FlatOutputVS)0;// Scroll vertex texture coordinates to animate waves.outVS.texcoord1 = normalizedTexCoord + g_DisplacementOffset1;outVS.texcoord2 = normalizedTexCoord + g_DisplacementOffset2;
// outVS.texcoord1 = normalizedTexCoord ;
// outVS.texcoord2 = normalizedTexCoord ;outVS.posInHomogeneous = mul(float4(positionInLocal, 1.0f), g_mWorldViewProj);// Done--return the output.return outVS;
}
float4 flatPixelEntry(float2 texCoord1 : TEXCOORD0,float2 texCoord2 : TEXCOORD1) : COLOR
{// Transform to texel spacefloat2 texelPos = DISPLACEMENTMAP_SIZE * texCoord1;// Determine the lerp amounts. float2 lerps = frac(texelPos);float height1[4];//由于移位纹理显示青色(即B,G通道都为1,所以应该是R通道存储的是高度height1[0] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height1[1] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height1[2] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(0.0f, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height1[3] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap1, float4(texCoord1, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;//这里取出来的值范围在[0,1]之内// Filter displacement map:float h1 = lerp( lerp( height1[0], height1[1], lerps.x ),lerp( height1[2], height1[3], lerps.x ),lerps.y );texelPos = DISPLACEMENTMAP_SIZE * texCoord2;lerps = frac(texelPos);float height2[4];height2[0] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height2[1] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height2[2] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(0.0f, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;height2[3] = tex2D(g_samDisplacementMap2, float4(texCoord2, 0.0f, 0.0f)+float4(DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, DISPLACEMENTMAP_DELTA, 0.0f, 0.0f)).r;// Filter displacement map:float h2 = lerp( lerp( height2[0], height2[1], lerps.x ),lerp( height2[2], height2[3], lerps.x ),lerps.y );// Sum and scale the sampled heights. float result = (g_scaleHeights.x * h1 + g_scaleHeights.y * h2) / 480;return float4(result, result,result, 1);
}
technique flatTech
{pass P0{// Specify the vertex and pixel shader associated with this pass.vertexShader = compile vs_3_0 flatVertexEntry();pixelShader = compile ps_3_0 flatPixelEntry();}
}/*------------------------------------------------------------Perlin2D.h -- achieve perlin 2d noise(c) Seamanj.2013/9/4
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#pragma once
#include <vector>
#include <windows.h>class Perlin2D
{
public:Perlin2D( int octaves,//需要融合多少倍频int maxWaveLength,//最高频谐波波长float maxAmplitude, //最高频谐波幅度float falloff)//频率每增加一倍，幅度减少的倍数: m_iOctaves(octaves), m_iMaxWaveLenght(maxWaveLength),m_fMaxAmplitude(maxAmplitude), m_fFallOff(falloff){}~Perlin2D(){}void GenPerlin2D(int width, int height);void CopyPerlin2DToBuffer(int width, int height, float* pBuffer){GenPerlin2D(width, height);std::copy(m_vecData.begin(), m_vecData.end(),pBuffer);}
private:float _getRandomFloat(float lowBound, float highBound){if( lowBound >= highBound ) // bad inputreturn lowBound;// get random float in [0, 1] intervalfloat f = (rand() % 10000) * 0.0001f; // return float in [lowBound, highBound] interval. return (f * (highBound - lowBound)) + lowBound; }// cosin插值// 插值点离a越近，x越小 x = [0,1]float _interpolation(float a, float b, float x){float ft = x * 3.1415927f;float f = (1 - cos(ft)) * 0.5f;return a*(1-f) + b*f;}std::vector<float> m_vecData;int m_iOctaves;int m_iMaxWaveLenght;float m_fMaxAmplitude;float m_fFallOff;
};/*------------------------------------------------------------Perlin2D.cpp -- achieve perlin 2d noise(c) Seamanj.2013/9/4
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "DXUT.h"
#include "Perlin2D.h"
//Perlin2D myPerlinNoise(4, 32, 256, 0.5);
void Perlin2D::GenPerlin2D(int width, int height)
{std::vector<float> vecData(width * height, 0);m_vecData.clear();m_vecData.resize(width * height, 0);srand(GetTickCount());int waveLength = m_iMaxWaveLenght;float amplitude = m_fMaxAmplitude;// k从小变大，倍频逐渐增高//256+128+64+32 = 480//产生0 ~ 480的随机数for(int k = 0; k < m_iOctaves; k++){// 得到一组二维的离散的噪声图，离散步长为waveLengthfor(int i = 0; i < height; i += waveLength ){// 噪声数组置0for(int j=0; j < width; j += waveLength)vecData[i * height + j] = _getRandomFloat(0, amplitude);}// 噪声滤波//32 64 96 < 129-32 = 97for(int i = waveLength; i < height - waveLength;i += waveLength){for(int j = waveLength;j < width - waveLength; j += waveLength){int iLeftUp = ( i - waveLength ) * width + ( j - waveLength );int iLeftLow = ( i + waveLength ) * width + ( j - waveLength );int iRightUp = ( i - waveLength ) * width + ( j + waveLength );int iRightLow = ( i + waveLength ) * width + ( j + waveLength );float corners = ( vecData[iLeftUp] + vecData[iLeftLow] + vecData[iRightUp] + vecData[iRightLow]) / 24;int iLeft = i * width + (j - waveLength);int iLower = (i + waveLength) * width + j;int iRight = i * width + (j + waveLength);int iUp = (i - waveLength) * width + j;float sides = ( vecData[iLeft] + vecData[iLower] + vecData[iRight] + vecData[iUp])/12;float center = vecData[i * width + j] / 2;vecData[i * width + j] = corners + sides + center;}}// 插值得到一组二维的连续的噪声图（步长为1）for(int i = 0;i < height; i++){for(int j = 0; j < width; j++){// 如果i和j都能被waveLength整除，说明该点为已知点int iModeLength = i % waveLength;int jModeLength = j % waveLength;// i和j都不能被waveLength整除if( iModeLength && jModeLength){float fLeftUp,fLeftLow,fRightUp,fRightLow;fLeftUp = vecData[ (i - iModeLength) * width + (j - jModeLength) ];fRightUp = vecData[ (i - iModeLength) * width + (j - jModeLength + waveLength) ];fLeftLow = vecData[ (i - iModeLength + waveLength) * width +(j - jModeLength)];fRightLow = vecData[ (i - iModeLength + waveLength) * width + (j - jModeLength + waveLength) ];float x = (float)iModeLength /(float)waveLength;float y = (float)jModeLength /(float)waveLength;float y1 = _interpolation(fLeftUp, fLeftLow, x);float y2 = _interpolation(fRightUp, fRightLow, x);vecData[i * width + j] = _interpolation(y1, y2, y);}// 只有i不能被整除else if(iModeLength){float x = (float)iModeLength /(float)waveLength;vecData[i * width + j] = _interpolation( vecData[(i - iModeLength) * width + j],vecData[(i - iModeLength + waveLength) * width + j], x );}else if(jModeLength){float y = (float)jModeLength /(float)waveLength;vecData[i * width + j] = _interpolation( vecData[i * width + (j - jModeLength)],vecData[i * width + (j - jModeLength + waveLength)], y );}m_vecData[i * width + j] += vecData[i * width + j];}}// 增大波长和幅度，准备下一次循环waveLength = waveLength >> 1; // 波长变小一倍//32 16 8 4分别是步长,中间进行插值,就相当于一个步长是一个周期//在网上看到的,在一维的情况下，设噪声函数为noise(x)，则通过noise(2x),noise(4x)//等就可以构造更高频率的噪声。这里把noise考虑成sin函数就行了,一样的道理amplitude *= m_fFallOff; // 振幅变小一倍}
}
好了,重头戏了,也是在研究perlin noise过程中耗时最久的一个demo,着重讲一下
这个DEMO是关于perlin 3d noise的,它的实现是基于第2个官方版本中的3d noise
这个DEMO需要一个3维的纹理供像素着色器来采样.所以我们需要建立自己的3维纹理,比如我们需要建立128*128*128的三维纹理
注意DEMO将noise的4个倍频分存储到RGBA四个通道,到时候再到像素着色器里面通过输入顶点的位置采样三维纹理得到一个float4,再将每个通道从这个float4提取出来进行累加,得到一个[0,1]范围的随机值,用这个随机值在两个颜色之间进行插值,得到最终的颜色
这里最关键的步骤就是3D纹理的建立,最初我设想通过 i/128,j/128,k/128作为noise3d的输入值,i,j,k从0到127,但是这样得到的纹理太有规律了,并且波动很小,就在这个地方卡了我很长一段时间,最后研究Libnoise的时候才按照它的方法把输入值进行了一下处理.它指定了x,y,z的上,下界共6个值,最后将输入的值变换到这个6个值之间,具体如何变换,看我的源码,有注释的.好了给出源码
/*------------------------------------------------------------
3D_Math_PerlinNoise3D_Teapot.cpp -- use 3d perlin noise to render teapot(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "DXUT.h"
#include "resource.h"// phase1 : add camera
// phase2 : add teapot
// phase3 : add 3D noise texture
// phase4 : add shader
#define phase1 1
#define phase2 1
#define phase3 1
#define phase4 1
#if phase1
#include "DXUTcamera.h"
CModelViewerCamera g_Camera;
#endif
#if phase2
ID3DXMesh* pTeapotMesh = 0;
#endif
#if phase3
#include "Perlin3D.h"
Perlin3D myPerlinNoise(4, 1, 0.5);
IDirect3DVolumeTexture9* g_p3DTex;
#endif
#if phase4
#include "SDKmisc.h"//加载文件时会用到
ID3DXEffect* g_pEffect = NULL; // D3DX effect interface
D3DXHANDLE g_hTech = 0;D3DXHANDLE g_hWorldViewProj = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hColor1 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_hColor2 = 0;
D3DXHANDLE g_h3DTex = 0;#endif
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Rejects any D3D9 devices that aren't acceptable to the app by returning false
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CALLBACK IsD3D9DeviceAcceptable( D3DCAPS9* pCaps, D3DFORMAT AdapterFormat, D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat,bool bWindowed, void* pUserContext )
{// Typically want to skip back buffer formats that don't support alpha blendingIDirect3D9* pD3D = DXUTGetD3D9Object();if( FAILED( pD3D->CheckDeviceFormat( pCaps->AdapterOrdinal, pCaps->DeviceType,AdapterFormat, D3DUSAGE_QUERY_POSTPIXELSHADER_BLENDING,D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE, BackBufferFormat ) ) )return false;return true;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Before a device is created, modify the device settings as needed
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CALLBACK ModifyDeviceSettings( DXUTDeviceSettings* pDeviceSettings, void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase2pDeviceSettings->d3d9.pp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
#endifreturn true;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create any D3D9 resources that will live through a device reset (D3DPOOL_MANAGED)
// and aren't tied to the back buffer size
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CALLBACK OnD3D9CreateDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc,void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase3HRESULT hr;
#endif
#if phase1// Setup the camera's view parameters D3DXVECTOR3 vecEye( 0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f ); D3DXVECTOR3 vecAt ( 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.0f ); g_Camera.SetViewParams( &vecEye, &vecAt ); FLOAT fObjectRadius=1; //摄像机缩放的3个参数g_Camera.SetRadius( fObjectRadius * 3.0f, fObjectRadius * 0.5f, fObjectRadius * 10.0f );g_Camera.SetEnablePositionMovement( true );
#endif
#if phase2D3DXCreateTeapot( pd3dDevice, &pTeapotMesh, 0);
#endif
#if phase3V( D3DXCreateVolumeTexture(pd3dDevice, 128, 128, 128, 0, 0, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8,D3DPOOL_MANAGED, &g_p3DTex) );D3DLOCKED_BOX lockedBox;g_p3DTex->LockBox(0, &lockedBox, 0, 0);DWORD* imageData = static_cast<DWORD*>(lockedBox.pBits);myPerlinNoise.GenPerlin3DToBuffer(128, 128, 128,2.0f, 6.0f, 1.0f, 5.0f, 3.0f, 7.0f, (BYTE*)imageData);g_p3DTex->UnlockBox(0);V( D3DXFilterVolumeTexture(g_p3DTex, 0, 0, D3DX_DEFAULT) );// g_p3DTex->LockBox(0, &lockedBox, 0, 0);// BYTE* m_pData = static_cast<BYTE*>(lockedBox.pBits);IDirect3DVolume9 *pVolumeLevel = 0;g_p3DTex->GetVolumeLevel(0, &pVolumeLevel);D3DXSaveVolumeToFile(L"3DTex.dds",D3DXIFF_DDS, pVolumeLevel, 0, 0);SAFE_RELEASE(pVolumeLevel);
#endif
#if phase4WCHAR str[MAX_PATH];// Read the D3DX effect fileV_RETURN( DXUTFindDXSDKMediaFileCch( str, MAX_PATH, L"PerlinNoise.fx" ) );// Create the effect LPD3DXBUFFER pErrorBuff = NULL;V_RETURN( D3DXCreateEffectFromFile(pd3dDevice, // associated devicestr, // effect filenameNULL, // no preprocessor definitionsNULL, // no ID3DXInclude interfaceD3DXSHADER_DEBUG, // compile flagsNULL, // don't share parameters&g_pEffect, // return effect&pErrorBuff // return error messages) );if( pErrorBuff )MessageBoxA(0, (char*)pErrorBuff->GetBufferPointer(), 0, 0);// get handleg_hTech = g_pEffect->GetTechniqueByName("myTech");g_hWorldViewProj = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_mWorldViewProj");g_hColor1 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_color1");g_hColor2 = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_color2");g_h3DTex = g_pEffect->GetParameterByName(0, "g_3DTexNoise");float Color1[4] = {0.8f, 0.7f, 0.0f, 1.0f};float Color2[4] = {0.6f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 1.0f};g_pEffect->SetFloatArray( g_hColor1, Color1, 4) ;g_pEffect->SetFloatArray( g_hColor2, Color2,4 );
#endifreturn S_OK;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create any D3D9 resources that won't live through a device reset (D3DPOOL_DEFAULT)
// or that are tied to the back buffer size
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CALLBACK OnD3D9ResetDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc,void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE ); //关闭光照处理, 默认情况下启用光照处理 pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE ); //Setup the camera's projection parameters float fAspectRatio = pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Width / ( FLOAT )pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Height; g_Camera.SetProjParams( D3DX_PI / 2, fAspectRatio, 0.1f, 5000.0f ); g_Camera.SetWindow( pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Width, pBackBufferSurfaceDesc->Height ); g_Camera.SetButtonMasks( MOUSE_LEFT_BUTTON, MOUSE_WHEEL, MOUSE_RIGHT_BUTTON );
#endifreturn S_OK;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle updates to the scene. This is called regardless of which D3D API is used
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnFrameMove( double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1g_Camera.FrameMove( fElapsedTime );
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render the scene using the D3D9 device
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnD3D9FrameRender( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
{HRESULT hr;// Clear the render target and the zbuffer V( pd3dDevice->Clear( 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_ARGB( 0, 45, 50, 170 ), 1.0f, 0 ) );// Render the sceneif( SUCCEEDED( pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) ){
#if phase2 & !phase4pd3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, false);// Set world matrix D3DXMATRIX M;D3DXMatrixIdentity( &M ); // M = identity matrixpd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, g_Camera.GetWorldMatrix()) ; //这里三角形更像是世界坐标中静止的物体(比如墙)因为按W它会相对与摄像机会动,不像茶壶总在摄像机前面,相对于摄像机静止// Set view matrix D3DXMATRIX view = *g_Camera.GetViewMatrix() ; pd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &view) ; // Set projection matrix D3DXMATRIX proj = *g_Camera.GetProjMatrix() ;pd3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_CCW);pd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &proj) ; pTeapotMesh->DrawSubset( 0 );
#elseg_pEffect->SetTechnique(g_hTech);g_pEffect->SetTexture(g_h3DTex, g_p3DTex);UINT iPass, cPasses;D3DXMATRIXA16 mWorldViewProjection;mWorldViewProjection = *g_Camera.GetViewMatrix() * *g_Camera.GetProjMatrix();V( g_pEffect->SetMatrix( g_hWorldViewProj, &mWorldViewProjection) );V( g_pEffect->Begin( &cPasses, 0 ) );for( iPass = 0; iPass < cPasses ; iPass++ ){V( g_pEffect->BeginPass( iPass ) );pTeapotMesh->DrawSubset(0);V( g_pEffect->EndPass() );}V( g_pEffect->End() );#endifV( pd3dDevice->EndScene() );}
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Handle messages to the application
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LRESULT CALLBACK MsgProc( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam,bool* pbNoFurtherProcessing, void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase1g_Camera.HandleMessages( hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam );
#endifreturn 0;
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release D3D9 resources created in the OnD3D9ResetDevice callback
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnD3D9LostDevice( void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase3if( g_pEffect )g_pEffect->OnLostDevice();
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release D3D9 resources created in the OnD3D9CreateDevice callback
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CALLBACK OnD3D9DestroyDevice( void* pUserContext )
{
#if phase2SAFE_RELEASE(pTeapotMesh);
#endif
#if phase3SAFE_RELEASE(g_p3DTex);
#endif
#if phase4SAFE_RELEASE(g_pEffect);
#endif
}//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize everything and go into a render loop
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INT WINAPI wWinMain( HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPWSTR, int )
{// Enable run-time memory check for debug builds.
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)_CrtSetDbgFlag( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF );
#endif// Set the callback functionsDXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceAcceptable( IsD3D9DeviceAcceptable );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceCreated( OnD3D9CreateDevice );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceReset( OnD3D9ResetDevice );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9FrameRender( OnD3D9FrameRender );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceLost( OnD3D9LostDevice );DXUTSetCallbackD3D9DeviceDestroyed( OnD3D9DestroyDevice );DXUTSetCallbackDeviceChanging( ModifyDeviceSettings );DXUTSetCallbackMsgProc( MsgProc );DXUTSetCallbackFrameMove( OnFrameMove );// TODO: Perform any application-level initialization here// Initialize DXUT and create the desired Win32 window and Direct3D device for the applicationDXUTInit( true, true ); // Parse the command line and show msgboxesDXUTSetHotkeyHandling( true, true, true ); // handle the default hotkeysDXUTSetCursorSettings( true, true ); // Show the cursor and clip it when in full screenDXUTCreateWindow( L"3D_Math_PerlinNoise3D_Teapot" );DXUTCreateDevice( true, 640, 480 );// Start the render loopDXUTMainLoop();// TODO: Perform any application-level cleanup herereturn DXUTGetExitCode();
}/*------------------------------------------------------------PerlinNoise.fx -- 3D perlin noise to render teapot(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/uniform extern float4x4 g_mWorldViewProj;uniform extern float4 g_color1;
uniform extern float4 g_color2;
uniform extern texture g_3DTexNoise;sampler3D g_3DSamNoise = sampler_state
{Texture = <g_3DTexNoise>;//能不能不要这么坑,忘加这一句,又花10个小时,我擦啊~~~MinFilter = LINEAR;MagFilter = LINEAR;MipFilter = LINEAR;AddressU = WRAP;AddressV = WRAP;
};struct OutputVS
{float4 posInHomogeneous : POSITION0;float3 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;
};OutputVS myVertexEntry(float4 positionInLocal : POSITION0)
{OutputVS outVS;outVS.posInHomogeneous = mul( positionInLocal, g_mWorldViewProj );outVS.texCoord = positionInLocal.xyz;return outVS;
}float4 myPixelEntry(float3 texCoord : TEXCOORD0) : COLOR
{float4 noise = tex3D(g_3DSamNoise, texCoord);float intensity = noise[0] + noise[1] + noise[2] + noise[3];//float intensity = (noise[0] + noise[1] + noise[2] + noise[3] + 0.0625) / 2;// 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = return lerp(g_color1, g_color2, intensity);
}technique myTech
{pass P0{// Specify the vertex and pixel shader associated with this pass.vertexShader = compile vs_3_0 myVertexEntry();pixelShader = compile ps_3_0 myPixelEntry();}
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------Perlin3D.h -- achieve perlin 3d noise(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#pragma once
#include <vector>
#include <windows.h>class Perlin3D
{
public:Perlin3D( //需要4个倍频分别装入4个通道int minFrequency,//最小频率float maxAmplitude, //最高频谐波幅度float falloff)//频率每增加一倍，幅度减少的倍数: m_iOctaves(4), m_iminFrequency(minFrequency),m_fMaxAmplitude(maxAmplitude), m_fFallOff(falloff){}~Perlin3D(){}void GenPerlin3DToBuffer(int width, int height,int depth,float lowerXBound, float upperXBound,float lowerYBound, float upperYBound,float lowerZBound, float upperZBound,BYTE* pBuffer);private:
//static float _noise3(float vec[3]);static float _getValue(float x, float y, float z){float vec[3];vec[0] = x;vec[1] = y;vec[2] = z;return _noise3(vec);}
//int m_iOctaves;int m_iminFrequency;float m_fMaxAmplitude;float m_fFallOff;
};/*------------------------------------------------------------Perlin3D.cpp -- achieve perlin 3d noise(c) Seamanj.2013/9/6
------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "DXUT.h"
#include "Perlin3D.h"#include <cmath>#define B 0x100 //256
#define BM 0xff //255#define N 0x1000 //4096
#define NP 12 // 2^N
#define NM 0xfffstatic int p[ B + B + 2];
static float g3[B + B + 2][3];
static float g2[B + B + 2][2];
static float g1[B + B +2];
static int start = 1;//是否需要初始化static void init(void);#define s_curve(t) ( t * t * (3. - 2. * t) )
#define s_curve_new(t) ( t * t * t * (t * (t * 6 - 15) + 10) )
#define lerp(t, a, b) ( a + t * (b - a) )// b0为小于vec[i]的整数,b1为大于vec[i]的整数,r0为中间点到b0的符号距离(为正),r1为中间点到b1的符号距离(为负)
#define setup(i, b0, b1, r0, r1) \t = vec[i] + N;\b0 = ((int)t) & BM;\b1 = (b0+1) & BM;\r0 = t - (int)t;\r1 = r0 - 1;float Perlin3D::_noise3(float vec[3])
{int bx0, bx1, by0, by1, bz0, bz1, b00, b10, b01, b11;float rx0, rx1, ry0, ry1, rz0, rz1, *q, sx, sy, sz, a, b, c, d, u, v, t;register int i, j;if (start){start = 0;init();}setup(0, bx0, bx1, rx0, rx1);setup(1, by0, by1, ry0, ry1);setup(2, bz0, bz1, rz0, rz1);i = p[bx0];j = p[bx1];b00 = p[i + by0];b10 = p[j + by0];b01 = p[i + by1];b11 = p[j + by1];//产生四个随机数,和bz0,bz1组合成8个随机数sx = s_curve(rx0);sy = s_curve(ry0);sz = s_curve(rz0);#define at3(rx, ry, rz) ( rx * q[0] + ry * q[1] + rz * q[2] )
// by1
// ↑
// 丨 bz1
// ry1 ↗
// 丨 rz1
// ↓↙
// bx0←rx0→⊕←rx1→bx1
// ↗↑
// rz0 丨
// +y +z ↙ ry0
// ↑↗ bz0 丨
// →+x ↓
// by0q = g3[b00 + bz0]; u = at3(rx0, ry0, rz0);//将(bx0,by0,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry0,rz0)相乘q = g3[b10 + bz0]; v = at3(rx1, ry0, rz0);//将(bx1,by0,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry0,rz0)相乘a = lerp(sx, u, v);q = g3[b01 + bz0]; u = at3(rx0, ry1, rz0);//将(bx0,by1,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry1,rz0)相乘q = g3[b11 + bz0]; v = at3(rx1, ry1, rz0);//将(bx1,by1,bz0)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry1,rz0)相乘b = lerp(sx, u, v);c = lerp(sy, a, b);q = g3[b00 + bz1]; u = at3(rx0, ry0, rz1);//将(bx0,by0,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry0,rz1)相乘q = g3[b10 + bz1]; v = at3(rx1, ry0, rz1);//将(bx1,by0,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry0,rz1)相乘a = lerp(sx, u, v);q = g3[b01 + bz1]; u = at3(rx0, ry1, rz1);//将(bx0,by1,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx0,ry1,rz1)相乘q = g3[b11 + bz1]; v = at3(rx1, ry1, rz1);//将(bx1,by1,bz1)处的梯度与中间点到该点的向量(rx1,ry1,rz1)相乘b = lerp(sx, u, v);d = lerp(sy, a, b);return lerp(sz, c, d);//进行三次线性插值}
static void normalize2(float v[2])
{float s;s = sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1]);v[0] = v[0] / s;v[1] = v[1] / s;
}
static void normalize3(float v[3])
{float s;s = sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]);v[0] = v[0] / s;v[1] = v[1] / s;v[2] = v[2] / s;
}
static void init(void)
{int i, j, k;for( i = 0; i < B; i++) // [0 , 255]{p[i] = i;g1[i] = (float)((rand() % (B + B)) - B) / B;// [0 , 511] - 256 -> [-256 , 255] / 256 -> [-1 , 255/256 = 0.99609375]for( j = 0; j < 2 ; j++)g2[i][j] = (float)((rand() % (B + B)) - B) / B;//[-1 , 0.99609375]normalize2(g2[i]);for( j = 0; j < 3; j++)g3[i][j] = (float)((rand() % (B + B )) - B) / B;//[-1 , 0.99609375]normalize3(g3[i]);}//为整数点生成随机的梯度while( --i ) //[255,1]{k = p[i];p[i] = p[ j = rand() % B];// j∈[0,255]p[j] = k;}//使p前256个数随机,数的范围为[0,255]//注意p的范围为[0,513]for( i = 0; i < B + 2; i++)//[0,257]{p[B + i] = p[i];// 0->256,1->257,...,255->511,256->512,257->513//所以最后p[0~255]序列中为[0,255]的随机数,p[256~511]为p[0~255]的拷贝,p[512],p[513]为p[0],p[1]的拷贝g1[B + i] = g1[i];for( j = 0; j < 2; j++)g2[B + 1][j] = g2[i][j];for( j = 0; j < 3; j++)g3[B + i][j] = g3[i][j];//同理,将1~3维的随机梯度也按照上面的方法处理}
}void Perlin3D::GenPerlin3DToBuffer(int width, int height,int depth,float lowerXBound, float upperXBound,float lowerYBound, float upperYBound,float lowerZBound, float upperZBound,BYTE* pBuffer)
{if( !pBuffer ){MessageBoxA(NULL, "the pointer is NULL - GenPerlin3DToBuffer()", "error", 0);exit(-1);}float frequency = m_iminFrequency;float amplitude = m_fMaxAmplitude;float xExtent = upperXBound - lowerXBound;float yExtent = upperYBound - lowerYBound;float zExtent = upperZBound - lowerZBound;float xDelta = xExtent / (float)width ;float yDelta = xExtent / (float)height ;float zDelta = zExtent / (float)depth;float xCur = lowerXBound;float yCur = lowerYBound;float zCur = lowerZBound;int iPtrPos;for( int k = 0; k < m_iOctaves; ++k, frequency *= 2, amplitude *= 0.5){iPtrPos = k;zCur = lowerZBound;for( int z = 0; z < depth ; ++z){yCur = lowerYBound;for(int y = 0; y < height ; ++y){xCur = lowerXBound;for(int x = 0; x < width ; ++x, iPtrPos += 4){float swoValue, seoValue, nwoValue, neoValue,swiValue, seiValue, nwiValue, neiValue;swoValue = _getValue(xCur, yCur, zCur);seoValue = _getValue(xCur + xExtent, yCur, zCur);nwoValue = _getValue(xCur, yCur + yExtent, zCur);neoValue = _getValue(xCur + xExtent, yCur + yExtent, zCur);swiValue = _getValue(xCur, yCur, zCur + zExtent);seiValue = _getValue(xCur + xExtent, yCur, zCur + zExtent);nwiValue = _getValue(xCur, yCur + yExtent, zCur + zExtent);neiValue = _getValue(xCur + xExtent, yCur + yExtent, zCur + zExtent);float xBlend = 1.0 - ((xCur - lowerXBound) / xExtent);float yBlend = 1.0 - ((yCur - lowerYBound) / yExtent);float zBlend = 1.0 - ((zCur - lowerZBound) / zExtent);float y0 = lerp( xBlend, swoValue, seoValue);float y1 = lerp( xBlend, nwoValue, neoValue);float y2 = lerp( xBlend, swiValue, seiValue);float y3 = lerp( xBlend, nwiValue, neiValue);float z1 = lerp( yBlend, y0, y1);float z2 = lerp( yBlend, y2, y3);float result = lerp( zBlend, z1, z2 );pBuffer[iPtrPos] = (BYTE)((result + 1.0) * amplitude * 128);xCur += xDelta;}yCur += yDelta;}zCur += zDelta;}}}这样绚丽的茶壶就出来了,呵呵,4天的努力终于没有白费
最后,说下4D perlin noise虽然我没有去实现,但是它还是有它的作用的,因为多出来的一维可以作成时间的维数,这样,你的3D纹理就可以动态变化了,
同时,3D perlin noise也可以当作动态的2D perlin noise纹理.呵呵,大功造成,perlin noise就告一段落吧,下一阶段目标是projected grid,好了今天晚上就不找资料,太累了,睡觉了.明天继续我的伟大航程
2D柏林噪声海洋源代码
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