python知识回顾（列表与字符串）

a= []b = [1,'c','abd',851,[1,2,3]]
#列表中元素的修改
b[0] = "HELLO"
b[4]= 23
#去除列表中的元素，通过索引
# for i in range(len(b)):
# print(b[i])#遍历
for item in b:print(item)#成员运算符 in
if 6 in b:print("success")
else:print("not in")#更新列表
list_1 = [1,2,3]
#使用append方法，为列表添加元素,每次添加都添加到最后一位
for i in range(100):list_1.add(i)print("b=",list_1)#删除列表中的元素
del list_1[2]
print(list_1)# #列表相加
list_2 = [4,5,6]
list_3 = list_1+list_2
print(list_3)#对列表进行切片操作
list_4 = ["芝麻","花生","巧克力","花生","转世","西瓜"]#list_4[n:m],n=<X<N=import
print(list_4[2:5])#统计列表的长度 len
print(len(list_4))
#获取列表中最大的元素
list_5 = [1,58,78,99,289]
print(max(list_5))
print(min(list_5))#counter方法 快速统计列表中的每个元素出现的次数
string1=""
list_6=string1.split("In the flood of darkness, hope is the light. It brings comfort, faith, and confidence. It gives us guidance when we are lost, and gives support when we are afraid. And the moment we give up hope, we give up our lives. The world we live in is disintegrating into a place of malice and hatred, where we need hope and find it harder. In this world of fear, hope to find better, but easier said than done, the more meaningful life of faith will make life meaningful.")#用counter方法统计每个单词出现的次数
from collections import Counter
print(Counter(list_6))# 元组与列表的区别，元组的值不能改变
typle_1=["1","6","zhang",3,8,[1,2]]
typle_1[1]=8
print(typle_1)# 字符串
tring_1="hello world"
tring_2='hello world 2' \'666666'
string_3="""i am a boy
hello world
yes i am
"""# 统计字符串的长度len(),空格也在统计范围之内
print(len(string_3))# 通过加号添加两个字符串
string_4=string_3+tring_1
print(len(string_4))# 字符串的复制，通过*来复制
tring_3=tring_1*100
print(tring_3)#字符串的转换str()来实现
number = 5
string_7= str(number)
print(type(string_7))# 字符串的提取
string_8 = "cat.jpg"
print(string_8[3:7])#字符串的替换，replace(_'旧字符串'，"新字符串")
string_9= "hello <h1>world</h2><em><span>!"
string_10= string_9.replace('h1',"").replace('/h2',"").replace('em',"").replace('span',"")
print(string_10)# 统计高频词汇。用split方法
string_11="""2021年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套）
Part I Writing (30minutes)
Directions: Suppose your school is organizing an orientation program to help the freshmen
adapt to the new environment and academic studies. You are now to write a proposal, which
may include its aim, duration, participants and activities. You will have 30 minutes to write the
proposal. You should write at least llQ words but no more than 1Jj_Q words.
Part II
Section A
Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)
Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report,
you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only
once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked
A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line
through the centre.
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.
1. A) It found a pet dog on board a plane to a city in Texas.
B) It had one of its cargo planes land at a wrong airport.
C) It sent two dogs to the wrong destinations.
D) It had two of its domestic flights mixed up.
2. A) Correct their mistake as soon as possible.
B) Give the two pets a physical checkup
C) Hire a charter jet to bring the pets back
D) Send another plane to continue the flight.
Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.
3. A) She weighs 130 kilograms
B) She has had babies before.
4. A) It took 22 hours.
B) It had some complications.
C) She was brought from Africa.
D) She has a big family of six
C) It was smooth.
D) It was monitored by Dr.Sue Tygielski
Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.
5. A) It enjoyed great popularity C) It was frequented by newly-weds.
B) It started business three years ago. D) It was built above the sea-water.
6. A) Expand his business on the beach.
B) Replace the restaurant's wooden deck.
C) Post a picture of his restaurant online.
D) Celebrate his silver wedding anniversary.
2021 年 12 月英语四级真题第 1 套 第 1 页共 10 页 by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
7. A) She sold it for two thousand dollars. C) She posted its picture on Facebook.
B) She took it to the restaurant manager. D) She returned it to its owner right away.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each
conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be
spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four
choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with
a single line through the centre.
Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
8. A) The number of ducks has declined sharply in recent years.
B) Climate change has little effect on the lives of wild ducks.
C) Duck meat is not eaten in Australia, Canada and the U.S.
D) Duck hunting remains legal in many parts of the world.
9. A) Droughts. B) Bushfires. C) Farming. D) Hunting.
10. A) They are not easy to domesticate. C) It is not environmentally friendly.
B) Their meat is not that popular. D) It is not considered cost-effective.
11. A) They hunted ducks as a traditional sport.
B) They killed wild ducks and geese for food.
C) They raised ducks and geese for their eggs
D) They poisoned wild ducks in large numbers.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
12. A) Have her house repainted. C) Move into a newly-painted house.
B) Replace some of her old furniture. D) Calculate the cost of the paint job.
13. A) How long the work will take. C) How the paint job is to be done.
B) How much the work will cost. D) How many workers are needed.
14. A) Cover up her furniture. C) Stay somewhere else.
B) Ask some friends for help. D) Oversee the work herself.
15. A) She could have asked a friend for help with the paint job.
B) Painting a house involves more trouble than she thought.
C) She should have repainted her house much earlier.
D) Moving her furniture is harder than the paint job.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages At the end o「each passage, you will
hear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once
After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),
C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through
2021 年 12 月英语四级真题第 1 套 第 2 页共 10 页 by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) To cultivate good habits. C) To review what is learned in class.
B) To prepare for secondary school. D) To stimulate interest in learning.
17. A) Discuss their academic achievements with them.
B) Create an ideal study environment for them.
C) Allow them to learn independently.
D) Check their homework promptly.
18. A) Finish them before they get tired.
B) Tackle the most difficult task first.
C) Start with something they enjoy
D) Focus on the most important ones.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19. A) Workers who meet its body weight standards.
B) Workers who can lose 30 pounds in a year
C) Workers who try the hardest to lose weight
D) Workers who are in the top 10% of the slimmest.
20. A) Impractical. C) Unmanageable.
B) Inconsistent. D) Unfair.
21. A) Offer them much fatter bonuses. C) Encourage healthy behaviors.
B) Improve working environment. D) Provide free lunch and snacks.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22. A) It has not done enough to help left-handed children.
B) It has treated left-handed children as being disabled.
C) It has not built facilities specially for the left-handed.
D) It has ignored campaigns on behalf of the left-handed.
23. A) They are as intelligent as other children.
B) They have a distinctive style of handwriting
C) They sometimes have psychological problems
D) They tend to have more difficulties in learning.
24. A) Punish teachers discriminating against left-handed students.
B) Lay more emphasis on improving children's mental health.
C) Encourage students to develop various professional skills
D) Keep track of left-handed children's school performance.
25. A) How they can be reduced in number. C) What percentage they account for.
B) Why their numbers are so high. D) If their percentage keeps increasing
2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 第3页共10页by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
Part III
Section A
Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the
passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is iden叩ed
by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single
line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Many people believe that passion and commitment are the foundations of strong
romantic relationships. But a relationship is made of two--1.§__ individuals. And the
（特性）personality traits (it •ri) these individuals ____XJ___ or lack can often make a relationship
more- or less- likely to ----2.L_. Recent research has found that one trait in particular —
humility （谦逊） — is an important indicator of successful relationships.
Humility can sometimes be ___12__ with a lack of confidence. But researchers have
come to realize that being humble generally indicates the ____lQ__ of deeply admirable
personal qualities. Being humble means you have the ab山ty to accurately ___lL_ your
deficiencies without denying your skills and strengths. For example, you might recognize
that you are intelligent, but realize that you are not a ___lL__. Thus, humility leads to
an honest view of one's own advantages and shortcomings. Humble people do not ignore,
avoid, or try to deny their limits or deficiencies. They can__ll__mistakes, see value in
things that are far from perfect and identify areas for improvement
Perhaps it is not ____lL, then, that humility appears to be a huge asset to relationships
One study found that people tend to rate this quality ___lL in their spouse. The study
also found that someone who is humble is more likely to initiate a romantic relationship,
perhaps because they are less likely to see themselves as "too good" for someone else. Thus,
a humble partner might be your ideal partner
A) acknowledge
B) assess
C) confused
D) endure
E) extremely
F) genius
G) highly
H) permanent
I) possess
J) presence
K) puzzled
L) status
M) s叩rising
N) thoroughly
0) unique
2021 年 12 月英语四级真题第 1套 第 4 页共 10 页 by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.
Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph
from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each
paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2.
There's a stress gap between men and women
A) "I used to work very hard. I love to create things, grow them and solve problems, "said
Meng Li, a successful app developer in San Francisco. "I didn't really care about my
mind and my body until they decided to go on strike."
B) Ms. Li said her stress led to sleeplessness. When she did sleep, she experienced
"problem-solving dreams," which left her feeling unrested when she woke up. "After I
became a first-time mother, I quickly realized I was so busy caring for other people and
work that I felt like I'd lost myself," she said.
C) It's a common story- one we frequently ridicule and readily dismiss, for example,
by claiming that women tend to complain more than men, despite the growing sum
of research that underlines the problem. Women are twice as likely to suffer from
severe stress and anxiety as men, according to a 2016 study published in The Journal
。if Brain & Behavior. The American Psychological Association reports a gender gap
year after year showing that women consistently report higher stress levels. Clearly,
a stress gap exists.
D) "The difference is not really news to me, as a clinical psychologist," said Erin Joyce,
a women and couples therapist in Los Angeles. "It's been well documented in extensive
research over the years that prevalence rates for the majority of the anxiety disorders are
higher in women than men." Some people may argue that this is merely reported data,
and they say many men feel the same pressures as women in terms of fulfilling
responsibilities at work and home. In other words, we're all really, really stressed
E) "The difference, however, is in the nature and scope of these responsibilities in the
home environment in particular," Dr. Joyce said. For example, the United Nations
reported that women do nearly three times as much unpaid domestic work as men. The
problem is, housework is often overlooked as work, even though it is often as laborious
(or in some cases, more so) as any pai切ob. As the scholar S加a Federici put it in 1975,
the unpaid nature of domestic work reinforces the assumption that "housework is not
work, thus preventing women from struggling against it."
F) It's not just inside the home, though. Research from Nova Southeastern University
found that female managers were more likely than male managers to display "surface
acting," or forcing emotions that are not wholly felt. "They expressed optimism,
calmness and sympathy even when these were not the emotions that they were actually
feeling," the study said.
G) Surface acting is a prime example of "emotional labor," a concept that the writer Jess
Zimmerman made familiar in a 2015 essay. The essay sparked a massive thread on the
2021 年 12 月英语四级真题第 1 套 第 5 页共 10 页 by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
internet community blog MetaFilter. Hundreds of women spoke up about their own
experience with emotional labor: the duties that are expected of them, but go unnoticed.
These invisible duties become apparent only when you don't do them. Like domestic
labor, emotional labor is generally dismissed and not labeled work. But research shows
it can be just as exhausting as paid work. Emotional labor can lead to difficulty in
sleeping and family conflict. Sure, circumstantial stress, like losing a job, may lead to
these same issues. But emotional labor is not circumstantial. It's an enduring
responsibility based on the socialized gender role of women.
H) Like Ms. Li, many women try to manage the added stress to reach what Dr. Joyce said
was an unattainable ideal. "Some professional women aim to do it all. They want to
reach the top of the corporate ladder and fly like supermom," she said. When women
don't reach this ideal, they feel guilty; and even more stressed. After her own struggle
with this, Ms. Li took a step back and used her experience to build Sanity & Self, a
self-care app and platform for overworked women. "The realizations I had in that
process helped me gain insights and ultimately got me ready to integrate self- care into
my daily life," she said.
I) The stress problem extends beyond mental health when you consider the link between
stress, anxiety and heart health. Worse, most of what we know about heart disease
comes from studies involving men. However, "there are many reasons to think that
it's different in women," Harvard Medical School reported. For example, women are
more likely to experience disturbed sleep, anxiety and unusual fatigue before a heart
attack. Stress is so normalized that it is easy for women to shrug off those symptoms as
simply the consequences of stress. Many women also do not experience chest pain
before a heart attack the way men do, which leads to fewer women discovering
problematic heart issues. Harvard reports that women are "much more likely than men
to die within a year of having a heart attack" and "many women say their physicians
sometimes don't even recognize the symptoms."
J) The good news is, women are more likely than men to take charge of their stress and
manage it, the American Psychological Association reports. The concept of self-care,
at its core, is quite simple. "The basics of adequate sleep, healthy diet and exercise are
a good place to start," Dr. Joyce said. "Support from trusted relationships is vital
This includes professional support from various health and wellness providers if stress
is becoming increasingly overwhelming."
K) Disconnecting from work and home respons伽lities is also obviously important.
But it's much easier said than done. It is important to understand what causes your
stress in the first place. "Get really specific with what's stressing you out," Ms. Li said
"We often chalk up our stress to broad experiences like work. But work stress can take
many different forms. Is a colleague being disrespectful of your time? Is a boss
undermining your day-to-day control over decision making? These are different causes
of stress and can benefit from different kinds of self-care."
L) Ideally, your spouse or partner will be supportive, rather than dismissive, of your stress
2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 第6页共10页by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
It is important to talk through these issues before they come to a head. "Women
working outside of the home should make an effort to have a conscious conversation
with their partners about more equitable sharing of household and family
responsibilities," Dr. Joyce said.
36. Some career women who aim high tend to feel guilty if they fail to achieve their goals.
37. The unpaid housework done by women is triple that done by men
38. It is reported that women consistently suffer more from severe stress than men.
39. Women are advised to identify the specific causes of their stress so that steps can be
taken to deal with it.
40. One study showed that women managers often expressed positive emotions that they
didn't really feel.
41. Women tend to mistake signs of heart attacks for symptoms of stress.
42. For a time an app developer in America was so busy attending to work and family that
she suffered from sleeplessness.
43. The emotional labor women do is noticed only when it is not done.
44. Dr. Joyce suggests that apart from self-care, women should seek professional support if
they experience severe stress.
45. Some people believe that there may not exist a stress gap between men and women.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions
or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked AJ, BJ, CJ and DJ
You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2
with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
As many office workers adapt to remote work, c巾es may undergo fundamental change
if offices remain under-utilized. Who will benefit if working from home becomes the norm?
Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift
from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.
Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic
（寄生的）capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from
the public— and now personal— realm, rather than on generating new value.
Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the
loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.
If working from home becomes permanent, employees will have to dedicate part of
their private space to work. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and office equipment
It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated,
2021 年 12 月英语四级真题第 1 套 第 7 页共 10 页 by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
The human thirst for knowledge is the driving force behind our successful
development as a species. But curiosity can also be dangerous, leading to setbacks or even
downfalls. Given curiosity's complexity, scientists have found it hard to define.
While pinning down a definition has proven tricky, the general consensus is it's some
means of infom画on gathering. Psychologists also agree curiosity is intrinsically（内在地）
motivated.
Curiosity covers such a large set of behaviors that there probably isn't any single
"curiosity gene" that makes humans wonder about and explore their environment. That said,
curiosity does have a genetic component. Genes and the environment interact in many
complex ways to shape individuals and guide their behavior, including their curiosity.
Regardless of their genetic makeup, infants have to learn an incredible amount of
information in a short time, and curiosity is one of the tools humans have found to
accomplish that gigantic task.
Hundreds of studies show that infants prefer novelty. It's what motivates non-human
animals, human infants and probably human adults to explore and seek out new things
before growing less interested in them after continued exposure.
But curiosity often comes with a cost.
In some situations, the stakes are low and failure is a healthy part of growth. For
instance, many babies are perfectly proficient crawlers, but they decide to try walking
because there's more to see and do when they stand upright. But this milestone comes at a
small cost. A study of 12- to 19-month-olds learning how to walk documented that these
children fell down a lot. Seventeen times per hour, to be exact. But walking is faster than
crawling, so this motivates expert crawlers to transition to walking
Sometimes, however, testing out a new idea can lead to disaster. For instance, the Inuit
people of the Arctic regions have created incredible modes to deal with the challenges of
living in northern climates, but what we forget about are the tens of thousands of people
that tried and failed to make it in those challenging landscapes.
51. What does the author say about curiosity?
A) It is too complex for non-scientists to understand.
B) It is the force that pushes human society forward.
C) It is a unique trait specific to the human race.
D) It is often the major cause for human failures.
52. What is the general understanding of curiosity?
A) It motivates people to seek information.
2021 年 12 月英语四级真题第 1 套 第 9 页共 10 页 by: UVOOC.COM微信公众号：AMYOU
B) It is destined to transform human genes.
C) It does people more good than harm.
D) It underlies all human behaviors.
53. What do we learn about how genes shape people's behavior?
A) They determine people's way of thinking
B) They account for age differences in learning
C) They enable people to undertake mas"""word = string_11.split("")
print("word")

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