1、MySQL数据库和表的编码格式

（1）创建数据库并指定字符集

mysql> create database testpythondb character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.60 sec)

（2）查看数据库的编码格式

mysql> show variables like 'character_set_database';
+------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name          | Value |
+------------------------+-------+
| character_set_database | utf8  |
+------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.10 sec)

（3）创建表并指定字符集

mysql> create table tb_books (-> id varchar(10) not null,-> name varchar(20) not null,-> author varchar(20) not null,-> price double not null) default charset = utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (2.16 sec)mysql> show tables;
+------------------------+
| Tables_in_testpythondb |
+------------------------+
| tb_books               |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.17 sec)mysql> desc tb_books;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name   | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| author | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| price  | double      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.10 sec)

（4）查看数据表的编码格式

mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                          |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.10 sec)

（5）修改数据库的编码格式

mysql> alter database testpythondb character set gbk;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec)mysql> show variables like 'character_set_database';
+------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name          | Value |
+------------------------+-------+
| character_set_database | gbk   |
+------------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.06 sec)

（6）修改数据表的编码格式

mysql> alter table tb_books character set gbk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`name` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

（7）修改字段的编码格式

mysql> create database testpythondb character set utf8;
mysql> alter table tb_books change name bookname varchar(25) character set gbk not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.18 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 1mysql> desc tb_books;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| bookname | varchar(25) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| author   | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| price    | double      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`bookname` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

（8）添加表外键

mysql> create database testpythondb character set utf8;
mysql> create table tb_bookstore (-> storeid varchar(10) not null,-> storename varchar(20) not null,-> address varchar(50) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.02 sec)mysql> show tables;
+------------------------+
| Tables_in_testpythondb |
+------------------------+
| tb_books               |
| tb_bookstore           |
+------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table tb_bookstore;
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table        | Create Table                                                                                                                                                             |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_bookstore | CREATE TABLE `tb_bookstore` (`storeid` varchar(10) NOT NULL,`storename` varchar(20) NOT NULL,`address` varchar(50) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> alter table tb_bookstore add constraint idx_id primary key (storeid);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> desc tb_bookstore;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field     | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| storeid   | varchar(10) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| storename | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| address   | varchar(50) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> alter table tb_books add storeid varchar(10) not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> desc tb_books;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| bookname | varchar(25) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| author   | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| price    | double      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| storeid  | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> alter table tb_books add constraint fk_book_store foreign key(storeid) references tb_bookstore(storeid);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.89 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> desc tb_books;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| bookname | varchar(25) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| author   | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| price    | double      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| storeid  | varchar(10) | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`bookname` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL,`storeid` varchar(10) NOT NULL,KEY `fk_book_store` (`storeid`),CONSTRAINT `fk_book_store` FOREIGN KEY (`storeid`) REFERENCES `tb_bookstore` (`storeid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

（9）删除表外键

mysql> alter table tb_books drop foreign key fk_book_store;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`bookname` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL,`storeid` varchar(10) NOT NULL,KEY `fk_book_store` (`storeid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> desc tb_books;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| bookname | varchar(25) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| author   | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| price    | double      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| storeid  | varchar(10) | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> alter table tb_books drop key fk_book_store;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.24 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> desc tb_books;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id       | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| bookname | varchar(25) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| author   | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| price    | double      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| storeid  | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`bookname` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL,`storeid` varchar(10) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

（10）删除数据库

mysql> create database testpythondb character set utf8;
mysql> drop database testpythondb;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.62 sec)

2、PyCharm默认编码格式设置
3、Python 2 操作 MySQL 数据库

安装MySQL-python-1.2.5.win32-py2.7.exe，下载地址：https://pypi.org/project/MySQL-python/#files在 Python 2.7 环境下，pip install mysql 报错，故只能安装MySQL-python程序。
连接数据库

# coding=utf-8import MySQLdbconnection = MySQLdb.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
result = cursor.fetchone()print "数据库版本：{}".format(result)connection.close()

输出：

数据库版本：(‘5.7.35’,)

Python 2.7 只能连接 MySQL 5.x 版本。
本机 MySQL 5.7.35 和 MySQL 8.0.21 版本切换方式：
修改注册表：Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\MySQL\ImagePath，编辑该文件，“G:\Program Files\mysql-5.7.35-win32\bin\mysqld” MySQL为MySQL 5.7.35版本，“E:\Program Files\mysql-8.0.21-winx64\bin\mysqld” MySQL为MySQL 8.0.21 版本。

删除表、创建表

# coding=utf-8import MySQLdbconnection = MySQLdb.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_books")sql = "create table tb_books (          \id varchar(10) not null,        \name varchar(20) not null,      \author varchar(20) not null,    \price double not null) default charset = utf8"cursor.execute(sql)connection.close()

mysql> show tables;
+------------------------+
| Tables_in_testpythondb |
+------------------------+
| tb_books               |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

INSERT操作

# coding=utf-8# import sys
import MySQLdb# reload(sys)
# sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")connection = MySQLdb.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb', charset='utf8')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql1 = "insert into tb_books (id, name, author, price) values ('1', '呼啸山庄', '艾米莉·勃朗特', 80.5)"
sql2 = "insert into tb_books (id, name, author, price) values('%s', '%s', '%s', '%g')" % ("2", "老人与海", "欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威", 88.2)try:cursor.execute(sql1)cursor.execute(sql2)connection.commit()
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()

mysql> select * from tb_books;
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| id | name         | author                             | price |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 1  | 呼啸山庄     | 艾米莉·勃朗特                      |  80.5 |
| 2  | 老人与海     | 欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威             |  88.2 |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

UPDATE操作

# coding=utf-8# import sys
import MySQLdb# reload(sys)
# sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")connection = MySQLdb.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb', charset='utf8')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql = "update tb_books set price = 82.6 where id='1'"try:cursor.execute(sql)connection.commit()
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()

mysql> select * from tb_books;
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| id | name         | author                             | price |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 1  | 呼啸山庄     | 艾米莉·勃朗特                      |  82.6 |
| 2  | 老人与海     | 欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威             |  88.2 |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SELECT操作

# coding=utf-8import sys
import MySQLdbreload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")connection = MySQLdb.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb', charset='utf8')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql = "select * from tb_books where price > 80"try:cursor.execute(sql)results = cursor.fetchall()for row in results:id = row[0]name = row[1]author = row[2]price = row[3]print "id:{0}, name:{1}, author:{2}, price:{3}".format(id, name, author, price)
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()

输出：

id:1, name:呼啸山庄, author:艾米莉·勃朗特, price:82.6
id:2, name:老人与海, author:欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威, price:88.2

DELETE操作

# coding=utf-8# import sys
import MySQLdb# reload(sys)
# sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")connection = MySQLdb.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb', charset='utf8')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql = "delete from tb_books where price > 85"try:cursor.execute(sql)connection.commit()
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()

mysql> select * from tb_books;
+----+--------------+----------------------+-------+
| id | name         | author               | price |
+----+--------------+----------------------+-------+
| 1  | 呼啸山庄     | 艾米莉·勃朗特        |  82.6 |
+----+--------------+----------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4、Python 3 操作 MySQL 数据库

安装 pymysql 库

> pip install pymysql

连接数据库

# coding=utf-8import pymysqlconnection = pymysql.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
result = cursor.fetchone()print("数据库版本：", result)connection.close()

输出：

数据库版本： (‘8.0.21’,)

删除表、创建表

# coding=utf-8import pymysqlconnection = pymysql.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_books")sql = "create table tb_books (          \id varchar(10) not null,        \name varchar(20) not null,      \author varchar(20) not null,    \price double not null) default charset = utf8"cursor.execute(sql)connection.close()

mysql> show tables;
+------------------------+
| Tables_in_testpythondb |
+------------------------+
| tb_books               |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table tb_books;
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                          |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb_books | CREATE TABLE `tb_books` (`id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,`author` varchar(20) NOT NULL,`price` double NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

INSERT操作

# coding=utf-8import pymysqlconnection = pymysql.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql1 = "insert into tb_books (id, name, author, price) values ('1', '呼啸山庄', '艾米莉·勃朗特', 80.5)"
sql2 = "insert into tb_books (id, name, author, price) values('%s', '%s', '%s', '%g')" % ("2", "老人与海", "欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威", 88.2)try:cursor.execute(sql1)cursor.execute(sql2)connection.commit()
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()

mysql> select * from tb_books;
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| id | name         | author                             | price |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 1  | 呼啸山庄     | 艾米莉·勃朗特                      |  80.5 |
| 2  | 老人与海     | 欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威             |  88.2 |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

UPDATE操作

# coding=utf-8import pymysqlconnection = pymysql.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql = "update tb_books set price = 82.6 where id='1'"try:cursor.execute(sql)connection.commit()
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()mysql> select * from tb_books;
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| id | name         | author                             | price |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
| 1  | 呼啸山庄     | 艾米莉·勃朗特                      |  82.6 |
| 2  | 老人与海     | 欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威             |  88.2 |
+----+--------------+------------------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SELECT操作

# coding=utf-8import pymysqlconnection = pymysql.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql = "select * from tb_books where price > 80"try:cursor.execute(sql)results = cursor.fetchall()for row in results:id = row[0]name = row[1]author = row[2]price = row[3]print("id:{0}, name:{1}, author:{2}, price:{3}".format(id, name, author, price))
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()

输出：

id:1, name:呼啸山庄, author:艾米莉·勃朗特, price:82.6
id:2, name:老人与海, author:欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威, price:88.2

DELETE操作

# coding=utf-8import pymysqlconnection = pymysql.connect(user='root', passwd='123456', db='testpythondb')
cursor = connection.cursor()sql = "delete from tb_books where price > 85"try:cursor.execute(sql)connection.commit()
except:connection.rollback()connection.close()mysql> select * from tb_books;
+----+--------------+----------------------+-------+
| id | name         | author               | price |
+----+--------------+----------------------+-------+
| 1  | 呼啸山庄     | 艾米莉·勃朗特        |  82.6 |
+----+--------------+----------------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)`

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