身份验证是这样一个过程：由用户提供凭据，然后将其与存储在操作系统、数据库、应用或资源中的凭据进行比较。 在授权过程中，如果凭据匹配，则用户身份验证成功，可执行已向其授权的操作。 授权指判断允许用户执行的操作的过程。也可以将身份验证理解为进入空间（例如服务器、数据库、应用或资源）的一种方式，而授权是用户可以对该空间（服务器、数据库或应用）内的哪些对象执行哪些操作。

微软官方文档

asp.net core支持多种授权，本篇重点说明JWT的基于角色授权方式。

基于JWT角色身份验证和授权，思路是在登录时分发加密的Token，在访问资源时带有这个Token，服务端要验证这个Token是不是自己分发的，如果是，再验证访问范围是否正确，本篇的范围就是那些资源是那种角色访问，得到Token的用户当前是那种角色，也就是角色和资源的匹配。

用asp.net core实现步骤：

1、appsettings.json中配置JWT参

2、添加身份认证和授权服务和中间件

3、定义生成Token的方法和验证Toekn参数的方法

4、登录时验证身份并分发Toekn

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Text;var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder();
//获取JWT参数，并注入到服务容器
var jwtConfig = new JWTConfig();
builder.Configuration.GetSection("JWTConfig").Bind(jwtConfig);
builder.Services.AddSingleton(jwtConfig);
//添加JJWT方式的身份认证和授权，
builder.Services.AddAuthorization().AddAuthentication(options =>{options.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;options.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;}).AddJwtBearer(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, opt =>{opt.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;opt.TokenValidationParameters = JwtToken.CreateTokenValidationParameters(jwtConfig);});var app = builder.Build();
//使用身份认证和授权的中间件
app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();app.MapGet("/hellosystem", (ILogger<Program> logger, HttpContext context) =>
{var message = $"hello,system,{context.User?.Identity?.Name}";logger.LogInformation(message);return message;
}).RequireAuthorization(new RoleData { Roles = "system" });app.MapGet("/helloadmin", (ILogger<Program> logger, HttpContext context) =>
{var message = $"hello,admin,{context.User?.Identity?.Name}";logger.LogInformation(message);return message;
}).RequireAuthorization(new RoleData { Roles = "admin" });app.MapGet("/helloall", (ILogger<Program> logger, HttpContext context) =>
{var message = $"hello,all roles,{context.User?.Identity?.Name}";logger.LogInformation(message);return message;
}).RequireAuthorization(new RoleData { Roles = "admin,system" });//登录成功，并分发Token
app.MapPost("/login", [AllowAnonymous] (ILogger<Program> logger, LoginModel login, JWTConfig jwtConfig) =>
{logger.LogInformation("login");if (login.UserName == "gsw" && login.Password == "111111"){var now = DateTime.UtcNow;var claims = new Claim[] {new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "admin"),new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, "桂素伟"),new Claim(ClaimTypes.Sid, login.UserName),new Claim(ClaimTypes.Expiration, now.AddSeconds(jwtConfig.Expires).ToString())};var token = JwtToken.BuildJwtToken(claims, jwtConfig);return token;}else{return "username or password is error";}
});app.Run();
//登录实体
public class LoginModel
{public string? UserName { get; set; }public string? Password { get; set; }
}
//JWT配置
public class JWTConfig
{public string? Secret { get; set; }public string? Issuer { get; set; }public string? Audience { get; set; }public int Expires { get; set; }
}
//JWT操作类型
public class JwtToken
{//获取Tokenpublic static dynamic BuildJwtToken(Claim[] claims, JWTConfig jwtConfig){var now = DateTime.UtcNow;var jwt = new JwtSecurityToken(issuer: jwtConfig.Issuer,audience: jwtConfig.Audience,claims: claims,notBefore: now,expires: now.AddSeconds(jwtConfig.Expires),signingCredentials: GetSigningCredentials(jwtConfig));var encodedJwt = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwt);var response = new{Status = true,AccessToken = encodedJwt,ExpiresIn = now.AddSeconds(jwtConfig.Expires),TokenType = "Bearer"};return response;}static SigningCredentials GetSigningCredentials(JWTConfig jwtConfig){var keyByteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(jwtConfig?.Secret!);var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(keyByteArray);return new SigningCredentials(signingKey, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);}//验证Token的参数public static TokenValidationParameters CreateTokenValidationParameters(JWTConfig jwtConfig){var keyByteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(jwtConfig?.Secret!);var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(keyByteArray);return new TokenValidationParameters{ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,IssuerSigningKey = signingKey,ValidateIssuer = true,ValidIssuer = jwtConfig?.Issuer,ValidateAudience = true,ValidAudience = jwtConfig?.Audience,ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero,RequireExpirationTime = true,};}
}
//mini api添加验证授权的参数类型
public class RoleData : IAuthorizeData
{public string? Policy { get; set; }public string? Roles { get; set; }public string? AuthenticationSchemes { get; set; }
}

验证结果：

1、没有登录，返回401

2、登录，取token

3、正确访问

4、没有授权访问，返回403