实现多元线性回归的要求及假设条件：
'''线性回归的假设条件：1、样本独立，即每个预测样本之间没有依赖关系；2、残差e要服从正态分布，即y_true-y_pred的残差需要服从高斯分布；3、特征之间独立，即特征之间需要独立，如果不独立(共线性)会造成系数权重之和为单特征权重且权重方差较大，同时会造成模型预测结果震荡，不稳定；4、样本数需要大于特征数，如果特征数量大于样本数量，通过最小二乘法无法求矩阵的逆，通过其他优化方式得到的最优结果非唯一解，造成模型偏差较大；5、残差e要求方差齐性，即残差不随观测变量的变化而变化；6、自变量与因变量之间呈线性关系；使用最小二乘法、梯度下降、随机梯度下降、PSO粒子群算法及牛顿法实现多元线性回归，数据集使用如下数据集from sklearn import datasetsdata=datasets.load_diabetes()
'''

from contextlib import contextmanager
from time import strftime
import time
import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')@contextmanager
def timeSchedule(message: str):""" Time Schedule"""
print('[INFO {}][{}] Start ...'.format(strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), message))start_time = time.time()yieldprint('[INFO {}][{}] End   ...'.format(strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), message))print('[INFO {}][{}] Cost {:.2f} s'.format(strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), message, time.time() - start_time))

class LinearRegressionLSM:'''线性回归-最小二乘法'''
def __init__(self):self.x,self.y=datasets.load_diabetes()['data'],datasets.load_diabetes()['target']def fit(self):self.x=np.insert(self.x,0,1,axis=1)self.x_=np.linalg.inv(self.x.T.dot(self.x))return self.x_.dot(self.x.T).dot(self.y)def predict(self,x):w=self.fit()w=w.reshape(-1,1)return np.sum(w.T*x,axis=1)

class LinearRegressionGD:'''线性回归-梯度下降'''
def __init__(self):self.data=datasets.load_diabetes()self.x, self.y= datasets.load_diabetes()['data'], datasets.load_diabetes()['target']self.w=np.zeros((self.x.shape[1],1))self.b=np.array([0.0])self.step=200000def costFunction(self,theta0,theta1,x,y):ddd=((np.sum(theta1.T*x,axis=1)+theta0)-y)**2J=np.sum(ddd,axis=0)return J/(2*x.shape[0])def partTheta0(self,theta0,theta1,x,y):h=theta0+np.sum(theta1.T*x,axis=1)diff=h-ypartial=diff.sum()/x.shape[0]return partialdef partTheta1(self,theta0,theta1,x,y):partials=[]for i in range(x.shape[1]):h=theta0+np.sum(theta1.T*x,axis=1)diff=(h-y)*x[:,i]partial=diff.sum()/x.shape[0]partials.append(partial)return np.array(partials).reshape(x.shape[1],1)def fit(self,x,y,aph=0.01):theta0, theta1=self.b,self.wcounter=0c=self.costFunction(theta0,theta1,x,y)costs=[c]c1=c+10err=0.00000001while (np.abs(c-c1)>err) and (counter<self.step):c1=cupdate_theta0=aph*self.partTheta0(theta0,theta1,x,y)update_theta1=aph*self.partTheta1(theta0,theta1,x,y)theta0-=update_theta0theta1-=update_theta1c=self.costFunction(theta0,theta1,x,y)costs.append(c)counter+=1return theta0,theta1,counterdef predict(self,x):w0,w1,c=self.fit(self.x,self.y)return (np.sum(w1.T*x,axis=1)+w0).sum()

class LinearRegressionSGD:'''线性回归-随机梯度下降'''
def __init__(self):self.data = datasets.load_diabetes()self.x, self.y =datasets.load_diabetes()['data'], datasets.load_diabetes()['target']self.w = np.zeros((self.x.shape[1], 1))self.b = np.array([0.0])def costFunction(self,theta0,theta1,x,y):h=((theta0+np.sum(theta1.T*x,axis=1))-y)**2J=np.sum(h,axis=0)/2return Jdef partTheta0(self,theta0,theta1,x,y):h=theta0+np.sum(theta1.T*x,axis=1)diff=(h-y)return diffdef partTheta1(self,theta0,theta1,x,y):partials=[]h=theta0+np.sum(theta1.T*x,axis=1)for i in range(x.shape[0]):diff=(h-y)*x[i]partials.append(diff)return np.array(partials).reshape(x.shape[0],1)def fit(self):#初始化第1个样本点的损失函数值c=self.costFunction(self.b,self.w,self.x[0],self.y[0])partTheta0=self.bpartTheta1=self.w#遍历所有样本点，计算对应损失函数值step=0aph=0.01#参与计算的总样本数totalstep=10000for i in range(1,self.x.shape[0]):step+=1c1=cx,y=self.x[i,:],self.y[i]updateTheta0=self.partTheta0(partTheta0,partTheta1,x,y)updateTheta1=self.partTheta1(partTheta0,partTheta1,x,y)partTheta0-=aph*updateTheta0partTheta1-=aph*updateTheta1c=self.costFunction(partTheta0,partTheta1,x,y)if np.abs(c-c1)<=0.000000001 and step<totalstep:return partTheta0,partTheta1,iif step>=totalstep:return partTheta0,partTheta1,stepreturn partTheta0, partTheta1, stepdef predict(self,x):#训练所有样本点的结果w0, w1,step= self.fit()#进行预测return (np.sum(w1.T * x, axis=1) + w0).sum()

class LinearRegressionNM:'''线性回归-牛顿法'''
def __init__(self):self.data = datasets.load_diabetes()self.x, self.y =datasets.load_diabetes()['data'], datasets.load_diabetes()['target']#插入数据1self.x=np.insert(self.x,0,1,axis=1)def computeHessianinv(self,x):#注意区别与最小二乘法之间的推导区别return np.linalg.inv(x.T.dot(x))def fit(self):return self.computeHessianinv(self.x).dot(self.x.T).dot(self.y)def predict(self,x):w=self.fit()return w[0]+np.sum(w[1:].T*x,axis=1)

class LiearRegressionPSO:'''线性回归-PSO粒子群算法'''
def __init__(self):self.data = datasets.load_diabetes()self.x, self.y = datasets.load_diabetes()['data'], datasets.load_diabetes()['target']self.w = 0.8self.c1 = 2self.c2 = 2self.r1 = 0.5self.r2 = 0.5self.pN = 30  #粒子数量self.dim = 11  #参数个数self.max_iter = 2000  # 最大迭代次数self.X = np.zeros((self.pN, self.dim))  #粒子位置self.V = np.zeros((self.pN, self.dim)) #粒子速度self.pbest = np.zeros((self.pN, self.dim)) #粒子最佳解self.gbest = np.zeros((1, self.dim)) #全局最优解self.p_fit = np.zeros(self.pN)#粒子最佳适应值self.fit = 100000000  #全局适应值初始值#损失函数，适应函数def costFunction(self,x):h=np.sum(x.T*np.insert(self.x,0,1,axis=1),axis=1)-self.ydiff=h**2return diff.sum()/self.x.shape[0]#粒子群初始化def initPopulation(self):for i in range(self.pN):for j in range(self.dim):self.X[i][j] = np.random.uniform(0, 1)self.V[i][j] = np.random.uniform(0, 1)self.pbest[i] = self.X[i]cost = self.costFunction(self.X[i])self.p_fit[i] = costif (cost < self.fit):self.fit = costself.gbest = self.X[i]def fitModel(self):#初始化粒子群self.initPopulation()costVale=[]for i in range(self.max_iter):for j in range(self.pN):cost=self.costFunction(self.X[j])if (cost<self.p_fit[j]):self.pbest[j]=self.X[j]self.p_fit[j]=costif (self.p_fit[j]<self.fit):self.gbest=self.X[j]self.fit=self.p_fit[j]for k in range(self.pN):self.V[k]=self.w*self.V[k]+self.c1*self.r1*(self.pbest[k]-self.X[k])+self.c2*self.r2*(self.gbest-self.X[k])self.X[k]=self.X[k]+self.V[k]costVale.append(self.fit)return self.gbest,costValedef predict(self,x):w,cost=self.fitModel()return w[0]+np.sum(w[1:].reshape(-1,1).T*x,axis=1)