Linux 磁盘配额配置<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
本次试验以/dev/sdb为例配置磁盘配额
首先对/dev/sdb进行分区，格式化
fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-261, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-261, default 261):
Using default value 261
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
262144 inodes, 524112 blocks
26205 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
没开启磁盘配额前的状态如下：
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1
ls /mnt/sdb1
lost+found
[root@test2 ~]# useradd test1
[root@test2 ~]# passwd test1
Changing password for user test1.
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@test2 ~]# chown -R test1 /mnt/sdb1
[root@test2 ~]# ll /mnt/sdb1
total 16
drwx------ 2 test1 root 16384 Sep 17 08:55 lost+found
[root@test2 ~]# umount /mnt/sdb1
[root@test2 ~]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1
查看是否启用quota
[root@test2 ~]# cat /etc/mtab
/dev/sda3 / ext3 rw 0 0
proc /proc proc rw 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0
/dev/sda1 /boot ext3 rw 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0
none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 ext3 rw,usrquota,grpquota 0 0
进入单用户模式
Init 1
Quotacheck需要安装quota.i386 1:3.13-1.2.5.el5
[root@test2 ~]# which quotacheck
/sbin/quotacheck
[root@test2 ~]# quotacheck -cvug /dev/sdb1
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb1] quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
done
quotacheck: Checked 3 directories and 2 files
quotacheck: Old file not found.
[root@test2 ~]# ls /mnt/sdb1
aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
有aquota.user文件说明磁盘配额检测成功；
启用磁盘配额
quotaon /dev/sdb1
Init 3
mkdir /mnt/sdb1/aaa
chown -R test1 /mnt/sdb1/aaa
对用户test1进行配额限制
edquota -u test1
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/sdb1 20 500 600 2 4 5
说明如下：blocks下面20代表目前实际大小 soft代表软限制为500k 硬限制为600k
Inodes下表2代表目前有两个文件 soft代表软限制文件个数为4 硬限制个数为5
测试如下：
[root@test2 ~]# su test1
[test1@test2 root]$ quota
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 24 500 600 3 5 6
测试文件个数限制：限制为6，可以创建3个，第四个会报错
[test1@test2 root]$ cd /mnt/sdb1/aaa
[test1@test2 aaa]$ ls
[test1@test2 aaa]$ touch 111
[test1@test2 aaa]$ quota
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 24 500 600 4 5 6
[test1@test2 aaa]$ touch 222
[test1@test2 aaa]$ quota
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 24 500 600 5 5 6
[test1@test2 aaa]$ touch 333
sdb1: warning, user file quota exceeded.
[test1@test2 aaa]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 0 Sep 17 11:05 111
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 0 Sep 17 11:05 222
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 0 Sep 17 11:06 333
[test1@test2 aaa]$ quota
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 24 500 600 6* 5 6
[test1@test2 aaa]$ touch 444
sdb1: write failed, user file limit reached.
touch: cannot touch `444': Disk quota exceeded
[test1@test2 aaa]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 0 Sep 17 11:05 111
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 0 Sep 17 11:05 222
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 0 Sep 17 11:06 333
测试用户使用空间限制：500k警告 大于600不允许再创建
先创建一个大小400k的文件，名字为aaa1，创建成功；
[test1@test2 aaa]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=aaa1 bs=1k count=400
400+0 records in
400+0 records out
409600 bytes (410 kB) copied, 0.0142511 seconds, 28.7 MB/s
[test1@test2 aaa]$ quota
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 428 500 600 4 5 6
再创建一个大小100k的文件，名字为aaa2，创建成功，但警告
[test1@test2 aaa]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=aaa2 bs=1k count=100
sdb1: warning, user block quota exceeded.
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
102400 bytes (102 kB) copied, 0.00265624 seconds, 38.6 MB/s
[test1@test2 aaa]$ quota
Disk quotas for user test1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sdb1 532* 500 600 7days 5 5 6
再创建一个大小100k的文件，名字为aaa3，可以创建，但只会使用剩余空间；
[test1@test2 aaa]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=aaa3 bs=1k count=100
sdb1: warning, user file quota exceeded.
sdb1: write failed, user block limit reached.
dd: writing `aaa3': Disk quota exceeded
65+0 records in
64+0 records out
65536 bytes (66 kB) copied, 0.00413993 seconds, 15.8 MB/s
[test1@test2 aaa]$ ls -lh
total 576K
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 400K Sep 17 11:11 aaa1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 100K Sep 17 11:13 aaa2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 64K Sep 17 11:15 aaa3
此时已经达到了硬限制，再创建会提示失败
[test1@test2 aaa]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=aaa4 bs=1k count=100
sdb1: write failed, user file limit reached.
dd: opening `aaa4': Disk quota exceeded
[test1@test2 aaa]$ ls -lh
total 576K
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 400K Sep 17 11:11 aaa1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 100K Sep 17 11:13 aaa2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test1 test1 64K Sep 17 11:15 aaa3
Edquota -t 更改默认过期天数，默认天数为7天
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Filesystem Block grace period Inode grace period
/dev/sdb1 7days 7days
使磁盘配额开机启动，操作如下：
[root@test2 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1
备注：
如果每个用户都要这么麻烦的设置的话，那这种重复的体力劳动实在有点令人不寒而栗，而且也太浪费时间了。幸好edquota还有个-p参数（prototype）可以对已有的用户设置进行拷贝。例如，我们想对Jack、Tom、Chen三个用户使用和lanf一样的限额配置，可以使用如下的命令：
edquota -p lanf -u Jack Tom Chen
这样一来，这三个用户就被赋予了和lanf一样的磁盘配额。
对组的配额，除了edquota命令中对应-u参数的改为-g参数，例如下面对webterm1组的操作：
edquota -g webterm1
实际上，以上的限制只是对用户设定的硬限制在起作用。如果需要使软限制也起作用的话，还需要对用户的软限制设定宽限期——缺省的，软限制的宽限期是无穷大——这可以使用edquota命令的-t选项来实现。运行下面的命令：
edquota -t
edquota将打开缺省编辑器显示如下内容：
Time units may be:days,hours,minutes,or seconds
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
/dev/sda5:block grace period:0 days,file grace period:0 days
可以使用天、小时、分、秒为单位来设定宽限期。例如，在下面这个例子中，磁盘空间限制的宽限期为两天，而文件数量限制的宽限期只有6个小时。
Time units may be:days,hours,minutes,or seconds
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
/dev/sda5:block grace period:2 days,file grace period:6 hours
b．通过setquota工具加入：
比如加入用户bye2000的磁盘配额，执行以下命令：
setquota –u / 2000 2500 100 110 bye2000
以下是setquota命令用法的简单描述：
setquota [ -u|-g ] 装载点 软块数 硬块数 软文件数 硬文件数 用户名/组名
◆查看用户磁盘使用情况
要查明某一个用户使用了多少磁盘空间，例如lanf，可以使用如下的命令：
quota -u lanf
显示：
Disk quotas for user lanf(uid 503):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace file quota limit grace
/dev/sda5 3 102400 409800 1 12800 51200
同样，可以使用quota -g groupname命令来参看某个组的磁盘使用情况。
注意： 1、如果该用户没有配置磁盘限额的话，输出显示如下：
Disk quotas for user hujm (uid 503): none
2、如果不带任何参数运行quota的话，查看的是你自己的配额使用情况。
