关于Java中UML图的说明

1 类图
- 1 类的表示方法
- 2 类之间的关系
- - 1 关联关系
  - - 1 单向关联
    - 2 双向关联
    - 3 自关联
  - 2 聚合关系
  - 3 组合关系
  - 4 依赖关系
  - 5 继承关系
  - 6 实现关系

在学习Spring源码过程中,出现了非常多的设计模式等,也因此需要去查看UML图,对于UML图的相关知识,整理一下.

统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language，UML）是用来设计软件的可视化建模语言。它的特点是简单、统一、图形化、能表达软件设计中的动态与静态信息。

UML 从目标系统的不同角度出发，定义了用例图、类图、对象图、状态图、活动图、时序图、协作图、构件图、部署图等 9 种图。

Java作为一款优秀的面向对象的编程语言,使用UML的类图能够更好表达出其对象间的结构关系.

1 类图

类图(Class diagram)是显示了模型的静态结构，特别是模型中存在的类、类的内部结构以及它们与其他类的关系等。类图不显示暂时性的信息。类图是面向对象建模的主要组成部分,可以简化了人们对系统的理解.

1 类的表示方法

在UML类图中，类使用包含类名(className)、属性(field) 和方法(method) 且带有分割线的矩形来表示，比如下图表示一个用户User类，它包含name,age和address这3个属性，以及work()方法。

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User

- name : String

- age : int

- address : String

+work()

属性/方法名称前加的加号和减号表示了这个属性/方法的可见性，UML类图中表示可见性的符号有三种：

+：表示public
-：表示private
#：表示protected
默认不填: 表示default

属性的完整表示方式是： 可见性名称：类型 [ = 缺省值]

方法的完整表示方式是： 可见性名称(参数列表) [ ：返回类型]

注意：

1，中括号中的内容表示是可选的

2，也有将类型放在变量名前面，返回值类型放在方法名前面

2 类之间的关系

1 关联关系

关联关系是对象之间的一种引用关系，用于表示一类对象与另一类对象之间的联系,通常分为一般关联关系、聚合关系和组合关系.

1 单向关联

在UML类图中单向关联用一个带箭头的实线表示。表示每个用户对象都有一个地址对象.

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User

-address : Address

Address

-name : String

2 双向关联

双向关联就是双方各自持有对方类型的成员变量.

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User

-address : Address

Address

-user : User

3 自关联

自关联, 使用一个带有箭头且指向自身的线表示自己包含自己.

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User

-son : User

2 聚合关系

聚合关系是关联关系的一种，是强关联关系，是整体和部分之间的关系.如学校和学生的关系.

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School

-stu : List

Student

-name : String

3 组合关系

组合表示类之间的整体与部分的关系，但它是一种更强烈的聚合关系.

如头和嘴巴的关系.

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Head

-mouth : Mouth

Mouth

+eat()

4 依赖关系

依赖关系是一种使用关系，它是对象之间耦合度最弱的一种关联方式，是临时性的关联.

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Driver

-driver(Car car)

Car

+move()

5 继承关系

继承关系是对象之间耦合度最大的一种关系，表示一般与特殊的关系，是父类与子类之间的关系，是一种继承关系.

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Person

-name : String

-speak()

Student

-no : String

+study()

6 实现关系

实现关系是接口与实现类之间的关系。类实现了接口，类中的操作实现了接口中所声明的所有的抽象操作.

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Vehicle

+void speak()

Car

+void speak()