区块链实现的关键技术

This article was originally published on Blockchain Review. Thank you for supporting the partners who make SitePoint possible.

本文最初发表在《 区块链评论》上 。 感谢您支持使SitePoint成为可能的合作伙伴。

How a revitalized insurance industry powered by blockchain technology can find much needed growth in the emerging economies of Asia.

在亚洲新兴经济体中，以区块链技术为动力的振兴保险业如何找到急需的增长。

After many years of crisis, scandals, low growth rates and declining customer satisfaction, there are compelling reasons for the radical transformation of insurance services to occur.

在经历了多年的危机，丑闻，低增长率和客户满意度下降之后，有令人信服的理由促使保险服务发生根本性的转变。

There are also powerful arguments as to why these transformations will need to begin in the emerging economies of Asia.

关于为什么需要在亚洲新兴经济体中开始这些转型，也存在有力的论据。

变革的理由 (The Case for Change)

For industry, nations, and consumers the transformation of insurance is more critical today than ever before.

对于行业，国家和消费者而言，如今的保险变革比以往任何时候都更为重要。

对于行业 (For industry)

Limited growth in mature markets and pressures to reduce costs are taking a toll on the insurance industry.

成熟市场的有限增长和降低成本的压力给保险业造成了巨大损失。

Armed with outdated IT infrastructures, insurance providers have little capacity to reduce spiraling administrative costs or develop cost-effective services for low-income developing markets.

拥有过时的IT基础架构，保险提供商几乎没有能力降低不断上升的管理成本或为低收入发展中市场开发具有成本效益的服务。

Companies remain helpless to increase their customer base or meet internal growth targets.

公司仍然无助于扩大客户群或实现内部增长目标。

Restrictive IT infrastructures have led to poor customer engagement, and ineffective fraud detection methods and pricing structures as well.

限制性的IT基础架构导致不良的客户参与度，以及无效的欺诈检测方法和定价结构。

So far the industry has been perceived to be fairly reactive to technology, to have issues with IT prioritisation and implementation, and ultimately to be relatively slow to innovate and change. – Chain of a Lifetime

到目前为止，该行业被认为对技术相当React，在IT优先级和实施方面存在问题，最终在创新和变更方面相对较慢。 – 生命之链

The time has arrived to overhaul the legacy IT systems that continue to cause significant inefficiencies and increased risks.

检修遗留的IT系统的时机已经到来，该系统继续导致严重的低效率和增加的风险。

Seeking out transformational technologies that reduce inefficiencies and enable the delivery of innovative products and services to untapped developing markets around the world is now critical to future competitiveness.

寻找可降低效率低下并能够向全球尚未开发的市场提供创新产品和服务的转型技术，对于未来的竞争力至关重要。

Forget “first the West, then the rest,” it’s about “the rest, then the West…”

忘记“首先是西方，然后是其余的”，而是关于“其余，然后是西方……”

It's important for companies to understand that technology adoption is no longer the exclusive domain of consumers in the West. Technology adoption today often begins in emerging economies and then flows to the west.

对于公司而言，重要的是要了解技术的采用不再是西方消费者的专有领域。 今天的技术采用通常始于新兴经济体，然后流向西方。

Out of the world's developing economies, the emerging economies of Asia represent an unprecedented opportunity to experiment with low-cost innovation and open regulatory frameworks.

在全球发展中经济体中，亚洲新兴经济体是尝试低成本创新和开放监管框架的空前机会。

They also represent a vast customer base hungry for new services. Companies that are able to deliver micro-insurance services have the opportunity to tap into these vast markets.

他们还代表了渴望获得新服务的庞大客户群。 能够提供小额保险服务的公司有机会进入这些广阔的市场。

A "first the rest, then the West" approach is now an imperative for future innovation, growth, and success.

对于未来的创新，增长和成功，现在必须采取“先休息，再西部”的方法。

对于国家 (For nations)

For the hundreds of millions of low-income residents in the emerging economies of Asia, from Indonesia and the Philippines to Cambodia and Vietnam, access to formal financial services, especially insurance, remains extremely low.

对于亚洲新兴经济体的数亿低收入居民，从印度尼西亚和菲律宾到柬埔寨和越南，获得正规金融服务，尤其是保险的机会仍然非常低。

Without the ready availability of insurance products and services to all segments of society, the economic progress made by individuals in these and other nations will remain tenuous, and future economic development will be limited.

如果没有向社会各阶层提供保险产品和服务，这些国家和其他国家的个人经济进步将仍然脆弱，未来的经济发展将受到限制。

Insurance plays a key enabling role in wealth creation, and economic growth as coverage is a prerequisite for financial institutions to offer many other types of financial services.

保险在财富创造和经济增长中起着关键的推动作用，因为保险是金融机构提供许多其他类型的金融服务的前提条件。

Governments must, therefore, begin to lay the regulatory foundations for the future proliferation of micro insurance services if they are to realize their nation's financial inclusion targets and overall potential in the new innovation-based economy.

因此，如果政府要实现其国家的金融普惠目标和在新的创新型经济中的整体潜力，就必须开始为未来小额保险服务的普及奠定监管基础。

对于消费者 (For consumers)

In most of the emerging economies of Asia, insurance coverage remains rare. In fact, according to the Asian Development Bank, insurance penetration in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Myanmar is almost non-existent.

在亚洲大多数新兴经济体中，保险承保范围仍然很少。 实际上，根据亚洲开发银行的数据，印度尼西亚，柬埔寨和缅甸的保险渗透率几乎不存在。

In the Philippines, insurance penetration is estimated to be around 4%, relatively high when compared to Indonesia where 1% of insurance needs are currently met. [2]

在菲律宾，保险普及率估计为4％左右，与目前满足1％保险需求的印度尼西亚相比，相对较高。 [ 2 ]

There is now widespread recognition from those in the development sector that insurance is a vital financial service to help people climb out of poverty, manage various risks and protect valuable assets. [3]

现在，发展部门的人们已经普遍认识到，保险是一项重要的金融服务，可以帮助人们摆脱贫困，管理各种风险并保护有价值的资产。 [ 3 ]

The continued absence of viable products and services means that the livelihoods of millions of individuals continue to remain uncertain.

持续缺乏可行的产品和服务意味着数百万个人的生计仍然不确定。

Insurance can protect the poor against losing their livelihoods and assets due to natural disasters or sudden illness, thus preventing them from falling back into cyclical poverty. – World Bank Insurance Brief

保险可以保护穷人，使其免受自然灾害或突发疾病导致的生计和财产损失，从而防止他们陷入周期性贫困。 – 世界银行保险简介

For the small minority of these populations lucky enough to have access to insurance services, low levels of transparency, fairness in charges and claims handling and a severe lack of consumer protection is a significant problem.

对于这些人口中的一小部分人来说，他们有幸获得保险服务，透明度低，收费和索赔处理的公平性以及严重缺乏消费者保护是一个重大问题。

Individuals with limited education and familiarity with complex insurance products remain at risk of exploitation unless insurance providers can simplify their offerings and realign their incentives.

除非保险提供者可以简化其服务并重新调整其激励措施，否则受教育程度有限且熟悉复杂保险产品的个人仍然有被利用的风险。

几个问题，一个腐蚀的根本原因 (Several Problems, One Corrosive Root Cause)

Over the last decade, a dramatic shift in trade power has taken place away from the advanced economies in North America and Europe to the emerging markets of Asia. [5]

在过去的十年中，贸易力量发生了巨大的变化，从北美和欧洲的发达经济体转移到了亚洲的新兴市场。 [ 5 ]

From nations like China that have developed at a rapid pace to countries that are at the beginning of their economic development journey like Myanmar, the emerging economies of Asia are now a vital part of the world economy.

从像中国这样飞速发展的国家，到像缅甸这样处于经济发展旅程初期的国家，亚洲新兴经济体现在已成为世界经济的重要组成部分。

But offering services to these low-income markets in Asia has remained entirely out of reach for most insurance companies. This despite the massive growth opportunities and a general awareness of the importance of these markets among industry executives.

但是，对于大多数亚洲保险公司而言，向亚洲这些低收入市场提供服务仍然完全遥不可及。 尽管有巨大的增长机会，而且行业高管普遍意识到这些市场的重要性。

Why?

为什么？

The answer is surprisingly simple and can be traced to a single, yet highly corrosive root cause.

答案出奇的简单，可以追溯到一个单一的但具有高度腐蚀性的根本原因。

Fragmented, old-world IT systems and siloed record keeping infrastructures that lack basic levels of interoperability.

零散的旧式IT系统和孤立的记录保持基础架构缺乏互操作性的基本水平。

It is the outdated systems utilized by most insurance providers that are creating the spiraling costs and crippling inefficiencies which have in turn prevented insurance companies from developing cost-effective micro-insurance services for low-income customers in the emerging economies of Asia.

大多数保险提供商所使用的过时系统造成了螺旋式上升的成本和严重的效率低下，这反过来又阻止了保险公司为亚洲新兴经济体的低收入客户开发具有成本效益的小额保险服务。

Simply put, without the transformation of these systems, insurance companies will become increasingly inefficient and remain unable to access vital growth opportunities.

简而言之，如果不对这些系统进行改造，保险公司将变得效率越来越低，并且仍然无法获得重要的增长机会。

毁灭性的流动效应 (A Devastating Flow-on Effect)

高昂的行政成本和后端效率低下 (Sky high administrative costs & backend inefficiencies)

Administrative expenses and backend inefficiencies are crippling the insurance industry.

行政费用和后端效率低下正在严重削弱保险业。

With complex contracts between multiple stakeholders that need a significant amount of human processing, the administration of insurance has not only become expensive, but highly inefficient as well.

由于多个利益相关者之间的合同复杂，需要大量的人工处理，因此保险管理不仅变得昂贵，而且效率极低。

Underwriting and claims settlement, two critical processes conducted by all insurance companies today involves the time-consuming and often inaccurate evaluation of information.

保险和理赔是当今所有保险公司执行的两个关键流程，涉及耗时且通常不准确的信息评估。

After a claim is registered, an astonishing variety of tasks must be completed. These include but are not limited to, the retrieval of supporting documentation, performing fraud detection checks, determining which party is liable for the damage, determining the amount of the claim, and communicating back and forth with the customer and other parties involved.

索赔登记后，必须完成各种惊人的任务。 这些包括但不限于：检索支持文档，执行欺诈检测检查，确定由哪一方负责损害赔偿，确定索赔金额以及与客户和其他相关方来回沟通。

Processes are slow, manual, paper-based, repetitive, expensive and also prone to errors and duplication.

流程缓慢，手动，基于纸张，重复，昂贵，并且容易出错和重复。

客户入职和合规流程效率低下 (Inefficient client onboarding and compliance processes)

Insurance companies must complete several compliance related steps which create significant time and cost delays as part of the onboarding process for new clients. [6]

保险公司必须完成几个与合规性相关的步骤，这些步骤会在新客户入职流程中造成大量的时间和成本延迟。 [ 6 ]

These include the collection, validation, and verification of key documents such as proof of identity, proof of address and proof of birth. [7]

其中包括关键证件的收集，确认和验证，例如身份证明，住址证明和出生证明。 [ 7 ]

Compliance officers must also manually check and share enormous amounts of data with third parties and internal due diligence teams which can take a considerable amount of time to complete. [8]

合规官还必须手动检查并与第三方和内部尽职调查团队共享大量数据，这可能需要花费大量时间才能完成。 [ 8 ]

Vast resources are spent by companies to fix needless errors during the compliance process and reconciling data sets across departments and external intermediaries is a massive headache.

公司花费大量资源来修复合规性过程中不必要的错误，并且协调部门和外部中介之间的数据集非常麻烦。

欺诈检测无效 (Ineffective fraud detection)

It is estimated that $45 billion is lost annually to insurance fraud with approximately 65% of fraudulent claims going undetected. [9]

据估计，每年因保险欺诈造成的损失达450亿美元，其中大约65％的欺诈索赔未被发现。 [ 9 ]

Fragmented and siloed record keeping practices together with record systems that lack basic levels of interoperability have led to a severe lack of advanced data available for risk analysis for fraud detection.

零散而孤立的记录保存实践以及缺乏基本互操作性水平的记录系统导致严重缺乏可用于风险检测以进行欺诈检测的高级数据。

Legacy systems prevent risk and compliance teams from gaining a systemic view of transactions and a complete historical record of a customer, limiting their ability to identify duplicate transactions or those involving suspicious parties. [10]

传统系统阻止风险和合规团队获得交易的系统视图和完整的客户历史记录，从而限制了他们识别重复交易或涉及可疑方的交易的能力。 [ 10 ]

With a limited ability to detect fraudulent activities, insurance companies must deal with greater risks and expenses and charge higher premiums to their customers.

由于检测欺诈活动的能力有限，保险公司必须应对更大的风险和费用，并向客户收取更高的保费。

区块链用统一平台取代了零散而孤立的记录保存基础架构 (Blockchain replaces fragmented and siloed record-keeping infrastructures with a unified platform)

If you're like many insurance executives, you may be wondering what all the blockchain fuss is about. The technology continues to garner endless attention yet there remains a lack of understanding among decision-makers within the industry.

如果您像许多保险公司高管一样，您可能想知道区块链大惊小怪的所有内容。 这项技术继续受到无休止的关注，但是业内决策者之间仍然缺乏了解。

Putting the hype and bluster aside, the promise of blockchain lies in its capacity to eliminate the root cause of the inefficiencies that impact the delivery and management of insurance services.

抛开夸大其词的说法，区块链的承诺在于消除潜在影响保险服务交付和管理的根本原因。

This technology has the potential to impact the entire insurance value chain end-to-end, including information collection, underwriting, rating, actuarial analysis, quoting, binding, billing, contract management, claims processing, distribution, policy administration and also regulation. – Leveraging Blockchain to Transform the Insurance Industry

这项技术有可能影响整个保险价值链的端到端，包括信息收集，承保，评级，精算分析，报价，捆绑，开票，合同管理，索赔处理，分配，保单管理以及法规。 – 利用区块链来改变保险业

Blockchain technology offers to rid the insurance industry of the high administrative costs and backend efficiencies that have plagued the insurance value chain.

区块链技术可以消除困扰保险价值链的高额管理成本和后端效率。

Labour-intensive, repetitive and error-prone underwriting and claims settlement processes are transformed through the use of a unified platform to store and share all documentation.

通过使用统一的平台来存储和共享所有文档，对劳动密集型，重复性高且易于出错的承保和索赔解决流程进行了转换。

Every personal insurer's core computer system is, at heart, a big, centralised transaction ledger. At the very least, blockchains deserve to be evaluated technologically by insurers, as a potential replacement for today's central database model. – Chain of a Lifetime

从本质上讲，每个个人保险公司的核心计算机系统都是大型的集中式交易分类帐。 至少，保险公司应该对区块链进行技术评估，以替代当今的中央数据库模型。 – 生命之链

There are significant benefits for compliance as well. Regulators can gain access to full sets of unchangeable data in real time without requiring companies to conduct reconciliation and the collection of detailed information for reports. [12]

合规性也有很大的好处。 监管机构可以实时访问全套不可更改的数据，而无需公司进行对账和收集详细的报告信息。 [ 12 ]

With the same data available to all parties, insurance platforms powered by blockchain can experience unprecedented data sharing capabilities and back-end analytics for pricing and risk. [13]

在各方都能获得相同数据的情况下，由区块链提供支持的保险平台可以体验到前所未有的数据共享功能以及用于定价和风险的后端分析。 [ 13 ]

We believe that blockchain will play a major and disruptive role right across the insurance value chain. From customer onboarding and 'Know Your Customer' (KYC) requirements through to claims processing and adjudication, the potential use cases for blockchain in the insurance sector grow each day. – Blockchain accelerates insurance transformation

我们相信，区块链将在整个保险价值链中扮演主要和破坏性的角色。 从客户入职和“了解客户”(KYC)要求到索赔处理和裁决，保险业中区块链的潜在用例每天都在增长。 – 区块链加速保险业转型

Detailed audit trails of all past insurance claims can be maintained for risk analysis and fraud detection. Risk teams gain a system-wide view of all their customer's records to enable not only the identification of duplicate transactions but also those involving suspicious parties.

可以保留所有过去保险索赔的详细审计记录，以进行风险分析和欺诈检测。 风险团队可以在全系统范围内查看所有客户的记录，从而不仅可以识别重复交易，还可以识别涉及可疑方的交易。

As a result, long and tedious onboarding and verification processes experienced by legitimate customers can be dramatically reduced.

结果，可以大大减少合法客户经历的冗长而繁琐的入门和验证过程。

智能合约可以改变游戏规则** (Smart Contracts Could Change the Game**)

Equally as fundamental to the future of insurance are smart contracts. When run on a blockchain, smart contracts become self-executing contracts where contractual enforcement, rights, obligations, performance, and payment are automatically executed.

智能合约对未来的保险同样重要。 当在区块链上运行时，智能合约变成自执行合约，在其中自动执行合约执行，权利，义务，履约和付款。

By enforcing the rules for insurance claims through code instead of human decision making, event-triggered smart contracts make it possible to automate some types of claims. [15]

通过代码而不是人工决策来执行保险索赔规则，事件触发的智能合约可以使某些类型的索赔自动化。 [ 15 ]

Alongside big data, mobile and digital technologies, blockchain is essential to establishing an efficient, transparent and customer-focused claims model based on higher degrees of trust. Within claims prevention, new data streams can enhance the risk selection process by combining location, external risk and analytics. A distributed ledger can enable the insurer and various third parties to easily and instantly access and update relevant information. – Blockchain in insurance

除大数据，移动和数字技术外，区块链对于建立基于更高信任度的高效，透明和以客户为中心的索赔模型至关重要。 在索赔预防中，新数据流可以通过结合位置，外部风险和分析来增强风险选择过程。 分布式分类帐可以使保险人和各种第三方轻松，即时地访问和更新相关信息。 – 保险中的区块链

InsurETH, for example, a company developing blockchain solutions for the insurance industry, built a flight insurance product that runs smart contracts on the Ethereum platform to automate insurance claims and automatically refund users in case of flight delays or cancellations.

例如，为保险业开发区块链解决方案的公司InsurETH，开发了一种飞行保险产品，该产品在以太坊平台上运行智能合约，以自动执行保险索赔，并在航班延误或取消时自动向用户退款。

By eliminating the manual processes involved in claims management, smart contracts can reduce the costs and time associated with the handling of claims and also disintermediate the claims process.

通过消除索赔管理中涉及的手动流程，智能合约可以减少与索赔处理相关的成本和时间，并且可以使索赔流程不中间。

The use of data from a mobile phone or sensors could streamline claims submission as well.

使用来自移动电话或传感器的数据也可以简化索赔提交。

A report from EY explains:

安永的一份报告解释：

The use of data from a mobile phone or sensors can streamline claims submission, reduce loss adjuster costs and increase customer satisfaction, with blockchain systems facilitating communications and coordination among all parties. Consider how sensors can trigger alerts to insurers that a crash has occurred (thereby initiating a new claim), and then route secure and relevant data to preapproved and conveniently located medical teams, towing services and/or repair garages. – Blockchain in insurance

通过使用区块链系统促进各方之间的沟通和协调，使用来自手机或传感器的数据可以简化索赔提交，降低理赔师成本并提高客户满意度。 考虑传感器如何触发保险公司发生事故的警报(从而启动新的索赔)，然后将安全和相关数据路由到预先批准且位置便利的医疗团队，牵引服务和/或维修车库。 – 保险中的区块链

By making the processes associated with the delivery and management of insurance services more accurate, efficient and secure, companies can save money on their service offerings in mature markets and also gain the capacity to offer cost-effective micro-insurance services to low-income markets in the emerging economies of Asia.

通过使与保险服务的交付和管理相关的流程更加准确，高效和安全，公司可以在成熟市场中节省其服务产品的成本，还可以获得为低收入市场提供经济高效的小额保险服务的能力。在亚洲新兴经济体中。

保险的未来今天从亚洲新兴经济体开始 (The future of insurance starts today in the emerging economies of Asia)

Ho Chi Minh skyline — a symbol of economic growth and increasing prosperity in Vietnam.

胡志明市的天际线-越南经济增长和繁荣的象征。

The insurance sector has traditionally been slower than most other industries to adapt to change. Decades of neglect driven by conservative and risk-averse cultures have brought the industry to a tipping point.

传统上，保险业比大多数其他行业要适应变化要慢。 在保守和规避风险的文化的驱使下，数十年来的忽视使该行业达到了临界点。

Outdated systems and IT infrastructures have left insurance companies with gross inefficiencies, high administrative costs and ineffective fraud detection methods.

过时的系统和IT基础架构使保险公司的效率低下，管理成本高以及欺诈检测方法无效。

Insurance companies are failing their current customers and continue to have a limited capacity to develop cost-effective products and services for underserved low-income markets.

保险公司正在失去其现有客户，并且继续为服务欠缺的低收入市场开发具有成本效益的产品和服务的能力有限。

With limited growth in mature markets there are now acute pressures to innovate and find new sources of growth.

在成熟市场中增长有限的情况下，创新和寻找新的增长来源面临着巨大的压力。

Insurance executives must come to the realization that band-aid solutions cannot fix the root problems afflicting the industry or meet the challenges of tomorrow.

保险业高管必须意识到，创可贴解决方案无法解决困扰该行业的根本问题或应对明天的挑战。

There is also a need to internalize new realities that have come with globalization and the new digitally based world economy. Economic power shifts in recent years away from the West to the emerging economies of Asia mean that significant growth is no longer found in New York, London or Paris.

还需要内部化全球化和新的基于数字的世界经济带来的新现实。 近年来，经济实力从西方转移到了亚洲新兴经济体，这意味着纽约，伦敦或巴黎不再具有显着增长。

The increasing importance of developing economies is clear. All emerging regions have made gains over the period and nowhere is this expansion more obvious than in Asia. – Two wheels that show the changing shape of global trade

发展中国家的重要性日益明显。 在此期间，所有新兴地区都取得了进步，而且这种扩张没有任何地方比亚洲更为明显。 – 两个轮子显示了全球贸易的变化形态

Rather it is the economies of China, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines and many others that hold unprecedented growth opportunities.

而是中国，越南，印度尼西亚，菲律宾和许多其他国家的经济拥有空前的增长机会。

For hundreds of millions of low-income people living in these markets, access to formal financial services, especially insurance has will mean the continuation of real economic growth and formal inclusion into the global economy.

对于生活在这些市场中的亿万低收入人群来说，获得正规金融服务，尤其是保险，将意味着实体经济继续增长，并正式纳入全球经济。

Nations and industry have important roles to play to ensure both financial inclusion and competitiveness.

各国和工业界在确保金融普惠性和竞争力方面都可以发挥重要作用。

Governments must lead by example and begin to lay the regulatory foundations for the future proliferation of insurance services. They must also initiate collaboration with the insurance industry to seek out and test new technologies for mutual benefit.

各国政府必须以身作则，并开始为今后保险服务的普及奠定监管基础。 他们还必须发起与保险业的合作，以寻求和测试互惠互利的新技术。

Like the first generation of the internet, this second generation promises to disrupt business models and transform industries. Blockchain (also called distributed ledger), the technology enabling cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and Ethereum, is pulling us into a new era of openness, decentralization and global inclusion. – [20]

与第一代互联网一样，第二代互联网有望破坏商业模式并改变行业。 区块链(也称为分布式分类帐)是一种使比特币和以太坊等加密货币成为可能的技术，使我们进入了开放，去中心化和全球包容的新时代。 – [ 20 ]

Industry will need overhaul legacy systems and embrace transformational technologies like blockchain that can enable the delivery of cost-efficient micro-insurance services to new developing markets to ensure competitiveness.

行业将需要检修遗留系统，并采用诸如区块链之类的变革性技术，以使经济高效的小额保险服务能够向新兴市场交付，以确保竞争力。

A supercharged insurance industry powered by blockchain technology in combination with a modernized regulatory framework will not only lead to critical growth opportunities for companies but also help trigger the proliferation of financial services and drive economic development in the emerging economies of Asia.

由区块链技术驱动的增压保险业与现代化的监管框架相结合，不仅会为公司带来重要的增长机会，而且还将有助于触发金融服务的扩散并推动亚洲新兴经济体的经济发展。

Find out how blockchain technology could transform global supply chains and national healthcare systems.

了解区块链技术如何改变全球供应链和国家医疗保健系统 。

翻译自: https://www.sitepoint.com/blockchain-in-insurance-realizing-critical-growth-opportunities/

区块链实现的关键技术