嵌入式Linux系统
2024-05-10 06:04:30
思想：先整体后局部
Pc与开发板连接方式
1、UART异步串行通信接口（串口）
2、USB串行通信接口
3、TCP/IP网络通信接口
4、Debug Jtag调试接口
PC：CentOS 7
Demoboard：Friendly arm nano pi neo4
WIKI：http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/index.php/NanoPi_NEO4
1、搭建交叉开发环境
- 安装芯片厂商已经编好的工具链
arm-none-linux-gnueabi- arm-linux-
arm-none-eabi-
arm-elf-
- 手动编译交叉工具链
The GNU Toolchain for ARM Target HOWTO（官方手册）
为什么要用交叉编译？
目标机与主机CPU架构不同
通过交叉编译工具，我们就可以在CPU能力很强、存储控件足够的主机平台上（比如PC上）编译出针对其他平台的可执行程序。
简单地说，就是在一个平台上生成另一个平台上的可执行代码。
安装、使用
1、下载源码并解压
看我之前的文章：https://blog.csdn.net/zzq1824837536/article/details/94435217
2、添加环境变量
$ cd /opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64/bin$ ls -alFtotal 36180
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 8192 Jul 26 2017 ./
dr-xr-xr-x. 8 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 106 Jul 26 2017 ../
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 997064 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-addr2line*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1025648 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ar*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1693240 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-as*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 928128 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-c++*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-cc -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 996648 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-c++filt*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 928128 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-cpp*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 2974048 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-dwp*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31512 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-elfedit*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 928128 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-g++*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 928128 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 928128 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-6.4.0*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 27104 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-ar*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 27104 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-nm*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 27104 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 511488 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 449944 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov-dump*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 470520 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov-tool*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 5920064 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gdb*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1067976 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gprof*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 143 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 2115640 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld.bfd*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 15087 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ldd*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 5129664 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld.gold*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1010056 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-nm*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1193320 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-objcopy*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1895944 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-objdump*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 10448 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-populate*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1025648 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ranlib*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 522136 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-readelf*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1001032 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-size*
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 997064 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-strings*
-r-xr-xr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1193320 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-strip*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-addr2line -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-addr2line*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-ar -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ar*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-as -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-as*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-c++ -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-c++*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-cc -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-cc*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-c++filt -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-c++filt*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-cpp -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-cpp*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-dwp -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-dwp*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-elfedit -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-elfedit*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-g++ -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-g++*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcc -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcc-6.4.0 -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-6.4.0*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcc-ar -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-ar*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcc-nm -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-nm*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 38 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcc-ranlib -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 32 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcov -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcov-dump -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov-dump*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gcov-tool -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov-tool*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gdb -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gdb*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-addr2line -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-addr2line*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-ar -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ar*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-as -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-as*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-c++ -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-c++*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-cc -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-cc*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-c++filt -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-c++filt*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-cpp -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-cpp*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-dwp -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-dwp*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-elfedit -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-elfedit*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-g++ -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-g++*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc-6.4.0 -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-6.4.0*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-ar*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-nm*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 38 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 32 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcov -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcov-dump -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov-dump*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 37 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gcov-tool -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gcov-tool*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gdb -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gdb*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 33 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-gprof -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gprof*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-ld -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-ld.bfd -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld.bfd*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-ldd -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ldd*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-ld.gold -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld.gold*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-nm -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-nm*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-objcopy -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-objcopy*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-objdump -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-objdump*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 36 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-populate -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-populate*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-ranlib -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ranlib*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-readelf -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-readelf*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 32 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-size -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-size*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-strings -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-strings*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 33 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gnu-strip -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-strip*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 33 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-gprof -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-gprof*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-ld -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-ld.bfd -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld.bfd*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 31 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-ldd -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ldd*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-ld.gold -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ld.gold*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-nm -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-nm*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-objcopy -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-objcopy*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-objdump -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-objdump*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 36 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-populate -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-populate*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 34 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-ranlib -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-ranlib*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-readelf -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-readelf*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 32 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-size -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-size*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 35 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-strings -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-strings*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 33 Jul 26 2017 aarch64-linux-strip -> aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu-strip*
-r--r--r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 3808 Jul 26 2017 .manifest.gee02be3.sig.xz
$ cd ~
$ vim hello.c输入：#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{printf("hello world\n");return 0;
}#生成可执行文件
$ gcc -o helloX86 hello.c
$ file helloX86helloX86: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=59a2233483bf4d0756eb65bc8df5d3f22224d640, not stripped$ aarch64-linux-gcc -o helloArm hello.c
$ file helloArmhelloArm: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, ARM aarch64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 3.10.61, BuildID[sha1]=4d9ece90f68c0f8a7fac17dd001f27f8331a105c, not stripped出现无法运行错误
部分交叉编译工具链是在32bit os制作的，移到64bit缺少相应的库支持
解决：
ubuntu$ sudo apt install libc6:i386$ sudo apt install lib32z1工具集
readelf
一般用于查看ELF格式的文件信息，常见的文件如在Linux上的可执行文件，动态库(*.so)或者静态库(*.a) 等包含ELF格式的文件。linux：ELF
windows：PE#输出文件头信息
$ readelf -h file$ readelf -h helloX86 ELF Header:Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF64Data: 2's complement, little endianVersion: 1 (current)OS/ABI: UNIX - System VABI Version: 0Type: EXEC (Executable file)Machine: Advanced Micro Devices X86-64Version: 0x1Entry point address: 0x400430 #程序入口地址Start of program headers: 64 (bytes into file)Start of section headers: 6456 (bytes into file)Flags: 0x0Size of this header: 64 (bytes)Size of program headers: 56 (bytes)Number of program headers: 9Size of section headers: 64 (bytes)Number of section headers: 31Section header string table index: 30===================================================================================
$ aarch64-linux-readelf -h helloArm ELF Header:Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF64Data: 2's complement, little endianVersion: 1 (current)OS/ABI: UNIX - System VABI Version: 0Type: EXEC (Executable file)Machine: AArch64Version: 0x1Entry point address: 0x400470 #程序入口地址Start of program headers: 64 (bytes into file)Start of section headers: 11480 (bytes into file)Flags: 0x0Size of this header: 64 (bytes)Size of program headers: 56 (bytes)Number of program headers: 8Size of section headers: 64 (bytes)Number of section headers: 37Section header string table index: 36size
读取可执行程序的每个段的大小信息$ size helloArm
输出：text data bss dec hex filename1123 576 8 1707 6ab helloArm$ aarch64-linux-size helloX86
输出：text data bss dec hex filename1194 540 4 1738 6ca helloX86nm
查看可执行程序的符号表$ nm helloX86000000000060102c B __bss_start
000000000060102c b completed.6355
0000000000601028 D __data_start
0000000000601028 W data_start
0000000000400460 t deregister_tm_clones
00000000004004d0 t __do_global_dtors_aux
0000000000600e18 t __do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry
00000000004005c8 R __dso_handle
0000000000600e28 d _DYNAMIC
000000000060102c D _edata
0000000000601030 B _end
00000000004005b4 T _fini
00000000004004f0 t frame_dummy
0000000000600e10 t __frame_dummy_init_array_entry
0000000000400700 r __FRAME_END__
0000000000601000 d _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_w __gmon_start__
00000000004005dc r __GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR
00000000004003c8 T _init
0000000000600e18 t __init_array_end
0000000000600e10 t __init_array_start
00000000004005c0 R _IO_stdin_used
0000000000600e20 d __JCR_END__
0000000000600e20 d __JCR_LIST__
00000000004005b0 T __libc_csu_fini
0000000000400540 T __libc_csu_init U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.2.5
000000000040051d T mainU puts@@GLIBC_2.2.5
0000000000400490 t register_tm_clones
0000000000400430 T _start
0000000000601030 D __TMC_END__T：全局函数标签
D：全局变量区
d：静态变量
t：静态函数strip
剔除符号表$ file helloX86 helloX86: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=59a2233483bf4d0756eb65bc8df5d3f22224d640, not stripped#not stripped：未剔除符号表$ strip helloX86
$ file helloX86helloX86: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=59a2233483bf4d0756eb65bc8df5d3f22224d640, stripped$ nm helloX86nm: helloX86: no symbolsstrings
查看可执行程序中的常量字符串$ string helloX86/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
libc.so.6
puts
__libc_start_main
__gmon_start__
GLIBC_2.2.5
UH-0
UH-0
=(
[]A\A]A^A_
hello world
;*3$"
GCC: (GNU) 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36)
.shstrtab
.interp
.note.ABI-tag
.note.gnu.build-id
.gnu.hash
.dynsym
.dynstr
.gnu.version
.gnu.version_r
.rela.dyn
.rela.plt
.init
.plt.got
.text
.fini
.rodata
.eh_frame_hdr
.eh_frame
.init_array
.fini_array
.jcr
.dynamic
.got.plt
.data
.bss
.comment
objdump
反汇编,它以一种可阅读的格式让你更多地了解二进制文件可能带有的附加信息$ objdump -d helloX86 helloX86: file format elf64-x86-64Disassembly of section .init:00000000004003c8 <.init>:4003c8: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp4003cc: 48 8b 05 25 0c 20 00 mov 0x200c25(%rip),%rax # 600ff8 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200be8>4003d3: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax4003d6: 74 05 je 4003dd <puts@plt-0x23>4003d8: e8 43 00 00 00 callq 400420 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x10>4003dd: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp4003e1: c3 retq Disassembly of section .plt:00000000004003f0 <puts@plt-0x10>:4003f0: ff 35 12 0c 20 00 pushq 0x200c12(%rip) # 601008 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200bf8>4003f6: ff 25 14 0c 20 00 jmpq *0x200c14(%rip) # 601010 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200c00>4003fc: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)0000000000400400 <puts@plt>:400400: ff 25 12 0c 20 00 jmpq *0x200c12(%rip) # 601018 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200c08>400406: 68 00 00 00 00 pushq $0x040040b: e9 e0 ff ff ff jmpq 4003f0 <puts@plt-0x10>0000000000400410 <__libc_start_main@plt>:400410: ff 25 0a 0c 20 00 jmpq *0x200c0a(%rip) # 601020 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200c10>400416: 68 01 00 00 00 pushq $0x140041b: e9 d0 ff ff ff jmpq 4003f0 <puts@plt-0x10>Disassembly of section .plt.got:0000000000400420 <.plt.got>:400420: ff 25 d2 0b 20 00 jmpq *0x200bd2(%rip) # 600ff8 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200be8>400426: 66 90 xchg %ax,%axDisassembly of section .text:0000000000400430 <.text>:400430: 31 ed xor %ebp,%ebp400432: 49 89 d1 mov %rdx,%r9400435: 5e pop %rsi400436: 48 89 e2 mov %rsp,%rdx400439: 48 83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffffffffffff0,%rsp40043d: 50 push %rax40043e: 54 push %rsp40043f: 49 c7 c0 b0 05 40 00 mov $0x4005b0,%r8400446: 48 c7 c1 40 05 40 00 mov $0x400540,%rcx40044d: 48 c7 c7 1d 05 40 00 mov $0x40051d,%rdi400454: e8 b7 ff ff ff callq 400410 <__libc_start_main@plt>400459: f4 hlt 40045a: 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 nopw 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)400460: b8 37 10 60 00 mov $0x601037,%eax400465: 55 push %rbp400466: 48 2d 30 10 60 00 sub $0x601030,%rax40046c: 48 83 f8 0e cmp $0xe,%rax400470: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp400473: 77 02 ja 400477 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x67>400475: 5d pop %rbp400476: c3 retq 400477: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax40047c: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax40047f: 74 f4 je 400475 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x65>400481: 5d pop %rbp400482: bf 30 10 60 00 mov $0x601030,%edi400487: ff e0 jmpq *%rax400489: 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)400490: b8 30 10 60 00 mov $0x601030,%eax400495: 55 push %rbp400496: 48 2d 30 10 60 00 sub $0x601030,%rax40049c: 48 c1 f8 03 sar $0x3,%rax4004a0: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp4004a3: 48 89 c2 mov %rax,%rdx4004a6: 48 c1 ea 3f shr $0x3f,%rdx4004aa: 48 01 d0 add %rdx,%rax4004ad: 48 d1 f8 sar %rax4004b0: 75 02 jne 4004b4 <__libc_start_main@plt+0xa4>4004b2: 5d pop %rbp4004b3: c3 retq 4004b4: ba 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%edx4004b9: 48 85 d2 test %rdx,%rdx4004bc: 74 f4 je 4004b2 <__libc_start_main@plt+0xa2>4004be: 5d pop %rbp4004bf: 48 89 c6 mov %rax,%rsi4004c2: bf 30 10 60 00 mov $0x601030,%edi4004c7: ff e2 jmpq *%rdx4004c9: 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)4004d0: 80 3d 55 0b 20 00 00 cmpb $0x0,0x200b55(%rip) # 60102c <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200c1c>4004d7: 75 11 jne 4004ea <__libc_start_main@plt+0xda>4004d9: 55 push %rbp4004da: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp4004dd: e8 7e ff ff ff callq 400460 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x50>4004e2: 5d pop %rbp4004e3: c6 05 42 0b 20 00 01 movb $0x1,0x200b42(%rip) # 60102c <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200c1c>4004ea: f3 c3 repz retq 4004ec: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)4004f0: 48 83 3d 28 09 20 00 cmpq $0x0,0x200928(%rip) # 600e20 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200a10>4004f7: 00 4004f8: 74 1e je 400518 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x108>4004fa: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax4004ff: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax400502: 74 14 je 400518 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x108>400504: 55 push %rbp400505: bf 20 0e 60 00 mov $0x600e20,%edi40050a: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp40050d: ff d0 callq *%rax40050f: 5d pop %rbp400510: e9 7b ff ff ff jmpq 400490 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x80>400515: 0f 1f 00 nopl (%rax)400518: e9 73 ff ff ff jmpq 400490 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x80>40051d: 55 push %rbp40051e: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp400521: bf d0 05 40 00 mov $0x4005d0,%edi400526: e8 d5 fe ff ff callq 400400 <puts@plt>40052b: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax400530: 5d pop %rbp400531: c3 retq 400532: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)400539: 00 00 00 40053c: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)400540: 41 57 push %r15400542: 41 89 ff mov %edi,%r15d400545: 41 56 push %r14400547: 49 89 f6 mov %rsi,%r1440054a: 41 55 push %r1340054c: 49 89 d5 mov %rdx,%r1340054f: 41 54 push %r12400551: 4c 8d 25 b8 08 20 00 lea 0x2008b8(%rip),%r12 # 600e10 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200a00>400558: 55 push %rbp400559: 48 8d 2d b8 08 20 00 lea 0x2008b8(%rip),%rbp # 600e18 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x200a08>400560: 53 push %rbx400561: 4c 29 e5 sub %r12,%rbp400564: 31 db xor %ebx,%ebx400566: 48 c1 fd 03 sar $0x3,%rbp40056a: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp40056e: e8 55 fe ff ff callq 4003c8 <puts@plt-0x38>400573: 48 85 ed test %rbp,%rbp400576: 74 1e je 400596 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x186>400578: 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)40057f: 00 400580: 4c 89 ea mov %r13,%rdx400583: 4c 89 f6 mov %r14,%rsi400586: 44 89 ff mov %r15d,%edi400589: 41 ff 14 dc callq *(%r12,%rbx,8)40058d: 48 83 c3 01 add $0x1,%rbx400591: 48 39 eb cmp %rbp,%rbx400594: 75 ea jne 400580 <__libc_start_main@plt+0x170>400596: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp40059a: 5b pop %rbx40059b: 5d pop %rbp40059c: 41 5c pop %r1240059e: 41 5d pop %r134005a0: 41 5e pop %r144005a2: 41 5f pop %r154005a4: c3 retq 4005a5: 90 nop4005a6: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)4005ad: 00 00 00 4005b0: f3 c3 repz retq Disassembly of section .fini:00000000004005b4 <.fini>:4005b4: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp4005b8: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp4005bc: c3 retq objcopy
把某些代码段、数据段按照相应的格式拷贝出来
addr2line
调试工具2、bootloader的选择和移植
UBoot常用命令 （启动加载内核）
print #查看uboot集成的环境变量变量名=变量值
=================================================== setenv、saveenv #设置/保存变量setenv 变量名 变量值setenv 变量名 #删除变量saveenv 把本次设置的环境变量写回存储器UBoot中的网络层设置：ipaddr变量值 开发板ping主机 验证 alive：通过===================================================
nandnand erase/write/read [动词] [内存地址] [内部地址] [搬移大小] nand中5M空间读到内存21000000，1Knand read 21000000 500000 1024
（5M=5*1M1M：2^20 二进制：1000···000 十六进制：0x100000）nand erase 500000 1024 nand write 21000000 500000 1024=================================================== tftp验证传输层
C（开发板）/S（PC）C：./client server_ip port XXXXX通过设置serverip变量port：tftp固定XXX：输入参数S：Linux===================================================
bootm 启动内核===================================================
go 内核的启动条件
1、设置参数
设置bootargs参数root = 启动的根文件系统在哪个设备设备信息 RAM NFS FLASH
init = 内核启动后，第一个可执行文件init进程从哪来 它对应/sbin/init。显然，这个应用程序就要读取配置文件，根据配置文件去启动用户程序(监控、手册界面、平板界面等等)。这个问题提示我们，文件系统的内容是有一些约定的，比如要有/sbin/init，要有配置文件
console = 内核启动时，使用哪个设备作为控制台#设置启动参数
setenv bootargs root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,1152002、文件系统
通过物理介质与操作系统进行衔接文件系统的烧写
===================================================================================
NFS（network file system）实际开发TCP/IP服务端：$ sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server$ sudo vim /etc/exports客户端：#挂载initrd.img到当前目录下的swap文件夹
$ sudo mount -t ext2 initrd.img ./swap/
#将挂载内容拷贝到当前目录
$ mkdir rootnfs
$ sudo cp -a ../swap/* ./设置bootargsroot = /dev/nfsnfsroot=192.168.10.110:/../../rootnfsip = 192.168.10.121init = /linuxrcconsole=ttySAC0,115200setenv bootargs root= nfsroot= ip = init = console=
tftp 2000 8000 uImage
bootm 2000 8000===================================================================================
Ramdiskroot = /dev/ram
initrd = 0x2100 0000,8M
init = /linuxrc
console = ttySAC0测试：内存 0x2000 8000 uImage0x21000 0000 initrd.img.gz$ pri #查看环境变量
$ setenv bootargs root = /dev/ram initrd = 0x2100 0000,8M init = /linuxrc console = ttySAC0
$ bootm 2000 8000U-boot（Universal Boot Loader）
1、版本选择
ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/
$ wget ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/u-boot-2019.04.tar.bz2
$ tar -xjf u-boot-2019.04.tar.bz2
$ cd u-boot-2019.04/arch/arm/cpu/armv7
$ ls -alFtotal 216
drwxr-xr-x@ 33 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.0K Apr 9 09:40 ./
drwxr-xr-x@ 17 zhangzhiqiang staff 544B Apr 9 09:40 ../
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.6K Apr 9 09:40 Kconfig
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.2K Apr 9 09:40 Makefile
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 994B Apr 9 09:40 arch_timer.c
drwxr-xr-x@ 10 zhangzhiqiang staff 320B Apr 9 09:40 bcm235xx/
drwxr-xr-x@ 11 zhangzhiqiang staff 352B Apr 9 09:40 bcm281xx/
drwxr-xr-x@ 4 zhangzhiqiang staff 128B Apr 9 09:40 bcmcygnus/
drwxr-xr-x@ 4 zhangzhiqiang staff 128B Apr 9 09:40 bcmnsp/
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 4.8K Apr 9 09:40 cache_v7.c
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 5.0K Apr 9 09:40 cache_v7_asm.S
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 467B Apr 9 09:40 config.mk
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 635B Apr 9 09:40 cp15.c
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.8K Apr 9 09:40 cpu.c
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.5K Apr 9 09:40 exception_level.c
drwxr-xr-x@ 6 zhangzhiqiang staff 192B Apr 9 09:40 iproc-common/
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 kona-common/
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.5K Apr 9 09:40 lowlevel_init.S
drwxr-xr-x@ 17 zhangzhiqiang staff 544B Apr 9 09:40 ls102xa/
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 2.6K Apr 9 09:40 mpu_v7r.c
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 5.5K Apr 9 09:40 nonsec_virt.S
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.2K Apr 9 09:40 psci-common.c
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 8.9K Apr 9 09:40 psci.S
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 s5p-common/
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 648B Apr 9 09:40 sctlr.S
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.2K Apr 9 09:40 smccc-call.S
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 10K Apr 9 09:40 start.S #U-boot的总入口
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 zhangzhiqiang staff 256B Apr 9 09:40 stv0991/
drwxr-xr-x@ 9 zhangzhiqiang staff 288B Apr 9 09:40 sunxi/
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 1.2K Apr 9 09:40 syslib.c
drwxr-xr-x@ 6 zhangzhiqiang staff 192B Apr 9 09:40 vf610/
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 2.1K Apr 9 09:40 virt-dt.c
-rw-r--r--@ 1 zhangzhiqiang staff 3.7K Apr 9 09:40 virt-v7.c$ cd u-boot-2019.04/board/samsung
$ ls -alFtotal 0
drwxr-xr-x@ 15 zhangzhiqiang staff 480B Apr 9 09:40 ./
drwxr-xr-x@ 196 zhangzhiqiang staff 6.1K Apr 9 09:40 ../
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 arndale/
drwxr-xr-x@ 11 zhangzhiqiang staff 352B Apr 9 09:40 common/
drwxr-xr-x@ 6 zhangzhiqiang staff 192B Apr 9 09:40 espresso7420/
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 zhangzhiqiang staff 256B Apr 9 09:40 goni/
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 odroid/
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 origen/
drwxr-xr-x@ 6 zhangzhiqiang staff 192B Apr 9 09:40 smdk5250/
drwxr-xr-x@ 6 zhangzhiqiang staff 192B Apr 9 09:40 smdk5420/
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 zhangzhiqiang staff 256B Apr 9 09:40 smdkc100/
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 smdkv310/
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 trats/
drwxr-xr-x@ 6 zhangzhiqiang staff 192B Apr 9 09:40 trats2/
drwxr-xr-x@ 7 zhangzhiqiang staff 224B Apr 9 09:40 universal_c210/$ cd u-boot-2019.04/arch/arm/cpu/armv7
$ vim start.S3、kernel的配置、编译、移植和调试
编译：预编译（Precompile）➡️ 编译（Compile）➡️ 汇编（Assemble）➡️ 链接（Link）➡️ 生成二进制文件（obidump）.bin
#下载
$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.2.tar.xz
#解压
$ tar -xvJf linux-5.2.tar.xz
$ cd linux-5.2
$ ls -alFtotal 832
drwxrwxr-x. 24 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 ./
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 10 09:52 ../
drwxrwxr-x. 27 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 arch/ #architecture
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 block/
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 certs/
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 14943 Jul 8 06:41 .clang-format
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 59 Jul 8 06:41 .cocciconfig
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 423 Jul 8 06:41 COPYING
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 99486 Jul 8 06:41 CREDITS
drwxrwxr-x. 4 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 crypto/
drwxrwxr-x. 122 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 Documentation/
drwxrwxr-x. 140 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 drivers/
drwxrwxr-x. 73 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 fs/ #fileSystem
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 71 Jul 8 06:41 .get_maintainer.ignore
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 30 Jul 8 06:41 .gitattributes
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1658 Jul 8 06:41 .gitignore
drwxrwxr-x. 27 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 include/
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 init/
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 ipc/
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 1513 Jul 8 06:41 Kbuild
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 563 Jul 8 06:41 Kconfig
drwxrwxr-x. 18 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 kernel/
drwxrwxr-x. 15 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 12288 Jul 8 06:41 lib/
drwxrwxr-x. 6 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 LICENSES/
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 12316 Jul 8 06:41 .mailmap
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 512407 Jul 8 06:41 MAINTAINERS
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 60201 Jul 8 06:41 Makefile
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 mm/ #memoryManager
drwxrwxr-x. 70 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 net/
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 727 Jul 8 06:41 README
drwxrwxr-x. 29 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 samples/
drwxrwxr-x. 15 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 scripts/
drwxrwxr-x. 11 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 security/
drwxrwxr-x. 26 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 sound/
drwxrwxr-x. 36 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 tools/
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 usr/
drwxrwxr-x. 4 zhangzhiqiang zhangzhiqiang 4096 Jul 8 06:41 virt/#创建索引 ctags（Generate tag files for source code)
$ ctags -R .
#查看大小
$ du -sh tags
$ vim -t 函数名$ make menuconfig
$ make
$ vim include/config/auto.conf --> ./.config
$ vim include/generated/autoconf.h
4、根文件系统的制作
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