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putersPrestigeLecturedeliveredtoIEE,Cambridge,putersbegantoworkaround1950.TheonewebuiltinCambridge,theEDSACwasfirstusedinthesummerof1949.puterswerebuiltbypeoplelikemyselfwithvaryingbackgrounds.Weallhadextensiveexperienceinelectronicengineeringandwereconfidentthatthatexperiencewouldstandusingoodstead.Thisprovedtrue,althoughwehadsomenewthingstolearn.Themostimportantofthesewasthattransientsmustbetreatedcorrectly;puter.putingcircuitswereconcerned,wefoundourselveswithanembarassderichess.Forexample,atesaswedidintheEDSACorpentodeswithcontrolsignalsonbothgrids,asystemwidelyusedelsewhere.ameintouse.puterfieldwillrememberTTL,ECLandCMOS.Ofthese,edominant.Inthoseearlyyears,theIEEwasstilldominatedbypowerengineeringandwehadtofightanumberofmajorbattlesinordertogetradioengineeringalongwiththerapidlydevelopingsubjectofelectronics.dubbedintheIEElightcurrentelectricalengineering.properlyrecognisedasanactivityinitsownright.anisingaconferencebecausethepowerengineers’waysofdoingthingswerenotourways.AminorsourceofirritationwasthatallIEEpublishedpaperswereexpectedtostartwithalengthystatementofearlierpractice,somethingdifficulttodowhentherewasnoearlierpracticeConsolidationinthe1960sBythelate50sorearly1960s,puterfieldwasstartingupinrealearnest.putersintheworldhadincreasedandtheyweremuchmorereliablethantheveryearlyones.Tothoseyearswecanascribethefirststepsinhighlevellanguagesandthefirstoperatingsystems.Experimentaltime-sharingwasbeginning,ealong.Aboveall,transistorsbegantoreplacevacuumtubes.Thischangepresentedaformidablechallengetotheengineersoftheday.etwhattheyknewaboutcircuitsandstartagain.Itcanonlybesaidthattheymeasuredupsuperblywelltothechallengeandthatthechangecouldnothavegonemoresmoothly.ransistoronthesamebitofsilicon,andthiswasthebeginningofintegratedcircuits.Astimewenton,modateenoughtransistorsforasmallnumberofgatesorflipflops.Thisledtoarangeofchipsknownasthe7400series.Thegatesandflipflopswereindependentofoneanotherandeachhaditsownpins.Theycouldbeconnectedbyoff-puteroranythingelse.put

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