常见的计算机专业词汇

作为计算机相关专业学生，面试或者笔试时不可避免地会遇到与专业相关的问题，而考核专业问题的时候，又不可避免地涉及到很多专业词汇，这就需要求职者掌握好常见的专业词汇，才能在阐述问题时得心应手，避免出现表达错误引起误解。以下是计算机专业常见相关词汇。

5.4.1计算机专业相关课程

计算机导论Introduction to Computer Science

高等数学Advanced Mathematics

应用创造学Creativity Methodology

工程图学与计算机绘图Engineering Graphics and Computer Graphics Drawings

面向对象程序设计Object-oriented Programming

概率论与数理统计Probability Theory and Statistics

离散数学Discrete Mathematics

软件工程概论Introduction to Software Engineering

数据结构Data Structures

计算机组成与结构Computer Organization and Architecture

操作系统Operating System

计算机网络Computer Network

算法设计与分析Algorithm Design and Analysis

软件工程经济学Software Engineering Economics

Java技术Java Technology

UML建模UML Modeling (Unified Modeling Language Modeling)

数据库系统概论Introduction to Database Systems

编译原理Principle of Compiler

软件体系结构Software Architecture

程序分析Program Analysis

软件过程与项目管理Software Process and Project Management

系统分析与设计System Analysis and Design

程序测试Program Testing

模式识别Pattern Recognition

嵌入式程序设计Embedded Programming

人机交互技术Human-computer Interaction Technology

云计算Cloud Computing

计算机与网络安全Computer and Network Security

计算机图形学Computer Graphics

数据挖掘技术Data Mining Technology

分布对象技术Distributed Object Technology

网络多媒体Internet Multimedia

网络程序设计Network Programming

.NET程序设计. NET Programming Design

协议工程Protocol Engineering

5.4.2操作系统相关术语

虚拟机Virtual Machine

访问控制列表Access Control List

线程Thread

多线程Multithreading

进程Process

守护进程Daemon

进程间通信IPC (Interprocess Communication)

死锁Deadlock

银行家算法Banker’s algorithm

内存管理Memory management

虚拟地址Virtual address

物理地址Physical address

引导盘Boot Disk

页面失效Page Fault

后台进程/前台进程Background Process /Foreground Process

文件传送协议FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

图形用户界面GUI (Graphical User Interface)

权限Permission

移植Port/Ported/Porting

可移植系统接口Portable Operating System Interface

分时Time-sharing

工作区Workspace

工作目录Working Directory

窗口管理器Window Manager

封装器Wrapper

5.4.3算法相关术语

字典Dictionaries

堆Heap

优先级队列Priority queue

矩阵乘法Matrix multiplication

贪心算法Greedy algorithm

上界/下界Upper bound / Lower bound

最好情况/最坏情况/平均情况Best case /Worst Case/ Average case

插入排序Insertion sort

合并排序Merge sort

堆排序Heap sort

快速排序Quick sort

动态规划DP (Dynamic Programming)

背包问题Knapsack problem

霍夫曼编码Huffman Coding

迪杰斯特拉算法Dijkstra’s algorithm

贝尔曼-福德算法Bellman-Ford algorithm

弗洛伊德算法Floyd-Warshall algorithm

回溯Back-Tracking

N皇后问题N-Queen problem

渐进增长Asymptotic growth(包含O-notationΩ-notationΘ-notation)

线性规划Linear programming

随机数生成Random number generation

图的生成Generating graphs

图论-多项式算法Graph Problems – polynomial algorithm

连通分支Connected components

最小生成树Minimum Spanning Tree

最短路径Shortest path

NP问题Non-Deterministic Polynomial problem

旅行商问题Traveling salesman problem

同构Graph isomorphism

压缩Text compression

最长公共子串Longest Common Substring

最短公共父串Shortest Common Superstring

收敛速度Rate of convergence

5.4.4数据结构相关术语

集合Set Data Structures

线性方程组Linear Equations

数据抽象Data abstraction

数据元素Data element

数据对象Data object

数据类型Data type

逻辑结构Logical structure

物理结构Physical structure

线性结构/非线性结构Linear structure / Nonlinear structure

线性表Linear list

栈Stack

队列Queue

串String

图Graph

插入Insertion

删除Deletion

前趋Predecessor

后继Successor

直接前趋Immediate predecessor

直接后继Immediate successor

双端列表Double-ended queue

循环队列Circular queue

指针Pointer

先进先出表（队列）First-in first-out list

后进先出表（队列）Last-in first-out list

栈底/栈顶Bottom /Top

压入/弹出Push/ Pop

队头/队尾Front/ Rear

上溢/下溢Overflow/ Underflow

数组Array

矩阵Matrix

多维数组Multi-dimensional array

以行为主/以列为主的顺序分配Row major order / Column major order

三角矩阵Triangular matrix

对称矩阵Symmetric matrix

稀疏矩阵Sparse matrix

转置矩阵Transposed matrix

链表Linked list

线性链表Linear linked list

单链表Single linked list

多重链表Multilinked list

循环链表Circular linked list

双向链表Doubly linked list

十字链表Orthogonal list

广义表Generalized list

指针域Pointer field

头结点Head node

头指针/尾指针Head pointer/ Tail pointer

空白串Blank string

空串（零串）Null string

子串Substring

树Tree

子树Subtree

森林Forest

根Root

叶子Leaf

深度Depth

双亲/孩子/兄弟/祖先/子孙Parents/ Children/ Brother/ Ancestor/ Descendant

二叉树Binary tree

平衡二叉树Balanced binary tree

满二叉树Full binary tree

完全二叉树Complete binary tree

遍历二叉树Traversing binary tree

二叉排序树Binary sort tree

二叉查找树Binary search tree

线索二叉树Threaded binary tree

哈夫曼树Huffman tree

有序树/无序树Ordered tree / Unordered tree

判定树Decision tree

数字查找树Digital search tree

树的遍历Traversal of tree

先序遍历Preorder traversal

中序遍历Inorder traversal

后序遍历Postorder traversal

子图Subgraph

有向图/无向图Digraph(directed graph)/Undigraph(undirected graph)

完全图Complete graph

连通图Connected graph

非连通图Unconnected graph

强连通图Strongly connected graph

弱连通图Weakly connected graph

有向无环图Directed acyclic graph

重连通图Biconnected graph

二部图Bipartite graph

边Edge

顶点Vertex

连接点Articulation point

初始结点Initial node

终端结点Terminal node

相邻边Adjacent edge

相邻顶点Adjacent vertex

关联边Incident edge

入度/出度In-degree/ Out-degree

有序对/无序对Ordered pair/ Unordered pair

简单路径Simple path

简单回路Simple cycle

连通分量Connected component

邻接矩阵Adjacency matrix

邻接表Adjacency list

邻接多重表Adjacency multi-list

遍历图Traversing graph

生成树Spanning tree

拓扑排序Topological sort

偏序Partial order

AOV网Activity On Vertex network

AOE网Activity On Edge network

关键路径Critical path

线性查找（顺序查找）Linear search (Sequential search)

二分查找Binary search

分块查找Block search

散列查找Hash search

平均查找长度Average search length

散列表Hash table

散列函数Hash function

直接定址法Immediately allocating method

数字分析法Digital analysis method

平方取中法Mid-square method

随机数法Random number method

内部排序Internal sort

外部排序External sort

选择排序Selection sort

基数排序Radix sort

平衡归并排序Balance merging sort

二路平衡归并排序Balance two-way merging sort

多步归并排序Ploy phase merging sort

置换选择排序Replacement selection sort

索引文件Indexed file

索引顺序文件Indexed sequential file

索引非顺序文件Indexed non-sequential file

多重链表文件Multi-list file

倒排文件Inverted file

5.4.5计算机网络相关术语

端口Port

服务器Server

客户端Client

服务访问点SAP (Service Access Point)

开放系统互联OSI (Open System Interconnection)

物理层Physical layer

数据链路层Data link layer

网络层Network layer

运输层Transport layer

会话层Session layer

表示层Presentation layer

应用层Application layer

TCP/IP协议TCP / IP protocol

信道容量Channel capacity

香农Shannon

奈奎斯特Nyquist

双绞线UTP (Unshielded Twisted Paired)

同轴电缆Coaxial cable

光纤Optical fiber

不归零码NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

曼彻斯特编码Manchester coding

调制Modulation

脉码调制PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

增量调制DM (Delta Modulation)

同步传输/异步传输Synchronous transmission / ATM (Asynchronous transmission)

循环冗余校验CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)

流量控制Flow control

滑动窗口Sliding window

差错控制Error control

帧结构Frame structure

复用Reuse

非对称数字用户线路ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)

电路交换和分组交换Circuit switching and packet switching

频分多路复用Frequency division multiplexing

信令Signaling

数据报Datagram

虚电路Virtual circuit

帧中继Frame relay

信元Ceil

拥塞Congestion

反压Back pressure

令牌桶Token bucket

环形/总线形/树形和星形结构Ring/ bus/ tree and star structure

局域网LAN (local area network)

集线器Hub

交换机Switch

路由器Router

网桥Network bridge

以太网监听算法Ethernet listener algorithm

子网掩码Subnet mask

三次握手Three-way handshake

地址解析协议APP (Address resolution protocol)

瘦客户机Thin client

网际控制报文协议ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

因特网群组管理协议IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)

拒绝服务Denial of service

边界网关Border gateway

域名系统DNS (Domain Name System)

数据链路控制DLC (Data Link Control)

互联网电子邮件协议标准POP (Post Office Protocol)

远程控制Remote control

简单邮件传送协议 SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)