使用ATMEGA8A 自己制作ARDUINO全过程。

手上多余一大堆Mega8,最近刚好在熟悉ISP，想自己做一批来测试，重新写了Bootload，把代码贴出来给大家自己做，只用了512个字节，使用0x1c00开始地址作为Bootload地址，开机进入Bootload，10秒钟重启一次，如有有代码自动进入用户程序。
先上代码：

include <inttypes.h>
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
#include <avr/eeprom.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
//#include <avr/delay.h>//#define EEPROM 0
//FUCS FF D9 00 FF  0x1800
//FUCS FF DA 00 FF  0x1C00  OKOK//#define F_CPU         16000000/* We, Malmoitians, like slow interaction* therefore the slow baud rate ;-)*///#define BAUD_RATE        9600/* 6.000.000 is more or less 8 seconds at the* speed configured here*///#define MAX_TIME_COUNT  6000000
#define MAX_TIME_COUNT (F_CPU>>1)
//#define MAX_TIME_COUNT_MORATORY   1600000/* SW_MAJOR and MINOR needs to be updated from time to time to avoid warning message from AVR Studio */
#define HW_VER   0x02
#define SW_MAJOR 0x01
#define SW_MINOR 0x12// AVR-GCC compiler compatibility
// avr-gcc compiler v3.1.x and older doesn't support outb() and inb()
//      if necessary, convert outb and inb to outp and inp
#ifndef outb#define outb(sfr,val)  (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) = (val))
#endif
#ifndef inb#define inb(sfr) _SFR_BYTE(sfr)
#endif/* defines for future compatibility */
#ifndef cbi#define cbi(sfr, bit) (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) &= ~_BV(bit))
#endif
#ifndef sbi#define sbi(sfr, bit) (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) |= _BV(bit))
#endif/* Adjust to suit whatever pin your hardware uses to enter the bootloader */
#define eeprom_rb(addr)   eeprom_read_byte ((uint8_t *)(addr))
#define eeprom_rw(addr)   eeprom_read_word ((uint16_t *)(addr))
#define eeprom_wb(addr, val)   eeprom_write_byte ((uint8_t *)(addr), (uint8_t)(val))/* Onboard LED is connected to pin PB5 */
#define LED_DDR  DDRB
#define LED_PORT PORTB
#define LED_PIN  PIND
#define LED      PIND5#define SIG1  0x1E    // Yep, Atmel is the only manufacturer of AVR micros.  Single source :(
#define SIG2    0x93
#define SIG3    0x07
#define PAGE_SIZE   0x20U   //32 wordsvoid putch(char);
char getch(void);
void getNch(uint8_t);
void byte_response(uint8_t);
void nothing_response(void);
#if 1union address_union {uint16_t word;uint8_t  byte[2];
} address;union length_union {uint16_t word;uint8_t  byte[2];
} length;
#endif
//uint16_t length;
//uint16_t address;struct flags_struct {unsigned eeprom : 1;//unsigned rampz  : 1;
} flags;uint8_t buff[256];
//uint8_t address_high;//uint8_t pagesz=0x80;//uint8_t i;
//uint8_t bootuart0=0,bootuart1=0;void (*app_start)(void) = 0x0000;void putch(char ch)
{/* m8 */while (!(inb(UCSRA) & _BV(UDRE)));outb(UDR,ch);
}char getch(void)
{/* m8 */uint32_t count = 0;while(!(inb(UCSRA) & _BV(RXC))) {/* HACKME:: here is a good place to count times*/count++;//putch('.');if (count > MAX_TIME_COUNT){putch('!');app_start();}}return (inb(UDR));
}void getNch(uint8_t count)
{uint8_t i;for(i=0;i<count;i++) {/* m8 *///while(!(inb(UCSRA) & _BV(RXC)));//inb(UDR);getch(); // need to handle time out}
}void byte_response(uint8_t val)
{if (getch() ==0x20) {putch(0x14);putch(val);putch(0x10);}
}void nothing_response(void)
{if (getch() == 0x20) {putch(0x14);putch(0x10);}
}int main(void)
{uint8_t ch,ch2;uint16_t w;//cbi(BL_DDR,BL);//sbi(BL_PORT,BL);asm volatile("nop\n\t");/* check if flash is programmed already, if not start bootloader anyway *///if(pgm_read_byte_near(0x0000) != 0xFF) {/* check if bootloader pin is set low */// if(bit_is_set(BL_PIN,BL)) app_start();//}/* initialize UART(s) depending on CPU defined *//* m8 */UBRRH = (((F_CPU/BAUD_RATE)/16)-1)>>8;     // set baud rateUBRRL = (((F_CPU/BAUD_RATE)/16)-1);UCSRB = (1<<RXEN)|(1<<TXEN);  // enable Rx & TxUCSRC = (1<<URSEL)|(1<<UCSZ1)|(1<<UCSZ0);  // config USART; 8N1//UBRRL = (uint8_t)(F_CPU/(BAUD_RATE*16L)-1);//UBRRH = (F_CPU/(BAUD_RATE*16L)-1) >> 8;//UCSRA = 0x00;//UCSRC = 0x86;//UCSRB = _BV(TXEN)|_BV(RXEN);/* this was giving uisp problems, so I removed it; without it, the bootworks on with uisp and avrdude on the mac (at least). */putch('\0');//uint32_t l;//uint32_t time_count;//time_count=0;/* set LED pin as output */
//  sbi(LED_DDR,LED);
//  for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {//      outb(LED_PORT, inb(LED_PORT) ^ _BV(LED));
//      _delay_loop_2(0);
//  }//for (l=0; l<40000000; l++)//outb(LED_PORT, inb(LED_PORT) ^= _BV(LED));/* flash onboard LED three times to signal entering of bootloader *///for(i=0; i<3; ++i) {//for(l=0; l<40000000; ++l);// sbi(LED_PORT,LED);//for(l=0; l<40000000; ++l);////}/* see comment at previous call to putch() *///putch('\0'); // this line is needed for the synchronization of the programmer
//cbi(LED_PORT,LED); /* forever */for (;;) {//sbi(LED_PORT,LED);    //if((inb(UCSRA) & _BV(RXC))){/* get character from UART */ch = getch();/* A bunch of if...else if... gives smaller code than switch...case ! *//* Hello is anyone home ? */ if((ch=='P')||(ch=='Q')||(ch=='R')||(ch=='0')) {nothing_response();if (ch=='Q')app_start();}/* Request programmer ID *//* Not using PROGMEM string due to boot block in m128 being beyond 64kB boundry  *//* Would need to selectively manipulate RAMPZ, and it's only 9 characters anyway so who cares.  */else if(ch=='1') {if (getch() == ' ') {putch(0x14);putch('A');putch('V');putch('R');putch(' ');putch('I');putch('S');putch('P');putch(0x10);}}/* AVR ISP/STK500 board commands  DON'T CARE so default nothing_response */else if(ch=='@') {ch2 = getch();if (ch2>0x85) getch();nothing_response();}/* AVR ISP/STK500 board requests */else if(ch=='A') {ch2 = getch();if(ch2==0x80) byte_response(HW_VER);        // Hardware versionelse if(ch2==0x81) byte_response(SW_MAJOR);    // Software major versionelse if(ch2==0x82) byte_response(SW_MINOR);  // Software minor version//else if(ch2==0x98) byte_response(0x03);        // Unknown but seems to be required by avr studio 3.56else byte_response(0x00);             // Covers various unnecessary responses we don't care about}/* Device Parameters  DON'T CARE, DEVICE IS FIXED  */else if(ch=='B') {getNch(20);nothing_response();}/* Parallel programming stuff  DON'T CARE  */else if(ch=='E') {getNch(5);nothing_response();}/* Universal SPI programming command, disabled.  Would be used for fuses and lock bits.  */else if(ch=='V') {getNch(4);byte_response(00);}/* Write memory, length is big endian and is in bytes  */else if(ch=='d') {length.byte[1] = getch();length.byte[0]= getch();flags.eeprom = 0;if (getch() == 'E') flags.eeprom = 1;// putch(length);  // putch(length>>8);for (w=0;w<length.word;w++) {buff[w] = getch();                           // Store data in buffer, can't keep up with serial data stream whilst programming pages}if (getch() ==0x20) {//                      putch('W');
#ifdef EERPOMif (flags.eeprom) {                        //Write to EEPROM one byte at a timefor(w=0;w<length.word;w++) {eeprom_wb(address.word,buff[w]);address.word++;}            //      putch('E');} else
#else
if (flags.eeprom==0)
#endif { //Write to FLASH one page at a time//if (address.byte[1]>127) address_high = 0x01; //Only possible with m128, m256 will need 3rd address byte. FIXME//else address_high = 0x00;//address = address << 1;           //address * 2 -> byte location//if ((length.byte[0] & 0x01)) length++; //Even up an odd number of bytes//  putch('F');#if 1cli();                    //Disable interrupts, just to be sure
//                  sbi(PORTD,3);//sbi(LED_PORT,LED);while(bit_is_set(EECR,EEWE));          //Wait for previous EEPROM writes to complete//             sbi(PORTD,3);//cbi(LED_PORT,LED);asm volatile("clr r17     \n\t"  //page_word_count"lds  r30,address \n\t"  //Address of FLASH location (in words)"lds r31,address+1  \n\t""lsl   r30               \n\t"  //address * 2 -> byte location"rol   r31                \n\t" "ldi    r28,lo8(buff)   \n\t"  //Start of buffer array in RAM"ldi r29,hi8(buff)   \n\t""lds r24,length  \n\t"  //Length of data to be written (in bytes)"lds  r25,length+1   \n\t""sbrs r24,0      \n\t"  //Even up an odd number of bytes"rjmp length_loop      \n\t""adiw r24,1      \n\t""length_loop:        \n\t"  //Main loop, repeat for number of words in block                                                         "cpi  r17,0x00    \n\t"  //If page_word_count=0 then erase page"brne   no_page_erase   \n\t"                       "rcall  wait_spm      \n\t"
//                           "wait_spm1:       \n\t"
//                           "lds  r16,%0      \n\t"  //Wait for previous spm to complete
//                           "andi r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "cpi  r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "breq wait_spm1       \n\t""ldi r16,0x03    \n\t"  //Erase page pointed to by Z"sts   %0,r16      \n\t""spm         \n\t"                           "rcall  wait_spm      \n\t"
//                           "wait_spm2:       \n\t"
//                           "lds  r16,%0      \n\t"  //Wait for previous spm to complete
//                           "andi r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "cpi  r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "breq wait_spm2       \n\t"                                   "ldi  r16,0x11    \n\t"  //Re-enable RWW section"sts    %0,r16      \n\t"                                   "spm          \n\t""no_page_erase:      \n\t"                           "ld   r0,Y+      \n\t"  //Write 2 bytes into page buffer"ld    r1,Y+      \n\t"                           "rcall  wait_spm      \n\t"
//                           "wait_spm3:       \n\t"
//                           "lds  r16,%0      \n\t"  //Wait for previous spm to complete
//                           "andi r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "cpi  r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "breq wait_spm3       \n\t""ldi r16,0x01    \n\t"  //Load r0,r1 into FLASH page buffer"sts    %0,r16      \n\t""spm         \n\t""inc r17     \n\t"  //page_word_count++"cpi r17,%1           \n\t""brlo    same_page   \n\t"  //Still same page in FLASH"write_page:     \n\t""clr r17     \n\t"  //New page, write current one first"rcall  wait_spm        \n\t"
//                           "wait_spm4:       \n\t"
//                           "lds  r16,%0      \n\t"  //Wait for previous spm to complete
//                           "andi r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "cpi  r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "breq wait_spm4       \n\t""ldi r16,0x05    \n\t"  //Write page pointed to by Z"sts   %0,r16      \n\t""spm         \n\t""rcall  wait_spm     \n\t"
//                           "wait_spm5:       \n\t"
//                           "lds  r16,%0      \n\t"  //Wait for previous spm to complete
//                           "andi r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "cpi  r16,1           \n\t"
//                           "breq wait_spm5       \n\t"                                   "ldi  r16,0x11    \n\t"  //Re-enable RWW section"sts    %0,r16      \n\t"                                   "spm          \n\t"                           "same_page:       \n\t"                           "adiw r30,2       \n\t"  //Next word in FLASH"sbiw  r24,2       \n\t"  //length-2"breq    final_write \n\t"  //Finished"rjmp    length_loop \n\t""wait_spm:  \n\t""lds  r16,%0      \n\t"  //Wait for previous spm to complete"andi   r16,1           \n\t""cpi r16,1           \n\t""breq    wait_spm       \n\t""ret          \n\t""final_write:        \n\t""cpi r17,0       \n\t""breq    block_done  \n\t""adiw    r24,2       \n\t"  //length+2, fool above check on length after short page write"rjmp    write_page  \n\t""block_done:     \n\t""clr __zero_reg__    \n\t"  //restore zero register: "=m" (SPMCR) : "M" (PAGE_SIZE) : "r0","r16","r17","r24","r25","r28","r29","r30","r31");/* Should really add a wait for RWW section to be enabled, don't actually need it since we never *//* exit the bootloader without a power cycle anyhow */
#endif              }//sbi(LED_PORT,LED);// sei();
//              cbi(PORTD,3);putch(0x14);putch(0x10);}      }/* Set address, little endian. EEPROM in bytes, FLASH in words  *//* Perhaps extra address bytes may be added in future to support > 128kB FLASH.  *//* This might explain why little endian was used here, big endian used everywhere else.  */else if(ch=='U') {address.byte[0] = getch();address.byte[1]=getch();nothing_response();}/* Read memory block mode, length is big endian.  */else if(ch=='t') {length.byte[1] = getch();length.byte[0] =getch();
#if EERPOM        if (getch() == 'E') flags.eeprom = 1;  //0x45  EEPROMelse
#elseif (getch() == 'F') #endif {                        //0x46 FLASHflags.eeprom = 0;address.word = address.word << 1;         // address * 2 -> byte location}if (getch() == 0x20) {                     // Command terminatorputch(0x14);for (w=0;w <length.word;w++) {               // Can handle odd and even lengths okay
#if EERPOMif (flags.eeprom) {                           // Byte access EEPROM readputch(eeprom_rb(address.word));address.word++;} else
#else
if (flags.eeprom==0)
#endif                  {   //if (address.word<0x1c00){//if (!flags.rampz) putch(pgm_read_byte_near(address.word));}else{putch(0xff);}address.word++;}}putch(0x10);}}/* Get device signature bytes  */else if(ch=='u') {if (getch() == ' ') {putch(0x14);putch(SIG1);putch(SIG2);putch(SIG3);putch(0x10);}}/* Read oscillator calibration byte */else if(ch=='v') {byte_response(0x00);}
//    } else {//          time_count++;
//          if (time_count>=MAX_TIME_COUNT) {//              c();
//          }
//      }//cbi(LED_PORT,LED);} /* end of forever loop */
}/* end of file ATmegaBOOT.c */

接下来是Makefile:

# Makefile for ATmegaBOOT
# E.Lins, 2004-10-14# program name should not be changed...
PROGRAM    = ATmegaBOOTPRODUCT=atmega8# enter the parameters for the UISP isp tool
ISPPARAMS  = -dprog=stk500 -dserial=$(SERIAL) -dspeed=19200#DIRAVR = F:\2022\AVR\miniuxAVR\arduino-lite\bin\win32\WinAVR-20090313
DIRAVR = ../../../bin/win32/WinAVR-20090313
DIRAVRBIN = $(DIRAVR)/binDIRAVRUTILS = $(DIRAVR)/utils/bin
DIRINC = $(DIRAVR)/include
DIRLIB = $(DIRAVR)/avr/libMCU_TARGET = atmega8
LDSECTION  = --section-start=.text=0x1C00
#FUSE_L     = 0xdf
#FUSE_H     = 0xcaFUSE_L     = 0xFF
FUSE_H     = 0xDDISPFUSES   = $(DIRAVRBIN)/uisp -dpart=ATmega8 $(ISPPARAMS) --wr_fuse_l=$(FUSE_L) --wr_fuse_h=$(FUSE_H)
ISPFLASH   = $(DIRAVRBIN)/uisp -dpart=ATmega8 $(ISPPARAMS) --erase --upload if=$(PROGRAM).hex -vOBJ        = $(PROGRAM).o
OPTIMIZE   = -OsDEFS       = -DF_CPU=7372800 -DBAUD_RATE=19200
LIBS       =CC         = $(DIRAVRBIN)/avr-gcc# Override is only needed by avr-lib build system.override CFLAGS        = -g -Wall $(OPTIMIZE) -mmcu=$(MCU_TARGET) -D$(PRODUCT) $(DEFS) -I$(DIRINC)
override LDFLAGS       = -Wl,-Map,$(PROGRAM).map,$(LDSECTION)OBJCOPY        = $(DIRAVRBIN)/avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP        = $(DIRAVRBIN)/avr-objdump
SIZE           = $(DIRAVRBIN)/avr-sizeall: $(PROGRAM).elf lst text asm sizeisp: $(PROGRAM).hex$(ISPFUSES)$(ISPFLASH)$(PROGRAM).elf: $(OBJ)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $(LIBS)clean:rm -rf *.srm -rf *.o *.elfrm -rf *.lst *.mapasm: $(PROGRAM).s%.s: %.c$(CC) -S $(CFLAGS) -g1 $^lst:  $(PROGRAM).lst%.lst: %.elf$(OBJDUMP) -h -S $< > $@size: $(PROGRAM).hex$(SIZE) $^# Rules for building the .text rom imagestext: hex bin srechex:  $(PROGRAM).hex
bin:  $(PROGRAM).bin
srec: $(PROGRAM).srec%.hex: %.elf$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O ihex $< $@%.srec: %.elf$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O srec $< $@%.bin: %.elf$(OBJCOPY) -j .text -j .data -O binary $< $@

然后使用 make 编译出hex

用烧录器烧录或者ISP

配置位如图：

下载完代开Arduino

开发板选择 Arduino NG or older
处理器 Atmega8
编程器选择 STK500

这样使用 19200下载到开发板就可以了！

在Arduino\hardware\arduino\avr目录下有个broads.txt

由于我使用的是7.372800 19200BPS这里面需要改动

##############################################################

atmegang.name=Arduino NG or older

atmegang.upload.tool=avrdude
atmegang.upload.protocol=arduino
atmegang.upload.speed=19200

atmegang.bootloader.tool=avrdude
atmegang.bootloader.unlock_bits=0x3F
atmegang.bootloader.lock_bits=0x0F

atmegang.build.mcu=atmegang
atmegang.build.f_cpu=7372800L
atmegang.build.board=AVR_NG
atmegang.build.core=arduino
atmegang.build.variant=standard

Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168

--------------------------------

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168=ATmega168

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.upload.maximum_size=14336
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.upload.maximum_data_size=1024

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.bootloader.low_fuses=0xff
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.bootloader.high_fuses=0xdd
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.bootloader.extended_fuses=0xF8
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.bootloader.file=atmega/ATmegaBOOT_168_ng.hex

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega168.build.mcu=atmega168

Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega8

------------------------------

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8=ATmega8

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.upload.maximum_size=7168
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.upload.maximum_data_size=1024

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.bootloader.low_fuses=0xdf
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.bootloader.high_fuses=0xca
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.bootloader.extended_fuses=0xF8
atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.bootloader.file=atmega8/ATmegaBOOT-prod-firmware-2009-11-07.hex

atmegang.menu.cpu.atmega8.build.mcu=atmega8

##############################################################
这样就完成了。